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The naval observatory in Tsingtai (), 1897-1914 German background and influence

by Gerimtd KORTtfft*

Abstract China’s coast. They may be regarded as a nucleus for the development of Qingdao as a marine science centre. In 1998 and 1999, the From 1897 to 1914 the Q ingdao area (i.e. the Tsingtau Centenary Exhibition was organized location of the present city itself and the Bay in , Wilhelmshaven and Kiel. of Kiautschou) was occupied by Germany as a stronghold for the Imperial in the western Pacific. One major reason was to The Tsingtau Centenary protect G erm an com m ercial interests in the Exhibition in Berlin Far East. Tsingtau (the German name for Qingdao) was not a colony, but a under a 99-year lease treaty with China. The One hundred years after the acquisition of the port and city ot Tsingtau developed rapidly Kiautschou Territory as a naval base and com­ during the 17 years under direct administra­ mercial outpost ot Germany m China, the tion by the Navy D epartm ent in Berlin. Museum of German History (Deutsches His- D ocking facilities and coal supply were avail­ torisches Museum) arranged an exhibition in able for the Far East cruises and commercial the ‘Zeughaus’ (arsenal) in Berlin from March vessels. Many buildings from the time of the to July 1998 to commemorate an almost for­ Germ an occupation are still standing today. gotten period of German colonial history. As The navy established an observatory; which is probably known by those who are interest­ today still overlooks dow ntow n Qingdao, to ed in German history, tins country was rather serve the navy and m erchant fleets. Its mission late to enter the dub ot colonial and imperi­ was to collect and evaluate local geophysical alistic powers with global naval ambitions. Bis­ data (meteorology, geodesy, rides, magnetism marck. the first Chancellor of the newly and seismics). These were the first scientific formed Reich (187 1 '¡.was reluctant to support activities to be carried out in that part of the interests of German overseas trade compa­ nies and individual adventurers in Africa and and has numerous illustrations covering both elsewhere. However, after his dismissal by the German and the Chinese sides of the pic­ Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890, there was a change ture and taking into account the development in politics, and Germany demanded its proper o f Tsingtau after the Germans left. share (‘Platz an der Sonne’ or ‘place in the [Editors’ note: See images in the article on sun’). At the same time, a strong ocean-going ocean science and technology in Qingdao, starting on navy was conceived and developed under p. 465.] Admiral Tirpitz, which proved to be an affront The German outpost on the Chinese to the sea power supremacy of the British. As coast never became a German ‘Hong Kong or a consequence of the rapid industrial growth Macao'.The development of Tsingtau - in its and expansion of its overseas trade, Germany military and commercial as well as administra­ emerged as one of the world powers prior to tive aspects - is well covered in special chap­ the First World War. However, subsequently ters of some more general German colonial two world wars and the colonies in Africa and and naval history books (Graudenz and in the West Pacific were lost, the country’s sea Schindler, 1982; Hinz and Lind, 1998; Wegen­ power visions disappeared after 1919 and er, 1910; and Schranieier, 1915). O f special memories of old colonial ambitions faded importance are some monographs of Berlin away over the decades. geographers, who were involved in the estab­ The Berlin exhibition ‘Tsingtau - A lishment or running of the‘Institut und Muse­ Chapter of German Colonial History in um fur Meereskunde' (marine science institute China, 1897—1914’ was well received by the and museum) at Berlin University general public and generated a new discussion (Richthofen. 1898 [sic]); Penck. 1911; see about naval and colonial German interests in photo, p. 234). Furthermore, administration China a century ago. This is to be seen par­ means paperwork and reporting, therefore an ticularly against a new background of modern abundance of documents and tiles still exist in commercial, scientific and cultural exchanges German archives. It would constitute a worth­ and cooperation. The content of this exhibi­ while challenge to study them in detail. Onlv tion can be consulted in considerable detail on a limited number ot these sources were tapped the Internet (www.dhni.de). Furthermore. tor the Berlin exhibition. H.M. Hinz and C. Lund edited an excellent Today Qingdao has about 2.3 million publication (1998) for