Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

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Sabry A. El Azazy

Suez Canal University

ABSTRACT Tell El-Dabaa the (current city of Qantir) considers one of the most important archaeological sites in the Eastern Nile Delta. The archaeological site of Tell El-Dabaa is located in the Northern Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The location is situated about 7 km North of the city named Faqus. The site had an essencial location in the Eastern Nile Delta as a sgnificatnt protection station on the eastern enterance of ancient Egypt. The site identified as the ancient city of Avaris. The city had been occupied by the Hyksos and they had used the th th city as their capital, starting between the period of (15 - 17 ) Dynasties. The site became an essential military point and a commercial center located in the North-Eastern of Egypt during this period. Therefore, A huge number of the Asian immigrants intended to the city and they stayed in it. The site was later used by the th th kings of the 18 - 19 Dynasties. It was discovered at the site great temples, several tombs, and other great monuments dated back to the Middle and New Kingdoms. Keywords: ancient egypt, archaeological site, civilization, historical studies, monuments, tell el dabaa, temples, tombs.

Classification: FOR CODE: 210102 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 573381 Print ISSN: 2515-5784 Online ISSN: 2515-5792

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 382U Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0

© 2020. Sabry A. El Azazy. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncom-mercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Sabry A. El Azazy

Lecturer of Tourist Guidance & Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Egyptian Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotel Management, Ministry of Higher Education Egypt. ______

ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION Tell El-Dabaa the (current city of Qantir) Tell El-Dabaa (Qantir) is a significant considers one of the most important archaeological site in Sharkia Governorate. The archaeological sites in the Eastern Nile Delta. site had a great strategic importance especially The archaeological site of Tell El-Dabaa is from the 12th Dynasty to the end of the 19th located in the Northern Sharkia Governorate, Dynasty. This region was known as “Rawaty” Egypt. The location is situated about 7 km North which means “the mouth of two roads”. The site of the city named Faqus. The site had an became the capital of the Hyksos during the essencial location in the Eastern Nile Delta as a th th (15 - 17 Dynasties). Additionally, the area was sgnificatnt protection station on the eastern known as (Peru-nefer) in the 18th Dynasty, and the enterance of ancient Egypt. The site identified as city was identified as the (Pi-Ramesses city) and the ancient city of Avaris. The city had been the northern residence of Ramesses II in the occupied by the Hyksos and they had used the th Eastern Delta during the 19 Dynasty. [1] city as their capital, starting between the period th th of (15 - 17 ) Dynasties. The site became an The site had great importance during the reign of essential military point and a commercial center Amenemhat I (1963-1934 BC), the founder of the located in the North-Eastern of Egypt during this 12th Dynasty. A memorial temple had been built in period. Therefore, A huge number of the Asian the site by Senusert III (1872-1853 BC) for immigrants intended to the city and they stayed commemorating Amenemhat I. A massive in it. The site was later used by the kings of the number of the Asian immigrants (Syro- th th 18 -19 Dynasties. It was discovered at the site Palestinians) moved to the site, and they settled great temples, several tombs, and other great there under the Egyptian Authority. They worked monuments dated back to the Middle and New in Egypt in different positions as; soldiers, Kingdoms. servants, sailors, boat-makers, and craftsmen [2]. ancient egypt, archaeological site, Keywords: Moreover, it was discovered in the site various civilization, historical studies, monuments, tell el London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ritual temples and different tombs, as well as dabaa, temples, tombs. remains of oak tree found in pits in front of the Author: Ph.D. in Tourist Guidance, Faculty of Tourism main temple related to the ritual practices. This and Hotel Management Suez Canal University, Egypt, cult might be associated with the Asian activities, Lecturer of Tourist Guidance and Ancient Egyptian and related to the rituals presented for the Civilization, Egyptian Higher Institute for Tourism and Goddess Hathor. Additionally, it was believed that Hotel Management Ministry of Higher Education, there was a relationship between the Egyptian Egypt. God Seth, and the Asian God Baal-Zaphon. It was found in the site a round seal with a

