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Research Article Life History Traits of The Iran. J. Ichthyol. (December 2019), 6(4): 254-263 Received: December 18, 2018 © 2019 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: June 1, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v6i4.361 http://www.ijichthyol.org Research Article Life history traits of the Caspian stellate tadpole-goby Benthophilus leobergius Berg, 1949 (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the southeastern Caspian Sea, Iran Rahman PATIMAR*, Abdol-Saleh QARANJIKI, Arsalan BAHALKEH Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The Caspian stellate tadpole-goby, Benthophilus leobergius is endemic to for the Caspian Sea. In Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea, however, little is known about its life history. To address this, life history characteristics were examined in 256 specimens collected from the southeastern Caspian Sea, northern part of the Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge. The maximum observed age was 2+ years for both sexes. The sex ratio of males to females was 1:1.70. Estimated length-weight relationship was TL=0.0088TW3.289 for males, TL= 0.0099TW3.191 for females, and TL=0.0086TW3.270 for the combined sexes. Egg diameter ranged from 0.8 to 1.8 mm with the mean of 1.259±0.50 mm. Mean absolute and relative fecundities were 2117±1243 eggs/female, and 130±77 eggs·g-1 body weight, respectively. Absolute fecundity and egg diameter were found to increase significantly with increasing fish size, whereas relative fecundity decreased significantly with total body weight. Keywords: Sex ratio, Age, Growth, Reproduction, LWR, Miankaleh. Citation: Patimar, R.; Qaranjiki, A. & Bahalkeh, A. 2019. Life history traits of the Caspian stellate tadpole-goby Benthophilus leobergius Berg, 1949 (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the southeastern Caspian Sea, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(4): 254-263. Introduction 1985, 1987; Stepanova 2001), knowledge of such The Caspian stellate tadpole-goby, Benthophilus factors in the Iranian waters is limited. There are only leobergius Berg, 1949 is a gobiid, endemic to the two available reports regarding to the biology of Caspian Sea basin (Ragimov 1986). Populations of B. leobergius in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea this species are found in both western and northern (Abdoli 2000; Naderi & Abdoli 2004). According to parts of the Caspian Sea, including the lower reaches the (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, this of the River Volga up to Astrakhan (Kottelat & species does not appear in need of conservation, Freyhof 2007), but it is principally found in the east being categorised as of ‘Least Concern’. To the best (Ragimov 1965). Its range also encompasses many of our knowledge, data is deficient, however, for parts of the southern Caspian Sea, in Iranian portion some life history aspects of the species, including including the Gomishan Wetland and the Gorgan population trends over its range. Variations are Bay, which form a large part of the Miankaleh known to occur in certain life history characteristics Wildlife Refuge (Naderi & Abdoli 2004). Compared of fish populations of the same species living in with other gobiids known from the southern Caspian different regions. Several studies have demonstrated Sea, biological aspects of B. leobergius still remain such variations in response to environmental unstudied. While the distribution, morphological conditions (Roff 1982; Stearns 1992). As such, variation and life history parameters of this species examination of the basic biological parameters for have been widely documented in northern and each population is fundamental for understanding the western parts of the Caspian Sea (Ragimov 1978, species’ life history patterns and is important with 254 Patimar et al.- Life history traits of Benthophilus leobergius respect to implementing effective management and conservation measures for the species. In light of the habitat differences between the various regions of the Caspian Sea, we hypothesised that populations of this species inhabiting the southeastern Caspian Sea basin would differ in life history traits from those of the southwestern, western and northern regions. The aim of this study, therefore, is to represent the first detailed data on life history traits of the B. leobergius from the southeastern Caspian Sea. Fig.1. The study area in the southeastern Caspian Sea, Materials and Methods Iran. The study area (Fig. 1) is situated along the Caspian Sea coast in the Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge. This calculated for each fish and mean values calculated refuge includes the Miankaleh Peninsula, the open for each sampling date. The ovaries of 65 ripe waters of Gorgan Bay and the marshes at the west females at maturity stage IV were used to estimate end of the