this event, covering (in inhabitants, is one ot China's flourishing sea­ 26 papers) all aspects related to the 17 years ot ports and is marked by a modern high-rise Germ an rule in the Kiautschou Bay area. The skyline. Nonetheless, upon closelv observing subjects ranged from political, commercial, the harbour, railway installations, public build­ naval and administrative affairs to cultural ings (such as churches, hospitals and schools), interaction m the settlement and its Shantung some older administrative buildings as well as Peninsula hinterland; included are background the German-style architecture of manv villas papers of a more general scope. This catalogue in modern downtown Qingdao, one can dis­ publication is a basic source ot information tinguish traces of the 17 years of German colonial past. The local population is largely aware of this phenomenon, as Yan Lijn (director of the Qingdao Historical Muse­ um) stated in his contribution to the Berlin Exhibition publication and as most visitors to modern Qingdao probably realize. Chinas First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) is located here, as well as the Ocean University7 of Qingdao ¡later renamed Ocean Fig. 1. C ruiser Princess Wilhelm University of China, see article by Yao, p. 46 5 in (Source: Imp: kiuseriiche-tnarinc.de j this volume. j effect, higher education in Qingdao got its start on 25 October 1909 in a joint German-Chinese ‘Hochschule’ (institu­ tion of higher education).This institution was funded by the German Reich, supported by the Chinese Government and had all the priv­ ileges of an Imperial Chinese University' (Graudenz and Schindler, 1982, p. 307). It included a branch for natural sciences. When the Germans occupied Qingdao on Sunday, 14 November 1897 - with a sur­ Fig. 2. G erm an Nfaval O bservatory on G overn­ m ent Hill in Tsmgtau/'Qingdao (1897-1914) prise invasion by a detachment of German ( o r c lu iv / fM , K i d > (30 officers and 687 men from the cruisers Kaiser, Princess IVilhehn [Fig. t| and made to the murder of three German mis­ Cormoran) there wrere only a few buildings sionaries in Shantung on 1 November of grouped around a Chinese fort at the that year. There were orders troni the Kaiser entrance to Kiautschou Bay ¡today fuiozhou, in Berlin to take the area as bail against see Plate I, color section). At that time, Tsmgtau future compensation. This was, however, was the name of a mere fishing village. Not only a pretext, if one considers the histori­ a shot was tired and, according to reports of cal events leading up to the occupation. several tit the officers involved, evervthing It was indeed quite easv to establish an went smoothly as planned, at least for the outpost in that era of gunboat diplomacv. Germans. The local Chinese commander provided other colonial power'; did not had to give up and evacuate Tsmgtau with interfere. But there was almost nothing of his small force three hours after an ultima­ value there except the excellent geographi­ tum was delivered by Vice-Adm iral von cal location. Everything that developed Piederichs. At 2:30 p.m. that day the Ger­ there over the next I7 vears. including the man flag was hoisted in a cerem ony pro­ Naval Observatory, was ot German origin claiming the occupation, with a reference (Fig. 2j. Today Qingdao seems to be aware of this historical heritage and wishes to pre­ serve it. One can observe much more than old colonial buildings, ‘Tsingtao’ Beer and the equally famous Laoshan mineral water. Noteworthy examples of the heritage are: the railway system, public utilities, port facilities and Qingdao’s fame as the best summer seaside resort to be found in that part of Asia. [See Figs. 3 and 4.] T he G er­ mans were at the root of the latter aspect through the transfer of their holiday habits from the Baltic and North Seas to the Pacific Rim. Tsingtau’s beach hotels attracted a large number of Europeans who happened to be in China, as well as foreign embassy diplomats who were stationed in Peking. The local climate was one reason, German tidiness another, it was said. One century after the German occu­ Fig. 3.&4. Scenes on old postcards, contempo­ pation and only two months after the rary to the occupation period. (Source: wmi'.cpUect.at/Po$tciirii<_Jrom^Qin$dao.lwn) Tsingtau colonial exhibition in Berlin, Qingdao - with its short but proud record in maritime activities and marine research Richthofen: promoter of - was chosen as the venue for the Sixth the Tsingtau settlement International Congress on the History of and Berlin's oceanographic Oceanography (ICHOVI). This outstand­ museum ing event gave rise to the present publica­ tion. Finally, a logical contribution from German contributions to Pacific scientific Germany would be to seek to establish research date back to m ore than 2on vears links to oceanographic history, not as an ago (Kortutn. 