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 1 representation of this God dated back to the 13th researcher depended on the Site Tours, Dynasty [2]. Interviews, Observations, References, Internet Websites, and Recent studies and Publications Additionally, valuables were discovered buied concerning the research subject. Additionally, the with the deceased reflecting beliefs similar to the researcher communicated with archeologists, Ancient Egytians as well as, several servants and specialists, and executives who are working in the donkey burials were discovered at the site that site for providing the essential information and was popular during the time of Asiatic detailed data related to the research subject. The immigration with the beginning of Hyksos reign. primary purpose of the research is to throw the The servants had been buried in a different way light on the archaeological site of Tell El Dabaa than the tomb owners. They were buried in the and develop theoretical investigation on how to entrance towards the main door of the tomb in effectively benefit out of those historical sights order to continue their services, waiting for the both economically and culturally. The researcher orders from the tomb’s owner in the afterlife. The used the previous experiences and studies to donkey burials’ indicate that the donkeys might be conduct this research and achieve the main goals sacrificed at the same time of the death of the and objectives successfully. tomb’s owner. It is thought that the donkeys were related closely with expeditions and journey that III. THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF had been occurred between the life and TELL EL-DABAA (AVARIS) underworld [3]. T ell El Dabaa was an essencial location during the The location of Tell Dabaa played an essential role Middle and New Kingdoms. The site had as a strategic trading center during the Middle identified as Avaris that was the capital of Hyksos Kingdom, as well as the site was the capital of (1640- 1530 BC). The site identified as Hyksos for more than one hundred years. (Peru-nefer), as an essential a military base and Additionally, the site played an essential part sea navy harbor during the 18th Dynasty. during the New Kingdom; it was discovered a Moreover, Ramesses II built his Northern palace complex decorated with Aegean frescoes residence (Pi-Ramesses) upon the ruins of the city dated back to the reign of Thutmose III. The during the 19th Dynasty [2]. Tell Dabaa (Avaris) various materials, pottery, weaponry, tools, and was one of the most important cities in the Nile other monumental objects that had been Delta since ancient times; the city was easily discovered in the site, indicated that the site of accessed by the ships through the Pelusiac Nile to Tell El-Dabaa was an essential strategic location the Mediterranean. This place had an excellent as a defensive and commercial point in the harbor to receive the boats from all ancient Northeastern Delta [4]. kingdoms [5]. According to Kamose’s Stele, the Avaris harbor was used to moor the military Navy II. METHODOLOGY of the Hyksos [6]. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Qualitative methods was used to achieve this The site of Tell El-Dabaa is located in the research. The researcher is a Lecturer of Tourist North-eastern corner of the Eastern Nile Delta. Guidance and Ancient Egyptian Civilization and This location had great strategic importance as it also worked in Sharkia Governorate as Tourism was controlling in the trade ways between the and Archaeology Specialist that allowed visiting Near East and the Mediterranean. Therefore, a the archaeological site of Tell El Dabaa and the large number of Asians had good relations with other historical locations in Sharkia Governorate, the Egyptians, and they settled in the Eastern as well as interview a number of the specialists Delta under the rule of Hyksos, who had a strong who work in different archaeological sites not only power base over there during this period [7]. in Sharkia, but also in the whole of Egypt. The

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

2 Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press The city was primarily extended at the beginning Ramesses II built his northern residence of the Hyksos rule, and it was a strategic (Pi-Ramesses) at the site, the city had been later commercial location due to the economic abandoned, and it was used as a quarry for importance of the town during that time. Many producing the building materials during the 21st people settled in the eastern Nile Delta, and -22nd Dynasties. A large number of stone blocks, maintained relations with the neighboring statues, and other valuable monuments had been countries. The Syro-Palestine amphorae, made for transported to Tanis, Bubastis, and different other preserving the wine and olive oil, were found in places. Additionally, the cults and the ritual the site. Additionally, some pottery pieces activities had also moved to the New location of imported from Cyprus found in the location. The Tanis, particularly Tanis was the Northern Capital remains of a magnificent castle discovered on the of Egypt during this period. Moreover, secondary eastern side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile cults of the Gods of Ramesses II had dated back to Hyksos period [8]. independently appeared at Tanis and Bubastis during the 30th Dynasty [2]. A large number of immigrants was travelling to the site of Tell El-Dabaa during the period IV. THE EXCAVATION WORK AT THE 1600-1570 BC. They built their houses in that ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF TELL area. Their homes were divided into small EL-DABAA dwellings located in the North-eastern region of Tell El-Dabaa for the poorer classes. The large Edouard Naville initially excavated the site in houses with stairs leading to upper floors were 1885. Later, Pierre Montet excavated at the site of situated in the eastern area related to the high Tanis, about 20 km to the north of Tell El-Dabaa levels, as well as a huge enclosure wall had been between the period 1929-1939. Montet had built around the city to protect the people against wrongly believed that he found the location of any attack [8]. Avaris. Labib Habashi worked in the site of Tell El-Dabaa between 1941-1942, and he identified Ahmose entered the city of Avaris in 1530 BC, he the site as the location of Avaris [9]. Shehata destroyed the castle of Hyksos, and then he Adam excavated in the site of 12th Dynasty at expelled them out of Egypt. Therefore, large Ezbet Rushdi between 1951-1954. Additionally, storage buildings had built upon the ruins of the the excavations had later been carried out by the citadel. Additionally, it was discovered the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo, under remains of the destroyed camp of the Hyksos on the supervision of Manfred Bietak between the the surface of the site; the soldiers’ bodies were period 1966-2009. He confirmed the theory of buried in small graves, and animals’ bone remains Habashi that Tell El-Dabaa was the right location were found in the area. After that a vast cemetery of the capital of the Hyksos (Avaris). Recently, dated back to the 18th Dynasty was constructed in Irene Forstner-Müller worked in the site from the site; it included numerous graves built with

