Abdel Nasser, Gamal, 34 Abu Ballas Trail, 182 Abu Rawash, 117

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07975-5 - The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom Nadine Moeller Index More information

Index

Abdel Nasser, Gamal, 34 Ankhtiﬁ, 231 Abu Ballas trail, 182 Antef III, 308 Abu Rawash, 117, 119–123, 125, 156, 158,160, 215 Anubis, 282 pyramid complex of, 119, 345 Arnold, Dieter, 262, 335 Abusir, 24, 25, 119, 123–125, 151, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161, 346 Arnold, Dorothea, 37, 262, 335 Abusir papyri, 124 Arnold, Felix, 148 Abydos, 4, 11, 18, 20, 21, 35, 39, 40, 52, 53, 63, 71, 76, 81, 96, artiﬁcial basin irrigation, 45, 219 97, 109, 117, 164, 219, 239–241, 244, 290, 334, 376, 377, 379, Askut (fort), 297, 311 See also Wah-Sut, Kôm es-Sultan Assiut, 161 activity area(s), 194, 232, 254, 259, 334, 347, 370 Aswan, 47, 49, 51, 56, 113, 241, 242, 252, 307 Adaima, 37 Aswan High Dam, 34, 44 Adams, Matthew, 239, 241 Avaris, 38, 51, 321, 325, See also Tell el-Dab’a Adams, Robert Mc., 7, 44 Ayn Asil/Balat, 18, 53, 117, 154, 174, 175, 179, 182, 184, 186, 187, administrative building(s), 4, 21, 24, 52, 71–76, 108, 109, 125, 192, 206, 210, 211, 226, 241, 357, 358 128, 136, 156, 166–168, 174, 206, 226, 281, 315, 327, 379, Eastern Apartments, 206–209, 186, 201, 212 See also governor’s palatial complex; governor’s residence; gubernatorial palace complex (First Intermediate Period), palatial complexes; Royal Administrative Building 241–243 (Heit el-Ghurab); sealings gubernatorial palace complex (Old Kingdom), 174–182, in Upper Egypt, 374 206–210 Lahun, 283–285 settlement evidence (First Intermediate Period), 241–243 Tell Edfu, 317–321, 374 Western Apartments, 179, 186, 207–210, 212 aeolian deposits, 13, 53–54 Ayn el-Gazzareen, 53, 182–186, 210, 211, 379 aerial photographs, 37 Building C of, 182–186, 210–211 agricultural land, 8, 12–14, 17, 26, 35, 52, 113, 160, 278, 289, 296, 378 Ayn Soukhna, 24, 116, 175 agricultural exploitation by central government and, 12, 13 at Amarna, 13 Bagnal, Robert, 39 Wilbour Papyrus and, 14 Bahr Yussef, 49, 52, 249 agriculture, 6, 9, 21, 25, 45, 53, 89, 92, 113, 158, 216, 256, 259, 273, Balat. See Ayn Asil 278, 339, 382 Ball, John, 54 Ahmose (king), 296, 328 Bard, Kathryn, 40 alluvial deposits, 9, 47, 53, 54–55 bed niche, 292, 324, 344, 347, 350, 351, 353, 355, 365, 367, 370 Al-Shaykh Sa’id, 24, 116, 162 beer production, 18, 37, 68, 70, 83, 86–87, 92, 134, 136, 168 Amarna. See Tell el-Amarna Beersheva culture, 62 Amenemhat I, 16, 52, 218, 249, 289, 334, 360, 361, 364 Beni Hassan, 216, 217, 218, 219 Amenemhat II, 249, 261 Bent Pyramid complex. See Dahshur Amenemhat III, 249, 288, 289, 307, 357, 359, 363 bent-axis approach, 63, 283 amethyst, 24 252 Bietak, Manfred, 35–36, 265, 321, 324, 326, 350, 352, 370 ancient urbanism, 1, 4–7, 34, 38, 40, See also urbanism in ancient house layouts established by, 344–347 Egypt Birket Qarun lake, 49, 50, 52, 262, 271. See also Fayum region, city-states vs. territorial states, 6–7, 8, 12, 35, 39, 40, 382 Lake Moeris comparative studies on, 1, 4, 5, 33, 35, 38–40 Bisson de la Roque, Fernand, 32 theoretical framework of, 2, 6, 8, 383 Blue Nile, 44