2002) and the country's com­ excuse for depriving China of sovereign mercial interests in China also can be traced rights three generations ago. but in the back into the distant past. Around 1 83( ) the spirit of modern cooperation and in the Princes* Louise and other vessels of the Pruss­ awareness that the sea lanes and the peace­ ian Sea Trade Company (established bv char­ ful use ot the ocean should be open to all ter m 1772) made several profitable voyages nations. [See article by Pohlnumn and L e n z, around the world, calling at Canton. In lXftn p. 269 in this volume./ the Prussian government decided to send a diplomatic mission on board the three navy' Fig. 5. Ferdinand Frei­ vessels Frauenlob, Arcona and Thetis to Siam, herr (baron) von China and Japan in order to negotiate trade Richthofen, 1833-1905 contracts. A young German geologist, Ferdinand Freiherr (baron) von R ichthofen (Fig. 5), was attached to this mission as an expert. Even today his name is very well known in

China because, after leaving the mission and (Source: wuw. deutsche-schutzgebi- spending some years in California, he ete.de /kiautschou.htm) returned in 1868 in order to travel exten­ was one of the most sively in almost all parts o f this vast country influential geoscien­ during the following four years (Kortum, tists in both Germany 1983; Stablein, 1983). Upon his return to and the world at that Germany he was highly respected as an time; his programmatic lectures were funda­ expert on China. It took him several years to H mental in establishing a new general theory organize and evaluate his notes, which he of earth sciences. In Richthofen’s view later published (Richtofen, 1882) [sic]. He (1904) oceanography (‘Meereskunde’) was had travelled in Shantung as well, but never included, as he explained in his publication saw Kiautschou Bay or Tsingtau. However, about the ocean and ocean sciences. he predicted in his publications that this Endowed with a background in geology, he location would be an excellent place to became an outstanding geomorphologist. develop trade. His advice proved to be very7 He was never an oceanographer in the mod­ valuable, of course, when the government ern sense of the word, yet he managed to began looking for a foothold on the Chinese establish the first German Institute and coast. In 1898, Richthofen published two Museum for Oceanography (or ocean sci­ detailed contributions concerning Kiaut­ ences) at Berlin University in 1900 with the schou and its hinterland, which descriptions help of his navy contacts and his excellent were of great importance in justifying the connections with high-ranking officials and occupation ofTsmgtau (Richthofen, 1898a, even with the Kaiser himself. 1898b). Up until his death he served as director After 1875 Richthofen held a chair in of both the Department of Geography and geography at Bonn University and became a the Institut fur Meereskunde (Rohr. 1981; professor in Berlin in 1886. In 1899, he Kortum. 1983, 1987). It should be men­ organized the Seventh International Con­ tioned that the publications and collections gress of Geographers in the German capital, ot the institute included maritime, naval, which is noteworthy in our context, given commercial, historical and colonial subjects, that a number of sessions addressed marine in addition to the physics and biology of the and polar questions. Richthofen certainly ocean.The Institute was very good in public relations; the lecture series was published for

Ui-tsru,:} JiS-Minf: 2 5 9 logical data observed and collected in Tsing­ The Deimling pillar was set up on the tau were very important for the area ‘Wasserberg’ hilltop close to the signal sta­ between Shanghai and Japan because there tion at the present observatory compound. were not many stations at that time. By The coordinates were fixed, by astro­ radiotelegraph Tsingtau was in communica­ nomical observations and using a precision tion w ith navy vessels at sea as well. T he chronometer, as: Tsingtau meteorological data were published • longitude: 120° 18’ 31,8692” east of and accessible for everybody. It was reported Greenwich, that regular observations began shortly after • latitude: 36° 03’ 58,530” north, and the occupation near the Signal Station • altitude: 78,64 m above mean sea level. installed on top of the hill, close to the site of the observatory, overlooking the harbour. This reference point was related to the The first person to list climatological Shanghai Observatory