bay. During October to April (every year) absolute (AF) and relative (RF) fecundities. The commercial beach seining takes place for Mugilids ovaries were removed, weighed and placed in (mullet) along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea. Gilson’s fluid for 3-4 days to harden the eggs and Seine netting is known to be a useful technique for dissolve the ovarian membranes. Absolute fecundity collecting fishes for biological samples, sampling was estimated using the gravimetric method, using fish diversity within a given habitat, and for three pieces removed from the anterior, medial and estimating relative species or population abundance. posterior of the ovary. Relative fecundity was A total of 256 specimens were collected from the calculated as RF = AF/TW (Bagenal & Tesch 1978). commercial catches during the fishing season in Mean egg diameter was examined by measuring 25- 2013, 2014 and 2015. All obtained specimens were 30 eggs taken randomly from the ovaries of the immediately preserved in 10% formaldehyde females used for fecundity determination. solution (after anaesthesia) for subsequent Measurements were made to the nearest 0.05 mm examination in the laboratory. using a microscope fitted with an ocular micrometer. In the laboratory, all specimens were measured Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was performed for total length (TL), total body weight (TW) and to test for significant differences in weight-length gonad weight (to the nearest 0.01 g). Age was relationships between sexes. Any significant determined from both left and right otoliths; banding difference in the overall sex ratio was assessed using patterns being reviewed three times (each time by a the chi-square test (Zar 1984). Comparison of GSI different person) using a 20-30 binocular values between sexes was carried out by analysis of microscope under reflected light. The relationship variance (ANOVA). All statistical analyses were between TL and TW was determined using the performed with a significance level of P<0.05 using equation: TW = aTLb; where a is the intercept and b the SPSS 18 software package. is the slope (coefficient of allometry), as per Pauly (1984). Sexes were determined by visual Results examination of the gonad tissue. The gonadosomatic A total of 256 specimens of B. leobergius were index (GSI % = [gonad weight/TW] 100) was investigated including 94 males and 160 females (due 255 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (December 2019), 6(4): 254-263 Fig.2. Total length (mm) frequency of males and females of Benthophilus leobergius from southeast of the Caspian Sea, Iran. to unclear gonads, 2 specimens could not be sexed). The overall sex ratio was 1:1.70, with females significantly more prevalent than males (χ2=17.15, P<0.05). The maximum age in both sexes was 2+ years. Males ranged from 57 to 138 mm TL and 2.43 to 58.26 g TW, and females from 50 to 127 mm TL and 1.65 to 39.56 g TW. The most frequent size class in samples was 120-125 mm for males and 95-100 mm for females (Fig. 2). Females were absent from length classes >130 mm TL. The observed length-at-age differ between sexes (Table 1), with males longer and heavier than females (ANCOVA, FTL=33.12, FTW=24.31, P<0.05). Length-weight relationships were significant with high regression coefficients, the coefficients being significantly different between considered groups (Fig. 3). The slope values for b indicate a positive pattern of allometric growth (t-test, tmale=15.25, tfemale=11.31, tpopulation=12.89, P<0.05). GSI was significantly lower in males than females Fig.3. Relative growth curves (total length-total (ANOVA, F=148.24, P<0.05), with the highest mean weight) of males, females and sexes combined of value was observed in October (0.62±0.12) and April Benthophilus leobergius from the south-eastern (0.97±1.03) for males and in October (13.48±7.71) Caspian Sea, Iran. and March (10.19±7.88) for females. The ripe Oocytes ranged from 0.43 to 3.62 mm, with a specimens were observed in October and March, mean egg size of 1.259±0.50 mm. The majority of indicating the species has two reproductive periods in oocytes were 0.8 and 1.8 mm in size (Fig. 5). Egg this region, the first around October and the second diameter was positively correlated with both TL and around March-April (Fig. 4). 256 Patimar et al.- Life history traits of Benthophilus leobergius Table 1. Mean total length-at-age ±SD (mm) for male and female Benthophilus leobergius from the southeastern Caspian Sea. Male Female N TL±S.D W±S.D N TL±S.D W±S.D 0+ 1 57.00±--- 16.82±--- 27 67.93±8.94 4.94±2.07 1+ 91 105.82±13.13 23.47±13.13 129 103.89±8.78 18.30±7.39 2+ 2 137.50±0.71 57.62±0.89 4 125.89±8.78 32.37±4.97 Table 2. Length-weight relationship coefficients for gobiid species in the southern Caspian Sea. Sex b-value Reference 1 Species Population 2.40 Ponticola gorlap Male 2.39 Abdoli et al.
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