421

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INDEX

Boessneck, Joachim, 36 Dakhla oasis, 18, 53, 154, 174, 175, 177, 182, 186–187, 192, 195, Borchardt, Ludwig, 33, 125, 271, 273, 335–336 206, 226, 241, 243, 357 Bourriau, Janine, 37 Ayn Asil gubernatorial palace complex (Old Kingdom), bread, 18, 24, 37, 83, 86, 92, 116, 132, 133, 134, 137, 141, 143, 157, 174–184, 206–210 162, 168, 184, 200, 204, 220, 242, 264, 296, 304, 339 Ayn el-Gazzareen (Old Kingdom), 182–186, 379 Breitraumhaus (Broad Room House), 348 Building C (Ayn el-Gazzareen), 210–211 brewing installations, 62, 68, 70, 86, 108, 168 Darb el-Arbain, 53 at HK 11C (Hierakonpolis), 88 Deir el-Bersha, 216–217 at HK 24A (Hierakonpolis), 86 Deir el-Medineh, 4, 10, 13, 14, 22, 32–33, 35, 38, 39, 40–41, 311 House Unit 1 (Heit el-Ghurab), 134, 136 Dendera, 19, 117, 164, 217, 219, 235–239, 244, 379 wadi sites of the early Predynastic Period, 84–86 desert edge settlements, 4, 11, 16, 22, 44, 51–52, 83–84, 93, 95, Brown, Barton, 10 113, 117, 119, 154, 158, 160–161, 217, 271, 290, 300, 327, Bruyère, Bernard, 32 360, 376, 379 Bubastis, 19, 20, 56, 326, 360, See also Tell Basta Deutsche Orientgesellschaft, 33 Buhen (fort), 39, 281, 297, 317, 374 Dimbleby, Geoffrey W., 39 burial customs, 1, 249, 351 Djedefra. See Radjedef Bussmann, Richard, 143 Djehuty (king), 320 Buto, 10, 17, 19, 20, 37, 38, 59, 63, 64, 71, 76, 81, 103–107, 108, Djoser pyramid complex, 76 117, 161, 212, 325 drill core surveys, 4, 10, 51, 54, 55, 81, 83, 84, 95, 104, 105, 107, Buto-Maadi culture, 55, 62, 104, 105, 107 155, 160, 161, 215, 246, 252 Butzer, Karl, 36, 45 Early Dynastic Period, 3, 11, 12, 17, 19, 39, 45, 55, 59, 61, 62, 63, cattle corral(s), 25, 137–138, 186, 192. See also Standing Wall Island 64, 70, 71, 81, 89, 109, 117, 158, 160, 164, 212, 308, 376, 377 (Heit el-Ghurab) Abydos, 76 cemeteries (cemetery), 1, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 35, 52, 53, 56, 61, Buto, 103–107 63, 68, 81, 83, 86, 94, 109, 117, 139, 160–162, 166, 168, chronology of, 61, 114 216–218, 229, 231, 235, 236, 239, 244–245, 249, 260, 269, Elephantine, 108 271, 272, 304, 307, 320, 323, 326, 327, 334, 338, 344, 348, enclosure walls and, 76 356, 360, 379 mud-brick architecture, 62–64 elite, 39, 62, 70, 86, 91, 92, 108, 182, 216–217, 324–325, 327 Nekhen (townsite at Kom el-Gemuwia), 92–94, 83, 84, 103 modern, 126, 153, 155 palace-facade complex (Hierakonpolis), 96–103 of Qau/Matmar, 244 Tell el-Farkha, 75 royal, 16, 39, 119, 126, 158, 160–161, 215 Eastern Town. See Heit el-Ghurab census lists, 10, 380 Eastern Town House (Heit el-Ghurab), 136–137, 201–202 ceramic evidence, 36–37, 68, 94, 95, 96, 103, 182, 184, 186, 194, Egypt Exploration Society, 36, 56 210, 214, 217, 229, 232, 256, 269, 317, 324, 339 Egyptian Antiquities Information System (EAIS), 56 ceremonial structures, 70–71 el-Ashmunein, 216–217 Childe, Gordon V., 12 Elephantine, 4, 10, 11, 17–19, 36, 45, 51, 59, 64, 76, 107–108, city-states vs. territorial states, 6–7. See also ancient urbanism 116–117, 162, 229–230, 235, 244, 289, 297, 319–321, clay sealings. See sealings 326–327, 343, 379 colonization / colonizing efforts, 13, 50, 249, 252, 259, 262, 289, cemeteries for the elite at, 217, 327 322 Early Dynastic Period settlement, 108 columned hall(s), 70, 194, 206–208, 212, 283, 297, 304, 317–320, fortress of, 76–78, 103, 108 339, 355–359, 366, 374 governor’s residence (H2), 177, 174–175, 179, 212, 220–226, complex adaptive system (CAS), 2 278, 285, 309, 317, 358 courtyard house(s), 310, 346, 370, 372, 372, 381–382 Middle Kingdom houses, 346–347, 351, 356, 362, 369–374, 382 Cowgill, George, 6, 7, 12 Middle Kingdom settlement, 305–317, 377, 379, 382 Crete (Minoan), 287, 289, 326 Nile floods in, 45 Cypriote pottery, 287 Old Kingdom houses, 169–174, 195, 204–206 Cypriote sherds. See Cypriote pottery Old Kingdom settlement, 164–174, 186–187, 276 Czerny, Ernst, 256, 258–259 settlement evidence (Early Dynastic Period), 108 settlement patterns (6th Dynasty and First Intermediate Period), Dahshur, 16, 37, 141, 160–161, 215, 249, 346 219–220 Arbeitshaus (work-house), 126 storage Building H84 (Middle Kingdom), 309–314, 340–342 Bent Pyramid complex, 34, 141–144 temples and shrines in, 71–72, 281, 307–309, 381, 382 Dahshur decree, 55, 154, 155, 157 el-Ghonameya, pyramid of, 168 Red Pyramid, 55, 126, 128, 155 elite residence(s), 109, 192–194, 195, 290, 343, 352, 358