at Zikawei, close to data and current observations for a period of the compound of the British Consulate months was the commanding officer of General there. This was - in time — exactly 8 Kaiser, one of the cruisers of the expedi­ hours, 5 minutes and 55.65 seconds east of tionary squadron sent to Kiautschou Greenwich. The time difference between (Stubenrauch, 1898). His report on the Shanghai and Tsingtau was found to be 4 meteorological and hydrographic conditions minutes and 38.94 seconds in a telegraphic of Tsingtau in the winter of 1897/98 was experiment by transmitting a signal between published, as were several other accounts of the two observatories. It showed that the more general nautical interest later, in the Deimling survey reference point was 0.24 Annalett der Hydrographie und Maritimen Mete- seconds or 278 metres too far to the west orologie, the well-established German journal (Reichs-Marine-Amt, 1909). The investiga­ for marine and nautical affairs issued by the tor at Tsingtau was Heyne, who served as ‘Deutsche Seewarte’ on behalf of the Impe­ director of the observatory for some years. rial Navy. This minimal correction meant more than 1 In 1901 the German Navy Department centimetre of difference on a topographic (Reichs-Marine-Amt, 1901) published the map with the scale of 1/25 000. results of the topographic surveys conducted The ‘Meteorologisch-Astronomische around Tsingtau by Captain Deimling. This Station’ (this was the first official name of the was a major scientific achievement because observatory) was enlarged in 1909 by a sub­ all other information before that time was stantial gift from the Union of German Fleet based on the British Admiralty charts of that committees (Hauptverband der Deutschen area, which were not accurate enough, as Flottenvereine), an organization with a net­ Franzius found in his secret mission to that work of offices all over the nation to pro­ region shortly before the invasion. The mote navy interests and develop marine Deimling survey needed a fixed point with awareness in Germany. Thus new instru­ exact coordinates for latitude and longitude. ments could be bought for Tsingtau. After this upgrading the station became a full-scale a Bamberg standard inclinometer on a stone official naval observatory. The instruments platform on the observatory compound. In included a C. Bamberg meridian passage 1910, the geomagnetic variation laboratory refractor unit for determining the local time, was moved to another building. Results were with a Fuess electric chronograph. compared with the Shanghai Observatory The observatory compound (240 data. For Tsingtau it was found that the mean metres by 270 metres) was quite extensive declination was D = -3° 44,6’, with the and had several buildings for meteorological, annual variation for the four-year period astronomical and other observations, offices 1906-1910 being -2.2’. This information is and living quarters for staff and local Chi­ important for mariners using charts and nese workers - in addition to a stable for compasses in that region. horses. Details of the buildings and installa­ Seismic observations were obtained as tions were published in the annex of the well by a Wiechert seismograph (made by 1909 volume o f Annalen der Hydrographie und Spindler & Hoyer in Gottingen).The instru­ Maritimen Meteorologie. ment was installed in a 2-metre-deep cave in The meteorological instrumentation the rock outcrops of the Observatory Hill was provided according to the rules of the and covered with earth to avoid temperature Royal Prussian Meteorological Institute. The influence on the registration. ‘weather hut’ (of standard dimensions) Tidal observation was a main mission of included a psychrometer, a maximum-mini­ the Wilhelmshaven Observatory at home. In mum thermometer, a thermograph, Tsingtau an automatic tide-meter (Seibt- hygrometer, anemograph and the station’s Feuss Flutmesser) was installed at the head of barometer. Several Helmann pluviometers Pier 1 in the new port. The tidal range in the were available on this small science campus bay was about 4 metres, as in Jade Bay at as well, one functioning automatically. home on the North Sea coast. Franzius O f course, weather observations and made interesting comparisons of the tidal forecasting were important for mariners in and sediment regimes of the Jade and port as well.The same applies to geomagnet­ Kiautschou Bays in his report (1898). ic information, w hich was also provided by The storm-signal mast and time-ball the observatory. A modern Bamberg ‘decli- installation were of more practical impor­ natorium’ was installed. Additional data were tance for all vessels calling