2009 [2]. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences the brick materials from the ruins of the Hyksos castle. Additionally, a great Egyptian navy and At Tell El-Dabaa, various buildings, tombs, military base (Peru-nefer) and palace dated back residences, temples, and other constructions were to Thutmose III discovered at the site. Later a new discovered, influenced by Canaanite architecture fortress was built upon the Thumossids’ ruins. styles. Those monumental constructions had been This fortress was built in the reign of Horemheb affected by the muddy shy environmental as a protection point on the eastern border against conditions, agriculture, and buildings on the any attack on Egypt, especially a new power of the archaeological sites [3]. According to excavations Hittites started to be appeared, as a parallel power that had been done in 2010, the area was occupied to Egypt in the East [2]. by houses and settlements dated back to the

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 3 Second Intermediate Period. The excavations V. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC covered about 700 m2, it resulted into discovering LOCATION OF TELL EL-DABAA various rooms with massive walls and courtyards included ovens and grain storage areas [10]. According to the geophysical studies, this region The northeastern side of Tell El-Dabaa was was characterized by the presence of flood basins, excavated in 2012. It was discovered a trench levees, and channel deposits. Therefore, the about 60x50 m, divided into various residential archaeological work needs more further quarters separated by different streets, and the excavations, due to the high level of more significant buildings located in the western sedimentations on the monumental area. The side. This settlement dated back to the 15th archaeological site of Tell El-Dabaa is located in Dynasty. The excavations resulted in discovering the Northeastern side of the Nile Delta; this part various remains of room fills, street layers, of the Nile Delta was characterized by a low fireplaces, granaries, small pits, floors, walls, and alluvial plain with southwest and northeast other blocks. Additionally, it was found in the trending belts of higher ground known as island, area, remains of a river harbor, funeral buildings and the archaeological site known as tell which dated back to the Second Intermediate Period, contained the remains of ancient settlement with other constructions dated back to the debris. The location of Tell El-Dabaa related to Ramessid Period, as well as remains of bones of Avaris (the capital of Hyksos), is now located birds and fish, teeth, and shaft fragments [11]. under the deposits of silt remains and modern agriculture. The recent excavations confirmed It was also discovered at Tell El-Dabaa many that large numbers of Asian immigrants stayed in various tombs dedicated to Canaanite people. the Eastern Nile Delta. They called Hyksos; the Those tombs had been constructed with foreigners who controlled Egypt during the mud-brick, and they included different vaulted Second Intermediate period until the end of the chambers [12]. It was discovered at the site of Tell Middle Kingdom [15]. El-Dabaa many temples dated back to the Hyksos

period. Those temples had been designed with There were seven branches of the Nile during Egyptian and Canaanite style [3]. The entrances of ancient times [Fig. 1]; the eastern branch of the the temples were discovered in the north side of Nile was the Pelusiac branch that related to the the temples, as well as various monumental ancient city of Pelusium where it was located on objects were found such as; bronze daggers, ax the mouth of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. This heads, and jugs [12]. branch is now dried up, and Tell El-Dabaa (Avaris) was located next to it [16]. The main river Several monumental remains and wall paintings divided into two branches around the ancient City had been discovered at Tell El-Dabaa in 1987. of Pi-Rameses, leading to the presence of the They were found in the palace complex that had lakes and swamp-plains could be observed. The been built upon an ancient fortress dated back to archaeological remains at Tell El-Dabaa London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences the New Kingdom [13]. The discovered wall influenced by the mmuddy environmental paintings showing the relationships between conditions, and the modern agriculture on the site ancient Egyptian Art and the eastern [3]. Mediterranean, as well as direct connections with

Aegean society [14].