422

INDEX

Ayn Asil/Balat, 187 Tell el-Dab’a, 258, 261 Ayn el-Gazzareen (Building C), 210 Lahun, 285 Elephantine, 204–206, 208 Fayum region, 13, 21, 49–50, 113, 168, 216, 249, 251, 269, Heit el-Ghurab, 203 289, 335 Kôm el-Gemuwia (Hierakonpolis), 103 Birket Qarun Lake, 52, 262, 271. See also Lake Moeris Lahun, 21, 285–287, 364–367 El-Lisht, 16, 249 Tell el-Dab’a, 352–356 Fayum depression, 49–50, 52 Tell el-Farkha, 71 Lahun, 10, 31, 40, 52, 249, 271, 289, 296 Wah-Sut, 290, 295, 367–369 Karanis, 33–34, 54 Elkab (Nekheb), 38, 84, 108, 117, 219, 230, 231–232, 307, 320 Qasr el-Sagha (Middle Kingdom), 10, 20–21, 262–271 el-Lisht, 16, 21, 37, 52, 249, 289, 296, 344 First Cataract region, 11, 36, 51, 64, 108, 164, 305, 307, 308, 373 house remains (Middle Kingdom), 360–364 First Intermediate Period, 2, 17–18, 23, 55, 142, 161, 214, 216, enclosure wall(s), 4, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 61–62, 76–81, 103, 281, 327, 249, 304, 307, 344, 378, 380 379 Abydos settlement evidence, 239–241 Abydos, 40, 241 Ayn Asil/Balat, 179, 182, 241–246 Ayn Asil/Balat, 177 Dendera, 164, 235–239 Ayn el-Gazzareen, 182–184 el-Ashmunein, 216–217 Buto, 105 Elephantine, 164,174, 219–222, 226 Dahshur Valley temple of Snofru, 142–143 Elkab, 231–232, 307 Dendera, 235–236, 239 Giza, 215 Elephantine, 76–78, 108, 164, 169, 174, 305, 307–308 governor’s residence (Elephantine), 220–226, 285 Elkab, 84 Karnak, 232–234 Giza Menkaura industrial settlement, 139, 141 Kôm Ombo, 231 Heit el-Ghurab, 129, 133–134, 136 Mit Rahina (Memphis), 160 Hierakonpolis, 71–76, 83 regionality in, 344 Karnak, 301–302, 304, 305 settlement evidence in Middle Egypt, 216–219 Khentkawes settlement, 148, 197 Tell Basta (Bubastis), 360 Kôm el-Gemuwia, 94–97, 102–103 Tell Edfu, 226–231, 318, 320 Kôm Ombo, 231 Tell el-Dab’a, 256 Lahun, 273, 276, 281, 285, 287, 355 urban society in, 380 Menkaura Valley Temple, 151 Zawiet Sultan (Zawiet el-Meitin), 162, 206, 219 provincial capitals and, 18, 19 Fletcher, Roland, 40 Qasr el-Sagha, 262, 269, 334 food production, 8, 9, 14, 23–24, 25, 68, 70, 83, 86, 87, 108, 116, Tell Basta (Bubastis), 360 125, 133, 136, 137, 150, 161, 162, 169, 182, 192, 201, 205, rural settlements (villages) and, 25–26 206, 211, 212, 221, 241, 242, 264, 267, 296, 351, 370, 373, 382 special purpose settlements and, 23–24 Forstner-Müller, Irene, 36, 321 state foundations and, 20–22 fortresses (Nubia), 13, 35, 76, 78, 252, 281, 283, 297, 307, 311, 343, Tell el-Dab’a, 326 345 Tell es-Sakan (Palestine), 78 as state foundations, 21–23 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 328 menenu fortress, 305, 307 environmental conditions, 25, 44–45, 53–54, 56, 83, 89, 92, 105, Foucart, Georges, 53 161, 246, 373, 382 geomorphology of Nile Delta, 50–51 Gallery Complex. See Heit el-Ghurab Holocene Wet Phase, 44–45 Gallorini, Carla, 32 Nile ﬂood in prehistoric and Pharaonic periods, 44–45 Garstang, John, 94 Nile Valley geomorphology, 47–49 Gates, Charles, 39 Etmanieh, 244, 245 Gebel es-Silsila, 47, 49 Eyre, Christopher, 1, 12 Gebel Qatrani, 262, 269 Ezbet Rushdi. See Tell el-Dab’a Gebelein, 47, 49 geomorphology, 45–49, 50–51 Fairservis, Walter, 94–95, 96, 99, 102 Gesiab (settlement), 283 Fakhry, Ahmed, 34, 141, 142, 143 gezira(s), 11, 50–51, 109, 113, 252 Farafra, 53 Giza (region), 16, 34, 37, 51, 55, 117, 119, 126, 160–161, 196, 206, Farshût Road, 53 215, 262, 267. See also Heit el-Ghurab; Khentkawes, Town, faunal analysis, 24, 36, 91, 138, 264 Menkaura pyramid complex Heit el-Ghurab, 13, 136, 138 necropolis, 24, 26, 37, 126, 139, 155, 160 Hierakonpolis, 89, 91 Giza Mapping Project, 145

423

INDEX

governor’s residence, 18, 20, 22, 74. See also mayor’s residence enclosure walls, 71–76, 81, 103 Elephantine, 174, 220–226, 278, 309, 312, 315–317, 177, HK 3, 84 220, 319 HK 5, 84 Lahun, 20, 21 HK 6, 70, 86, 91, 92, 108 Tell Basta (Bubastis), 325 HK 11C, 70, 84, 86, 88 Tell Edfu, 374 HK 15C, 91 Wah-Sut, 21, 290–295, 310, 326, 328, 339–340, 356, 360, HK 24, 86 367–369 HK 24A and B, 86 governor’s palatial complex, 20 HK 25, 91 Ayn Asil/Balat (First Intermediate Period), 241–245 HK 25D, 86 Ayn Asil/Balat (Old Kingdom), 174–184 HK 29, 64, 86, 87–89, 108 Tell Basta (Bubastis), 20, 356–360 HK 29A, 62, 71, 89–91, 109 in provincial capitals, 18 HK 29B, 91 grain silos. See silos HK 34B, 91 granaries, 21, 22, 23, 24, 133–134, 147, 150, 252, 267, 278, 285, HK 60, 84 287, 294, 295, 297, 310, 319, 334, 336, 337, 339, 340, 357, Kôm el-Gemuwia (town of Nekhen), 68, 71, 83, 92–103 366, 367, 369 palace-facade complex (Early Dynastic), 63, 76, 96–103, 107 Green, Frederick W., 93–94 phases of development in, 44, 81–84 Predynastic and Early Dynastic period settlement, 84–92, 108 Hagar Edfu (necropolis), 19, 320, 327 production areas in, 68–70, 84–86 Hammond, Mason, 38 Hoﬀman, Michael, 36, 64, 82, 84, 89, 91, 92, 95, 117 Haraga, 289 Holocene Wet Phase, 44–45 Harkhuf, 19 Horváth, Zoltán, 272, 276 Harrell, Jim, 335 house layout(s), 4, 8, 20, 211–212, 326, 327, 343–344, 364. See also Hartung, Ulrich, 103, 105, 107 houses of the Old Kingdom; houses of the Middle Kingdom Hassan, Selim, 34, 144, 145, 147, 152, 153, 199 agglutination of /agglutinated layout(s), 68, 76, 78, 92, 103, Hawara, 249, 289 108–109, 123, 169, 183, 186, 239, 377, 379, 380 Hawara channel, 49, 271, 289 New Kingdom, 377 Hebenu, see Zawiet Sultan (Zawiet el-Meitin) rectangular layout, 64–68, 91, 198, 200, 202 Heit el-Ghurab, 8,9, 13,23,36,126–139, 141, 157–158, 187, 192, repetition in, 22, 34, 379 377 state-founded settlements and, 3 Eastern Town, 9, 13–14, 23–26, 128, 133–134, 136–137, 157, houses of the Old Kingdom, 143, 144, 192–195, 211–212, 235, 160, 187 285, 345, 346, 347, 382 Eastern Town House, 13, 14, 136–137, 201–202 Eastern Town House. See Heit el-Ghurab Gallery Complex, 13–14, 129–133 Elephantine, 169–174, 204–206 House Unit 1 of Western Town, 128, 134–136, 194, 203, 204, House Unit 1. See Heit el-Ghurab 210, 212 House Unit 3. See Heit el-Ghurab House Unit 3 of Western Town, 203–204 Building D. See Khentkawes Town. North Street Gate House, 200 Building E. See Khentkawes Town Pottery Mound at Western Town, 128, 134–136, 203, 212 Building K. See Khentkawes Town Royal Administrative Building (RAB), 24, 128, 133–134, Building L. See Khentkawes Town 157–158, 187 North Street Gate House. See Heit el-Ghurab Standing Wall Island (Cattle Corral), 137–139 houses of the Middle Kingdom, 13, 212, 343–344 Wall of the Crow, 126 Elephantine, 369–373 Western Town, 9, 13, 14, 126, 128–129, 134–137, 157, 187, el-Lisht North, 360–364 203–204 house typologies established by M. Bietak, 344–347 Heliopolis, 35, 56, 241, 379 Lahun, 285–289, 364–367 Henne, Henri, 32 Tell el-Dab’a, 323, 326, 347–352 Heqaib, 174, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229, 320 Tell el-Dab’a (elite residences), 352–356 Heqaib Sanctuary (Elephantine), 308, 315, 317, 320 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 367–369 Heqanakht papyri, 240, 380 Huni (king), 166, 168 Herakleopolis Magna, 216 hybrid households, 192, 285, 347 Hermopolis, 35 Hyksos, 19, 322 Herwer, 218 hypostyle hall, 120, 281, 338, 356, 360 Hierakonpolis, 4, 17–18, 36, 39, 44, 59, 61–62, 68, 71, 91, 94, 108–109, 117, 219, 376. See also Nekhen. industrial settlement site(s), 24, 154 ceremonial structures, 70–71 Menkaura Pyramid complex (Giza), 126, 139–141, 156, 157