at Tsingtau. M ar­ sometimes collected at the city of Fuchanso, itime trade increased rapidly. In 1900, 182 in the hinterland, because the geomagnetic steamers and 10 sailing vessels, not counting field was rather complex. Shortly after the smaller local Chinese craft, made port calls occupation, Meyermann (1911) worked on here. Nine years later the port authority list­ the annual variation of the magnetic inclina­ ed 509 steamers (266 German, 113 British, tion after a first series of measurements was 68 Japanese, 36 Chinese and 22 Norwegian). taken from January to April 1898. In 1905, The Hamburg-America Line, as well as the continuous registrations were resumed with North German Lloyd navigation companies, served Tsingtau on a regular schedule. It regarded as the nucleus or basis for subse­ took almost a month for passengers to get quent marine scientific activities in modern there from Germany. Later, after connecting Qingdao. In fact, it was a small science park, the 412 kilometre-long Shantung railway to in a way comparable to the famous the main Chinese trunk line at Tsinanfu, it ‘Telegraphenberg’ institutions in Potsdam was possible to return home by train via and Berlin, but much smaller and with a mil­ Siberia in 12 days — probably not a very itary (navy) touch, in a distant land far from comfortable trip! home. The meteorological station tried to improve the optical standard international Kiel and Tsingtau - warning signals by adding additional infor­ past and present mation about the barometric pressure and potential route o f a depression. After all, the German gunboat litis sank in a typhoon off Other than the University’s ‘Sternwarte’ the Shantung coast near Kiautschou in July [(star-watching) observatory] there was no spe­ 1896. cial navy observatory in Kiel. A central signal The time ball could be seen from all tower stood overlooking the harbour, very parts of the inner and outer harbour and fell close to the present Institut fur Meereskunde each day sharply at noon East China Coastal (Institute for Marine Research), one of Ger­ Time (8 hours ahead of Greenwich mean many’s major centres for ocean sciences with time). All masters o f vessels in port could an international reputation. Telegraphic time check their chronometers. Exact timekeep­ signals were transmitted from there to the ers were essential to fix the longitude at sea fleet. in those days. The mechanism for the Tsing­ The Kiel Institute itself, however, was tau time ball was again supplied by Bamberg, not founded until 1937, on the eastern shore a well-known instrument firm in Friedenau, of the fjord. Nevertheless Kiel University Germany. It included a high precision pen­ had been very active in marine research in dulum clock, a chronometer and a chrono­ different departments before that time. In graph. The Broecking pendulum clock with 1871, Kiel became the Imperial Navy Port a one-quarter-second contact gear was (Reichskriegshafen) and old photographs installed in the entrance building (‘Pfortner- show a long line of battle cruisers at anchor haus’) of the observatory. A naval officer, in the harbour and the new shipyards and mainly an experienced chief mate of the naval installations and facilities thereabouts. fleet, was in charge of the chronometers. He The present Kiel Institute on the west bank lived in the same building and served as assis­ of the fjord occupies the site of the (former) tant to the observatory’s director. official residence of the Commander of the In summary, the Tsingtau Naval Obser­ Baltic Sea Division of the Imperial Navy. vatory was a multi-purpose, interdisciplinary This building (demolished in 1972) scientific and service unit that may be resembled many of the colonial villas in Tsingtau. In fact, many buildings of the tion Supervisor from Kiel, who was sent to extensive main navy compound in Kiel- the Kiautschou area by Admiral Tirpitz Wik, close to the Kiel Canal entrance into himself in 1 8 9 7 to investigate local condi­ the harbour, are similar to those in the Ger­ tions there in comparison with those at man outpost in China, simply because the other possible sites, such as Amoy, Quemoy same people planned and built them. Since and some islands in the Straits ofTaiwan. At 1883, Otto Kriimmel (1854-1912, photo that time G erm any was only entitled to stay p. 167), professor in the Department of in the so-called ‘Treaty Ports’ ofTientsin and Geography at the University of Kiel and Hankon. In principle, Franzius (c. 1898) author of the well known first German text­ confirmed R-ichthofen’s proposal that book on oceanography (Kriimmel, 1907- Tsingtau be considered the best location 1911), taught future deck