424

INDEX

internal colonization. See colonization, colonizing efforts general setting and history of exploration of, 271–273 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 44 Hetep-Senwosret and Sekhem-Senwosret (toponyms), 276–278, Iṯj-Tawy, 16, 18, 52, 249, 289, 308, 316, 360, 369 282–283, 286, 289, 296 Izi (nomarch), 229, 308, 320 mansions, 292, 309, 324, 326, 343, 352, 356, 360, 364–367, 369, 380 Jacquet, Jean, 301 layout of, 273–276 Jacquet-Gordon, Helen, 301 Petrie and, 31–32 Jeffreys, David, 51, 158 residential quarters, 285–287, 364–367 social complexity in, 287–289 ka-chapel(s), 154,175–182, 206, 209, 211, 226, 242, 308, 358–359 Laisney, Damien, 235 ka-cult(s), 18, 174, 223, 308 Lake Moeris, 49, See also Birket Qarun; Fayum Lake Kaiser, Werner, 36, 37, 104 Lampl, Paul, 38 Kamares ware (Minoan), 289, 302, 324 Lange, Eva, 56 Karanis, 33–34, 54 Leclère, Francois, 235 Karnak, 16, 45, 218, 232–234, 249, 300–305, 327, 374, 379, 381 Lehner, Mark, 1, 2, 34, 51, 126, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 197, 199, Kelsey, Francis W., 33 267, 380 Kelsey Museum in Ann Arbor, 33 Levantine Painted Ware, 262, 287 Kemp, Barry, 7, 10, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 143, 151, 152, 155, 160, 231, Libyan settlements, 15 235, 285, 287, 297, 367 Libyans, 15 Khafra, 134, 158, 169 Luxor, 4, 32, 47, 49, 52, 94, 232, 235 Khakaura-seneb, 360 Kharga, 53 Manzanilla, Linda, 40 Khasekhemwy, 81, 84, 86, 97 Marchand, Sylvie, 235 Khemunu. See el-Ashmunein Matmar-Etmanieh region, 244, 245 kheneret labor camps, 265, 269 mayor’s residence. See governor’s residence Khentishe (category of officials), 157 Medinet Habu temple, 15 Khentkawes (queen), 20, 34, 119, 141, 144, 150, 156, 378, 380 Medu-Nefer, 180, 209, 242 Khentkawes mortuary complex, 20, 34, 119, 141, 144–150, 156, Megiddo, 78, 349 197, 380 Meidum, 117, 158, 160 Khentkawes Town, 20, 34, 141, 144–150, 155, 156, 157, 175, 187, ‘Meidum’ bowls, 126 192, 208, 215, 378 Memphite region, 8, 9, 23, 34, 51, 113, 116, 124, 126, 174, 194, as pyramid town of Old Kingdom, 153–155 206, 211, 214, 216 Building D of, 169, 199 evidence for a “shifting capital” during Old Kingdom, Building E of, 196–200 158–161 Building K of, 200–201 royal mortuary complexes, 117–119, 126, 153, 141, 187, Building L of, 200 214–216 Kheny (settlement), 49 settlements at Valley temples, 154, 155 khetem institution, 309, 311, 312, 340, 342 urban society in, 157–158 Khnumhotep, 308, 316 Userkaf sun temple, 37 Khnumhotep II (nomarch), 218 Menatkhufu, 218 Khufu, 117, 160, 162, 169, 174, 262 Mendes, 19, 117, 161, 325 Kôm el-Fakhry (Memphis), 160, 249 menenu fortress, 305, 307 Kôm el-Gemuwia. See Hierakonpolis Menkaura (king), 134, 150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 169 Kôm el-Hisn, 19, 20, 25, 36, 117, 161, 192 Menkaura pyramid complex, 24, 126, 139–141, 154, 155 Kôm el-Khilgan, 56 industrial settlement south of, 139–141 Kôm el-Rabi’a, 249 Menkaura Valley Temple (MVT), 34, 141, 144, 145, 147, Kôm es-Sultan, 52, 239–241 150–153, 155, 156, 215 Kôm Ombo, 19, 164, 219, 231–232 Ante-town, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 174 Kor, 297 as pyramid town of Old Kingdom, 153–155 Menthuhotep II, 214, 281, 308 Lahun, 4, 10, 14, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 52, 155, 249, 258, 295, 296, Menthuhotep III, 308 297, 328, 335–338, 344, 346, 367, 370, 373, 374, 377, 378, 379 Merer, 117 “acropolis” of, 278–281,295, 337–338 Merneferre Ay, 296 administrative quarters in, 283–285 Mersa Gawasis, 24, 252 archaeological evidence for temple, 281 Mesopotamian settlement system, 7, 44 as pre-planned settlement, 20–21, 22, 40, 356 city-states, 7, 8, 12, 35 enclosure walls, 335–337 cross cultural comparison with ancient Egypt, 380–383

425

INDEX

Middle Bronze Age, 323, 324, 349 Nekhen. See Hierakonpolis. culture, 323, 326 New Kingdom period, 3, 14, 15, 16, 32, 35, 296 Middle Egypt, 4, 19, 25, 52, 116, 161, 162, 214, 216–219 Buto, 105 Middle Kingdom period, 3, 4, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 47, 50, 51, Gebel es-Silsila, 49 52, 55, 71, 78, 105, 142, 143, 144, 158, 160, 164, 174, 175, Deir el-Medineh, 10, 13, 22, 32–33, 311 177, 179, 180, 194, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, Elephantine, 308, 309 223, 226, 241, 249–252, 258, 327, 343, 378, 379, 380. See also Hierakonpolis, 95, 96 house layouts of; Lahun; Wah-Sut house layouts of, 212, 343–345, 377 Abydos, 239, 241 Karnak, 301 Ayn Asil/Balat, 241, 242, 245 Lahun, 287 Dendera, 235, 239 Memphis, 16, 160 Elephantine, 226, 305–317, 377, 382 Pi-Ramesses, 50, 262 Ezbet Rushdi (area R/I at Tell el-Dab’a), 259–262, 347 Tell el-Amarna, 11, 13, 22, 33, 52, 158, 258, 343, 347, 377, 381, floods in, 45 382, 383 fortresses (in Lower Nubia), 35, 39, 78 Tell el-Dab’a, 51, 262, 322 Karnak, 16, 232, 234, 300–305, 381 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 296, 328 Qasr el-Sagha in Fayum region, 21, 262–271, 335 Wilbour papyrus, 25 sinusoidal mud-brick walls, 260, 334 Newton, Claire, 37 storage Building H84 (Elephantine), 340–342 Nile flood(s), 25, 44–45, 50, 54, 83, 92, 109, 308, 376 Tell Edfu, 226–229, 317–321 Nilometer of Roda, Cairo, 54–55 Tell el-Dab’a, 252–259, 261, 262, 321–327, 347, 348, 352, 356, nomarchs, 3, 17, 20, 113, 117, 161, 214, 216, 218, 231, 244, 246, 377, 381 297, 308 temporary settlements of, 24, 25 nomes, 17, 19, 40, 52,113, 116, 218, 230, 235, 297 town planning role and purpose of, 13, 20, 21, 296–300, 356 nome capitals, 17, 19, 25, 81, 84, 113, 161, 164, 216, 217, 218, Millet, Marie, 304 226, 235, 239, 379 Millet, Nicholas B., 272, 281 North Street Gate House. See Heit el-Ghurab mining expeditions, 24, 175 Nubia, 34, 35, 320. See also fortresses (Lower Nubia) Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA), 56, 57 Lower Nubia, 13, 21, 35, 39, 44, 45, 78, 169, 252, 297, 305, 307, Minoan pottery. See Kamares Ware. 317, 320, 343, 374, 379 Minshat Abu Omar, 55 UNESCO salvage campaign and, 34–35, 297 Minufiyeh Archaeological Survey, 56 Nubian sherds, 265 Minya, 19, 161, 216, 217 Nubians, 297, 317 Mit Rahina (Memphis), 158, 160 Mittelsaalhaus (Middle Room House), 348, 349, 350 O’Connor, David, 35, 36, 39, 239 Mo’alla, 231 official buildings, 13, 23, 71–76, 91, 108, 109, 166, 180, 204, 223, mud-brick architecture, 34, 62–64, 96, 271 271, 295, 297, 312, 327, 343, 378, 381 domestic buildings of rectangular layout and, 64–68 Old Kingdom period, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 49, 53, multifunctionality, 83, 242, 309, 347, 373 71, 95, 116, 117, 119, 143, 145, 162, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, domestic architecture, 192, 212, 285, 347, 351 218, 244, 245, 246, 297, See also houses of the Old Kingdom Murray, Mary Ann, 37 Abydos, 18, 164, 239–241 Mut temple (Karnak), 305 Al-Shaykh Sa’id, 162 Ayn Asil/Balat, 175–182, 192, 206, 241–243, 357 Naqada (site), 17, 39, 68, 76, 84, 109 Ayn el-Gazzareen settlement, 182–186 Naqada I period, 68, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 95 Buto, 105, 107 Naqada II period, 45, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 71, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, Dahshur, 55, 141, 142, 143, 215 89, 92, 93, 95, 108 El-Ashmunein, 216 Naqada III period, 62, 64, 68, 71, 78, 81, 89, 91, 92, 102, 108, 109 Elephantine, 19, 108, 116, 162, 164–174, 219, 221, 226, 276, Naqada culture, 71, 64, 109 278, 309, 315, 316, 319 Narmer (king), 81, 84 Elkab, 232, 307 Narmer Palette, 81, 94 evidence for “shifting capital” in Memphite region, 158–161 Naroll, Raoul, 10, 267 Heit el-Ghurab, 25, 267 national capitals, 14, 15–17, 18, 35, 53, 249, 289, 379 Hierakonpolis (Kôm el-Gemuwia), 61, 81, 83, 84, 92, 94, 95, Naukratis, 326 96, 103 Neferirkara (king), 144 Karnak, 234 Neferirkara complex at Abusir, 123, 125, 156, 346 Khentkawes town, 144, 150, 155, 380 Neferusi, 218 kings (rulers), 116, 160, 249 Nekheb. See Elkab. Kôm el-Hisn, 20, 25