officers the basics because of the bay, its high commercial hin­ of ocean sciences in the Imperial Naval terland potential and the Shantung coal Academy (today the site of the ‘Landeshaus’ mines at W eihsien and Poschan. His report or Parliament of the State of Schleswig-Hol­ was decisive fo r the Imperial order to occu­ stein). The rapid urban development of Kiel py this area in 1897. in the years up to 1914 was a result of the Some tim e later, Prince Heinrich, new national naval programme. Thus Wil- brother of K aiser Wilhelm II and Comman­ helmshaven, Kiel and Tsingtau have many der in Chief o f the Imperial Navy with his things in common - amongst others, they official residence in Kiel Castle (‘Schloss’), were all three German Navy boomtowns. went to East A sia with a cruiser squadron There are numerous other early links and parts of th e Kiel-based First ‘Seebatail- between Kiel and Tsingtau that are worth lon’ in connection with the Boxer unrest in mentioning in this context. In 1999, the Kiel China.The fo rce stayed in Tsingtau for quite City Museum succeeded in getting the a while before engaging in battle near major parts of the Tsingtau Centenary Exhi­ Peking as part of an international expedi­ bition moved to the Warleberger Hof and tionary corps (‘Germans to the front’). added quite a few local topics. The Sinolog­ Prince H einrich collected many pieces of ical Division (Department of Oriental Stud­ art in China a n d Japan and donated them to ies) of Kiel University contributed a series of Kiel University’s Ethnographic Museum. lectures concerning Sino-German cultural Recently this unique collection was trans­ relations. ferred to the Schleswig Museum. Many offi­ As in Wilhelmshaven, many people cers, sailors an d marines, who served in from Kiel spent periods of service in China, picked up less precious souvenirs China, either aboard ships in the fleet there. As recently as about 20 years ago it squadron or with the Navy administration was still p o ssib le to spot some o f these items ashore. Actually, the first such person was in Kiel antique shops. Georg Franzius, a well known hydraulic Hundreds o f navy and business people engineer and Chief Naval Port Construc­ from Kiel stayed in Tsingtau. One of them was Alfred Kirchhoff, who supervised con­ struction works for the new harbour and was in charge of the planning for the railway line to the Shantung coal mines. Many of the colonial buildings still standing in Qing­ dao were built under his supervision. In the final days of the war, Günther Plüschow - a pilot from the Kiel Naval Air Squadron who served in Tsingtau - man­ aged to fly out of Tsingtau in his single­ Fig. 8. Contemporary postcard showing German- engine aircraft ‘Rumpler Taube’ with secret built beer factory inTsingtau (Source: unvw.deutsche-schuizgebicfe.de/kiautschou.htm) official documents in 1914 some days before the Germans were obliged to sur­ Germany - has dawned. It is significant that render to the Japanese on 14 November one hundred years prior to the construction 1914. The last German Military Governor of the innovative ‘Transrapid’ Magnetic of Tsingtau, Captain Meyer-Waldeck, was Railroad between downtown Shanghai and taken prisoner. its airport in 2002, the Germans built the Thus the German period in Tsingtau Shantung railway line, which began at began and ended with people from Kiel. Tsingtau. Today, in retrospect, it seems that the Ger­ As far as m arine research is concerned, man plan to settle on the Chinese coast was there is an official agreement of cooperation an imperialistic and colonial venture to between the two governments, and many serve the global aspirations of Germany at projects are underway. In 1999, the Institute that time. As well, a presence in the Pacific of Marine Research [see previously cited arti­ region was regarded as necessary since Ger­ cle by Pohlmann and Lem, p. 269 in this vol­ many had annexed a vast part of the western ume] and the GEOMAR (Centre for Pacific from Guam to the Marshall Islands Marine Geosciences at the University of and the northern part of Papua. On the Kiel, which centre is scheduled to be other hand, the navy officials went to con­ merged with the Institute in 2004) hosted siderable efforts to make Tsingtau a show­ in Kiel a delegation from PR China’s Sec­ case of German efficiency, trade and culture. ond National Research Institute of [Editors' note: One popular manifestation Oceanography and the Institute of of the transfer of German know-how was in the Oceanography in Zhejiang Province to sign manufacture o f beer. See Fig. 8j a memorandum of understanding tor future It was a propitious initiative in Ger­ cooperation. An agreement was reached to many to revive interest in the Kiautschou exchange staff and students and to start pro j­ episode one century later, given that a new ects of interest for both parties in coastal era - of political, scientific, cultural and eco­ oceanography, aquaculture and other fields. nomic cooperation between China and Moreover many marine scientists from Kiel