426

INDEX

Menkaura Valley Temple, 152, 155, 156 population growth, 45, 55–57, 214, 244 pottery, 37, 143, 160, 162, 231, 270, 335 pottery, 31, 37, 54, 39, 55, 70, 71, 78, 83, 91, 92, 96, 97, 100, 102, pyramid complex at Abu Rawash, 119–123 107, 109, 122, 123, 124, 126, 143, 157, 168, 184, 194, 197, pyramid towns of, 153–155, 252, 258, 286 200, 202, 204, 210, 217, 226, 227, 228, 231, 252, 256, 258, Qasr el-Sagha, 262, 279 261, 264, 265, 269, 270, 271, 296, 317, 318, 325, 326, 340, 349 Red Sea coast, 116 Cypriote pottery, 287 Tell Edfu, 116, 164, 226–231, 308, 320 from Lahun, 287, 288, 289, 340 royal mortuary complexes of Memphite region, 23, 117–119, imported (foreign) pottery, 287, 288, 323, 324, 352 125, 157, 158, 214–216, 343 kilns, 88, 89, 94, 126, 141 settlements of, 55, 113–117, 161–164, 186–187, 192, 199, 204, Middle Kingdom, 235, 265, 302, 305 216, 309, 343, 378 Minoan pottery, 262, 287 settlements of marginal regions, 174–175 Old Kingdom, 37, 60, 217, 235, 335, 337 Zawiet Sultan (Zawiet el-Meitin), 162, 217–218 Predynastic, 31, 88, 95 Opet temple (Karnak), 305 Pottery Mound, see Heit el-Ghurab. organic development of towns, 3, 52, 154, 252, 289, 305, 327, 344, pottery workshops in Hierakonpolis, 70, 84, 88, 108 373, 379 wadi sites of the early Predynastic Period, 84–86 orthogonal layout(s), 3,13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 34, 78, 121, 134, 148, workshops, 18, 177, 182, 241 151, 154, 155, 175, 187, 252, 259, 262, 289, 290, 297, 315, Predynastic Period, 1, 3, 4, 36, 44, 45, 52, 61, 63, 168, 219 322, 323, 328, 339, 378 Abydos, 109, 239 Osiris, 4, 52, 232, 239, 304 Buto, 105 cemeteries, 39 palatial complexes, 3, 16, 289. See also governor’s residence Elephantine, 307 Ayn Asil/Balat, 18, 192, 194, 206–211, 212, 226, 241, 242, 243 environmental conditions in, 45 Buto, 74, 212 Hierakonpolis, 82, 61, 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 96, 103 Hierakonpolis, 71–76, 102, 376 mud-brick architecture, 62–64 Kor and Uronarti, 297 priests’ accommodations (houses), 23, 119, 120, 123, 125, 141, 142, Minoan, 289 153, 157, 199, 215, 346 Tell Basta (Bubastis), 20, 356–360 production area(s), 16, 23–25, 108, 116, 156, 186, 192, 194, 327, Tell el-Dab’a, 322, 324, 326, 352–356 377, 379 Palermo Stone, 45 Ayn Asil/Balat, 206, 242 Palestine, 78, 109, 326, 349 Dendera, 235 enclosure walls at Tell es-Sakan, 78 Heit el-Ghurab, 23, 24, 128, 203, 267 Pan-Grave culture, 265 Hierakonpolis, 62, 68–70, 84–86, 92 papyri, 10, 33, 36 Lahun, 273, 337 Abusir papyri, 124 Wah-Sut, 295–296, 328 from Lahun, 32, 271, 276, 282, 283, 286, 287, 289 provincial capitals and, 18–19 Heqanakht papyri, 240, 380 provincial capital(s), 2, 3, 15, 17–20, 21, 53, 102, 103, 161, 186, 218 patrimonial household model, 2, 380 Ptolemaic period, 36, 103, 381, 383 Pe and Dep, 103, 104, 107 Karanis and, 33–34, 54 Peet, Thomas E., 33 Ptolemaic settlement, 56 Pelusiac Nile branch, 252, 322 Ptolemaic temple, 32, 49, 54, 219, 226, 231, 235, 236, 317, Pepi I, 154, 155 320, 381 Pepi II, 152, 154, 161, 174, 175, 177, 179, 182, 206, 214, 222 pyramid complexes, 23, 119, See also royal mortuary complexes peristyle court, 179, 194, 207, 208, 209, 281, 297, 310, 338, 340, at Abusir, 123–125 352, 353, 355, 357, 367 of Amenemhat II, 249 per-shena institution, 295–296 of Djoser, 76 Perunefer (naval base), 322 of Menkaura, 24, 139–141, 155 Peterson, Enoch E., 33 of Radjedef at Abu Rawash, 119–123, 215, 345 Petrie, William Flinders, 31–32, 37, 68, 104, 271, 272, 273, 275, of Snofru at Dahshur, 34, 55, 141–144, 346 276, 278, 281, 283, 285–287, 300, 336, 337, 338, 367 of Senwosret II at Lahun, 273, 278 Petrie Museum of Archaeology, 31, 271 pyramid town(s), 13, 20, 21, 55, 116, 119, 154, 157, 215, 216, 252, Phaistos (Crete), 288, 289 258, 278, 286, 289, 328 phyles, 117, 123, 124 of the Old Kingdom, 153–155 Picardo, Nicolas, 285 pig (faunal remains), 136, 258, 259, 261 Qantir, 37, 50–51, 262. See also Pi-Ramesses pig keeping, 13, 14, 25 Qasr el-Sagha, 22, 249, 262–271, 297, 327, 334, 378 Pi-Ramesses, 15, 37, 50–51, 262. See also Qantir as pre-planned settlement, 21

427

INDEX

Qasr el-Sagha (cont.) Sanakht (king), 168 Eastern Settlement, 267–271 sand accumulations/deposits, 50, 55, 94, 155, 215, 222 stone-revetted mounds, 335 Santa Fe Institute, 6 Western Settlement, 10, 262–271, 378 Saqqara, 63, 76, 96, 156, 158, 160, 161, 262 Qau/Matmar, 244 satellite imagery, 9–10, 37, 56, 84, 93, 273, 276 Qila el-Dabba, 182 Scorpion (king), 39, 45, 81, 84 quantitative (data, aspects, factors), 3, 7, 14, 379 sealings, 20, 109, 124, 187, 211, 347. See also khetem institution problems with, 7, 9–11 Abu Rawash, 122 quarry/quarries, 4, 17, 23, 24, 25, 49, 53, 54, 116, 139, 162, 241, Abusir, 123, 156 269, 271, 272 Abydos, 241 Turah limestone quarries, 117 Al-Shaykh Sa’id, 162 Widan el-Farras (basalt quarries), 21, 113, 262, 269, 270 Ayn Asil/Balat, 184 Qubbet el-Hawa, 19, 327 Ayn el-Gazzareen, 184, 186, 211 Quibell, James, 68, 94 Buto, 103, 106, 107 Quirke, Stephen, 285 Dahshur (Valley temple of Bent Pyramid), 144 Quseir el-Qadim, 37 Elephantine, 17, 108, 166, 168, 169, 174, 206, 222, 223, 226, 310, 311, 312, 340, 342 Radjedef (Djedefra), 123, 169, 215, 345 Hierakonpolis, 71, 102 pyramid complex at Abu Rawash, 119–123, 125, 156 Karnak, 304, 305 pyramid temple, 156 Khentkawes town, 199 Ramesseum Onomasticon, 307 Lahun, 20, 271, 276, 283 Ramesside records, 15 Menkaura’s Upper Temple (Giza), 151 Raneferef, 156 Pottery Mound (Heit el-Ghurab), 126, 128, 136, 203, 212 mortuary complex at Abusir, 123, 346 Royal Administrative Building (Heit el-Ghurab), 134 pyramid, 123, 155, 156 Tell Edfu, 228, 229, 317, 318 pyramid temple, 156, 346 Tell el-Dab’a, 326 Ra-She-Khufu, 117 Tell el-Farkha, 71 Red Sea coast, 24, 25, 37, 53, 55, 116, 175, 252 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 285, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 328, 339, Redding, Richard, 36 340, 367 Reisner, George A., 37, 151, 152, 155 sebakh digging, 9, 33, 38, 47, 53–54, 68 Rekhmire, tomb of, 296 at Abydos, 239 Reniseneb (king’s daughter), 294, 339, 340, 369 at Dendera, 235 revetted mound(s), 103, 270, 335 at el-Ashmunein, 216, 217 Ricke, Herbert, 33, 37, 345 at Elephantine, 174, 223, 220, 221, 309, 315 Roman Period, 11, 36, 37, 38, 39, 105, 270, 285, 347, at Elkab, 231 381, 383 at Hierakonpolis, 84 Buto, 104 at Kôm Ombo, 231 Karanis and, 33–34 at Kôm Fakhry (Memphis), 160 quarrying activity, 262 at Tell Edfu, 116, 227, 229, 321 Syene, 56 sebbakhin (people who dig for sebakh), 32, 33, 54, 158, 164, 217, Zawiet Sultan (Zawiet el-Meitin), 216, 217 221, 235, 239, 309, 320 Rowland, Joanne, 56 Second Cataract region, 45, 252, 297, 307 Royal Administrative Building (Heit el-Ghurab). See Heit Second Intermediate Period, 2, 3, 4, 18, 23, 297, 343, el-Ghurab 378, 383 royal decree(s), 25, 55, 116, 154, 155, 157, 258 El-Lisht, 364 royal mortuary complexes, 2, 9, 23, 24, 25, 34, 113, 116, 119, 141, Elephantine, 10, 222, 229, 305, 307, 315, 316, 373, 377 150, 153, 154, 155–157, 144, 199, 252, 296, 334, 343. See also Hagar Edfu (necropolis), 19 Khentkawes Town; pyramid complexes Karnak, 16, 234, 300, 301, 304, 305 Lahun, 287, 295 Qasr el-Sagha, 265, 269, 335 Memphite region, 117–119, 214–216 Tell Edfu, 19, 308, 319, 320, 321 of Senwosret II at Lahun, 272, 273, 278, 296 Tell el-Dab’a, 11, 19, 324, 325–328, 344, 352, 363 rural hinterland, 12, 13, 25, 44 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 296 sed-festival, 357 Sacred Lake (Karnak), 16, 232, 234, 304, 374 Seila, pyramid of, 168 Sahure, 25 Semna, 45 Sais, 15, 35 Senwosret I, 16, 52, 218, 249, 252, 261, 283, 308, 320 Samuel, Delwen, 37 Senwosret II, 249, 261, 262, 272, 273, 278, 282, 289, 290, 296, 307

428

INDEX

Senwosret III, 21, 249, 252, 259, 261, 262, 283, 289, 290, 295, 296, of funerary monuments of Old Kingdom, 113, 123 305, 311, 323, 328, 334, 339 storage facilities, 4, 11, 23, 25, 45, 109, 119, 122, 125, 128, 136, settlement archaeology, 3, 4, 39, 41, 44, 53, 55 144, 148, 157, 158, 164, 194, 200, 206, 239, 255, 258, 267, historical overview of, 31–38 276, 285, 302, 309, 310, 322, 339, 350, 357, 369. See also settlement density, 11, 44, 324, 377 granaries; silos Shaw, Ian, 269 Building H84 (Elephantine, Middle Kingdom), 340–342 silos, 3, 119, 123 provincial capitals and, 18–20 Abydos, 239 Storey, Glenn R., 39 Dahshur, Valley temple of Bent Pyramid, 142, 143 Syene (Aswan), 56 Elephantine, 76, 169, 195, 206, 310, 311 Heit el-Ghurab, 128, 133, 134, 136, 202 Tanis, 15, 51 Hierakonpolis, 96, 99 Tavares, Ana, 126, 158 Karnak, 302, 304 Tehna, 216 Khentkawes town (Giza), 147, 150, 199 Tel Shalem, 78 Lahun, 258, 283, 285 Tell Basta, 56, 325, 326. See also Bubastis. Menkaura Valley Temple (Giza), 151 palatial complex (Middle Kingdom), 356–360 Qasr el-Sagha, 267 Tell Edfu, 19, 32, 47, 54, 116, 117, 164, 219, 226–231, 235, 289, Tell Edfu, 19, 227, 228, 319 297, 307, 311, 326, 327, 334, 374, 377, 381 Tell el-Dab’a, 255, 258, 259, 260, 341, 348, 351, 373 Middle Kingdom settlement evidence, 317–321 Tell el-Farkha, 64 Tell el-Amarna, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 52, Tell es-Sakan, 78 158, 258, 343, 352,367, 377, 380, 381, 382 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 292, 339 Typology of house layouts, 344–347 Sinai, 24, 116, 175, 252 workers’ settlement at, 22 sinusoidal mud-brick wall(s) (Middle Kingdom), 259, 260, 262, Tell el-Dab’a, 11, 13, 36, 37, 51, 252, 297, 321–324, 325–327, 343, 302, 305, 334, 348 344, 348, 349, 356, 370, 377, 378, 379 Siwa (Oasis), 53 Area A/II, 324–325, 326, 344, 350 Śliwa, Joachim, 262, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271, 334 Area F/I, 252–259, 271, 349, 350, 352, 261, 323, 324, 326, 334, Smith, Harry, 39 344, 347, 348, 379 Snofru, 55, 141, 154, 160, 168, 226, 346 Area F/II, 322 Bent Pyramid at Dahshur, 141 Area R/I, 259–262 Red Pyramid at Dahshur, 55, 126, 155 enclosure walls, 326 Valley temple, 141–144, 155, 156 Ezbet Rushdi, 259–262, 271, 287, 322, 323, 326, 334, 344, 347, Sobek (god), 282 348 Sobekemsaf, 308, 309 foreign settlers at, 326 Sobekemsaf I, 317 houses at residential quarters of (Middle Kingdom), 347–352 Sobekhotep III, 320 palaces and elite residences (Middle Kingdom), 352–356 Sobekhotep VIII, 45 typology of house layouts, 356, 357 social complexity, 1, 2, 8, 11, 12, 17, 39, 62, 83, 108, 117, 296, 324, Tell el-Farain. See Buto 326, 328, 376, 377 Tell el-Farkha, 17, 59, 64, 68, 71, 76, 108 Sopdu (god), 282, 283, 338 Central Kom, 64 South Town (Naqada), 68, 76 figurines found at, 71 Spence, Kate, 10 official buildings of, 71–76 Spencer, Jeffrey, 216, 217 Western Kom, 68, 71, 75, 109 Stadelmann, Rainer, 155 Tell el-Iswid, 59 staircase(s), 199, 209, 278, 285, 311, 336–337, 338, 341, 347, 352, Tell el-Yahudiya juglets, 265 361, 364, 370 Tell es-Sakan, 78–81, 103 Standing Wall Island. See Heit el-Ghurab Tell Hebua, 311 state foundations, 2, 3, 8, 9, 20, 22, 108, 116, 117, 137, 161, 186, Tell Ibrahim Awad, 59, 64, 73, 109, 117, 161 252, 271, 286, 296, 328, 377, 378, 271, 289, See also figurines found at, 71 state-planned settlements, fortresses shrines and small temples at, 71 non-urban character and, 22–23 temple of Amun (Karnak), 249, 305 urban character and, 22 temple of Khnum (Elephantine), 169, 219, 305, 308 vs. organically evolving sites, 3 temple of Khonsu (Karnak), 305 state-planned settlements, 3, 11, 20–21, 26, 34, 40, 149, 160, 249, temple of Monthu (Karnak), 301 252–300, 311, 315, 326, 327–328, 376, 378–379 temple of Ptah (Memphis), 16, 158 role and purpose of (Middle Kingdom), 296–300 temple of Satet (Elephantine), 64, 108, 164, 174, 220, 221, 222, stone architecture, 39, 62, 123 281, 308, 381