244 Chian Hhn;a bridging the millennia - .-! ;pi\lrum of'insioiual have been to Qingdao for conferences over References and selected the years. bibliography In a way, the Tsingtau observatory and the nautical activities conducted there under German administration can be regarded as a Behme, F. and Krieger, M. (1910) Führer durch precursor of, or symbol for, future coopera­ Tsingtau und Umgebung (guide to Tsingtau tion between Germany and China. The and environs), edition with 9 maps, a plan of author submits that the ‘observatory story’ the town and 86 illustrations, Wolfenbüttel, presented in this article addresses the com­ Germany. (In German.) mon scientific heritage of both countries. Franzius, G. (1898) Bericht des Hafenbaudirek­ One note with a local flavour may be tors Franzius über die Ergebnisse seiner im added. A bout 2 0 kilometres south o f Kiel Sommer 1897 vorgenommenen Unter­ there stands w h at was once a popular ‘bier- suchung der Kiautschou-Bucht (report of garten’ restaurant in Borgdorf (near Nor- the port construction director Franzius on torf), a pleasant place for an outing on a the results of his investigations in scenic lake in a rural environment. Its name Kiatschou-Bay in summer 1897). K. was (and still is) ‘Kiautschou’.Today possibly Jahrbuch, 43 p. (In German.) none o f the lo ca l inhabitants can pronounce Franzius, G. (c. 1898) Kiautschou. Deutschlands this word nor d o they know what it means. Erwerbung in Ostasien (Kiautschau: Ger­ Yet there is a very simple explanation. The many's acquisition in East Asia), 142 pp., restaurant, w h ic h is now a small hotel, was Schall und Grund/Verein der Bücherfre­ established by som eone who had obviously unde, Berlin. (In German.) spent time in Tsingtau, either with the Ger­ Gottberg, O. von (1915) Die Helden von Tsing­ man navy or in the hotel sector. ■ tau (heroes of Tsingtau), 188 pp., Ullstein und Co., Berlin-Wien, Berlin. (In German.) Gerhard KORTUM Graudenz, K. and Schindler, H.M. (1982) Das Institut für Meereskunde Pachtgebiet Kiautschou (Kiautschou lease an der Universität Kiel territory). Die deutschen Kolonien. 100 Düsternbrooker Weg 20 Jahre Geschichte in Wort, Bild und Karte D-24105 Kiel, Germany (German colonies: one hundred years of history in text, photo and map), 295-311, Südwestverlag, München, Germany. (In Editors’ note______German.) The spelling o f Chinese geographical names in Haupt, W. (c. 1995) Die deutsche this article generally follows the usage in German 1889/1918 (German colonial force, 1889- documents. 1918), Nebel-Verlag, Utting, Germany. Heyne, [sic] Kaiserliche Meteorologisch- Abbreviation astronomische Station in Tsingtau: Die Wit­ PR China: People’s Republic of China terung zu Tsingtau im September, Oktober und November 1904 nebst einer Zusam­ California, USA, 1993, eds K. R. Benson menstellung für den Herbst 1904. Bericht, and F. Rehbock, 107-117, University of (report on meteorological conditions in Washington Press, Seatde - London. Tsingtau in September, October and Kriimmel, O., (1907-11) Handbuch der November 1904 with a survey of autumn Ozeanographie (handbook on oceanogra­ 1904). Ann. d. Hydrogr. und Marit. Met., phy), 2, Engelhorns, Stuttgart, Germany. (In 33(1905):116-120. (In German.) German.) Hinz, H.M. and Lind, C. (eds) (1998) Tsingtau. Meyermann, B. (1911) Die magnetische Dekli­ Ein Kapitel deutscher Kolonialgeschichte in nation in Tsingtau und ihre jährliche China 1897-1914 (Tsingtau: a chapter of Änderung (annual variability of the mag­ German colonial history in China 1897- netic declination in Tsingtau). Ann. d. 1914), 219 pp., Ausstellungskatalog, Euras­ Hydrogr. u. Maritimen Meteorol., 144-145. burg (Edition Minerva), Germany. (In (In German.) German.) Penck, A. (1911) Tsingtau. Meereskunde, Samm­ Kaiserliches Observatorium Tsingtau (1913) lung volkstümlicher Vorträge (marine sci­ Zusatzsignale des Observatoriums Tsingtau ence, a series of popular lectures), 5(12), zu den Taifim - und Sturmsignalen an der Institut für Meereskunde zu Berlin, Berlin. chinesischen Küste (complementary trans­ (In German.) missions by the Tsingtau Observatory for Reichs-Marine-Amt (1901) Die Vermessung des typhoon and storm warnings on the Chi­ deutschen Kiautschougebietes (topographic nese Coast). 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