429

INDEX

temples, 3, 47, 232, 235, 281, 295, 320, 377, 379, 380, 381 comparative and interdisciplinary studies on, 1, 4, 38–41 archaeological evidence for early, 70–73 cross cultural comparison with Mesopotamia, 380–383 archaeological evidence for Lahun, 281 current debates on pre-modern urbanism and, 39 Elephantine, 307–309 definition of, 11 Serabit el-Khadim (Sinai), 252 general considerations, 6–9 Tell el-Dab’a, Area AII, 324–325 national capitals and, 15–17 textual evidence for Lahun, 282–283 provincial capitals and, 17–20 temporary settlements, 24, 25, 116, 126, 175 quantitative data problems and, 9–11 territorial states vs. city-states, 6–7 settlement density and, 11 Tetisheri (queen), 296 settlement sites categories, 14–15 Theban West Bank, 4, 15, 32, 40–41, 234, 327, 334 socio-economic aspects and, 12–14 Thebes, 14, 15, 16, 35, 37, 39, 45, 53, 219, 249, 296, 297, 300, 305, state-founded settlement vs. organically evolving sites, 3 327, 379, 381 typological considerations and, 15 Thinis, 17, 39, 52, 239 Uronarti (fort), 281, 297, 311, 374 three-room house, 345 Userkaf, 144, 262 three-row house, 346, 347, 362, 364, 370, 373, 382 Userkaf sun temple (Memphite region), 37 Thutmose (sculptor), 382 Thutmose I, 301 Valbelle, Dominique, 10 Thutmose III, 304 Von den Driesch, Angela, 36 tomb of U-j, 39, 63, 71, 109 Von der Way, Thomas, 104, 105, 107 town planning, 3, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 38, 52, 116, 119, 150, 156, Von Pilgrim, Cornelius, 220, 226, 311, 316, 340, 346, 369, 370 158, 175, 187, 228, 252, 258, 262, 315, 316, 356, 369, 378–379 Wadi Abu Suffian, 44, 70, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92, 94 role and purpose of (Middle Kingdom), 296–300 Wadi el-Hudi, 24, 252 trade network(s), 9, 39, 71, 78, 175, 241, 252, 287, 289, 326 Wadi el-Jarf, 24, 116, 175 Trampier, Joshua, 56 Wadi Zabayda, 24, 116, 162 Trigger, Bruce, 6–8, 12, 40 Wah-Sut (Abydos), 258, 285, 283, 289, 296, 297, 309, 310, 311, Tringham, Ruth, 39 318, 326, 328, 343, 344, 352, 356, 370, 373, 374, 379 Turah limestone quarries, 113, 117 as pre-planned settlement, 20–21, 22, 378 gatehouse and further installations (exterior of mayor’s Ucko, Peter, 39 residence, Building A), 295 Udjebten (queen), 156 granary, 340 Umm el-Qa’ab. See tomb of U-j general layout of, 290 Unas, 174, 222, 223 mayor’s residence (Building A), 290–294, 318, 339–340, 356, UNESCO salvage campaign, 34–35, 297 360, 367–369 University of Michigan, 33, 34 production area in, 295–296 urban center(s), 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, Wegner, Josef, 290, 295, 334 35, 40, 47, 51, 81, 84, 103, 107, 108, 109, 113, 157, 158, 161, Western Town. See Heit el-Ghurab 164, 182, 217, 219, 230, 231, 236, 296, 307, 309, 317, 321, Wetterstrom, Wilma, 37 326, 327, 328, 360, 377 Wheatley, Paul, 7 urban character, 1, 12, 33, 91, 103, 108, 157, 218, 271, 296, 323, White Nile, 44 327, 328, 352, 377 Widan el-Faras (basalt quarries), 21, 113, 262, 269, 270 state foundations with, 22 Wilbour Papyrus, 14, 25 urban proletariat, 2 Wilson, John, 35, 38 urban society in ancient Egypt, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 36, 59, 81, 84, workers’ settlements, 13, 116, 126, 154, 265, 377. See also Deir 108–109, 117, 289, 378, 380, 383 el-Medineh, Tell el-Amarna cross cultural comparison with Mesopotamia, 380–383 Heit el-Ghurab, 126–139 defined, 7–8, 11 industrial settlement south of Menkaura complex (Giza), enclosure walls and, 12 139–141 evolution of, 376 Hierakonpolis (Nekhen), 103 Yoffee, Norman, 39–40 house interconnectedness and, 377 in Memphite region, 157–158 Zagazig, 356 rural hinterland relation to, 12–13 Zawiet Sultan/Zawiet el-Meitin, 19, 161–162, 216, urbanism in ancient Egypt, 2, 3, 5, 6, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44, 59, 217–219, 376 108, 113, 376, 379–380 Ziermann, Martin, 168, 169, 204

430