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

F ig. 1: The Location of (Tell el-Daba'a) on the Eastern Nile Delta and the ancient branches of the River Nile.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180770.g001 London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

VI. THE TEMPLE AND THE SETTLEMENT excavated at the site in 1996, they had completed OF TELL EL-DABAA AT EZBET RUSHDI the excavation work at the site under the supervision of M. Bietak [18]. Ezbet Rushdi is a small village about 1 km to the North-eastern side of Tell El-Dabaa. Shehata In addition to the excavations that had been done Adam discovered a grand temple at the site in by Shehata Adam who discovered the temple, 1950. The discovered temple and the settlement Manfred Bietak completed the excavation works, dated back to the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom and he conducted the layout of the temple. He [17]. The Austrian archaeological Institute

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 5 also discovered monumental remains in the lower wall and the central building, maybe a staircase layers under the temple dated back to the 12th leading to the up-roof. The forecourt included Dynasty. The temple was constructed by king with two lateral buildings may be used as Sesostris III, and it had been used as a memorial storerooms. Colonnades might surround the temple for king Amenemhat I (the founder of 12th central part of the courtyard, and a water basin Dynasty) until the end of the 12th Dynasty. The site was discovered in the center. The building was had been reused in the second half of the 13th surrounded by an outer enclosure wall; this wall Dynasty. The settlement had later been destroyed, appears much more exceptional thickness in front and it was replaced by the temple [19]. than the other parts. This shows that the front part might be included a front Pylon, and a The temple consists of a central sanctuary with secondary sanctuary was discovered in the two adjoining chapels and a forecourt [Fig. 2]. A northwestern side of the outer forecourt [20]. huge mud-brick enclosure wall surrounds the temple. It was discovered a corridor between the

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Fig. 2: T he Layout Plan of the temple district at Ezbet Rushdi

https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-the-temple-and-the-s ettlement-of-the-middle-kingdom-in-ezbet-rushdi-closed/

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

6 Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press Additionally, A settlement was found under the was discovered at the site statues of queen ruins of the temple [Fig. 3]. It dated also back to Nofru-Sobek, and king Hornediheryotef from the the 12th Dynasty. According to the excavation late 12th Dynasty and the early 13th Dynasty; the works, the settlement had been modified and royal statues were discovered by Labib Habachi enlarged. It included many different structures; it who worked in the site [29]. was discovered houses consist of three rooms, and surrounded by store-buildings [28]. It was Additionally, an offering pits were discovered by discovered at the site a significant building dated the Austrian Archaeological Institute, in front of back to the 13th Dynasty, it dedicated to the official the temple of Ezbet Rushdi that dated back to the 12th Dynasty. Unfortunately, the surrounding area workers who supervised the trade exchange and foreign expeditions. These workers were Asians is now cultivated, so it needs more attention and but they were working under the Egyptian further excavations. This pit included pottery Kingdom’s control. Additionally, domed tombs pieces and some animal bones for skeletons of two were discovered at the site related to those donkeys and four sheep [21]. workers attached to this building. Moreover, it

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Fig. 3: The Layout Plan of the settlement of Ezbet Rushdi, str. e/2 https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-the-temple-and-the-s ettlement-of-the-middle-kingdom-in-ezbet-rushdi-closed/

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 7 VII. THE POTTERY PIECES AND THE OTHER in the site, and numbers of the monumental MONUMENTAL OBJECTS DISCOVERED AT objects such as; scarabs, needles, knives, drills, TELL EL-DABAA sickles, and stone tools [24].

Various pottery pieces discovered at the site of Tell El-Dabaa dated back to the 12th Dynasty, as well as some other pieces dated back to the 13th Dynasty [Fig. 4]. This pottery was locally made, and some other pieces imported from Syro-Canaanite countries [20]. However, it was discovered at Tell El-Dabaa about 500 pottery pieces brought from Cyprus. Some of these bottles were made for preserving the oil and perfume

[Fig. 5]. This confirmed that there were commercial relationships between ancient Egypt and Cyprus [22]. Additionally, Shehata Adam excavated in the site of Ezbet Rushdi close to Tell El-Dabaa between the period 1951-1954. He

discovered various types of the pottery pieces included pendant line, cross line, and white painted styles imported from Cyprus, as well as an oil and perfume vessels, had been discovered, that confirmed the commercial relationships between

Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean [17].

The most important discoveries in the settlement included the pottery, flint pieces, animal bones, and other monumental objects. The common types of pottery found in the site, are represented in semi-circular cups made from the Nile clay. These bottles had used for preserving the beers, oil, and wine. Additionally, other types of pottery

and fine ceramics such as; bowls with an incurved rim, small carinated cups, red semi-round bowls in various shapes and decorated with horizontal grooves under the edge, and red-washed jugs with a handle and a flat base. As well as the container

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences vessels, large dishes, large hemispherical bowls, spinning bowls, bread units, large backing trays, large beakers, and large ring stands. In addition to the discovered Egyptian pottery, foreign vessels were discovered in the site, imported from the neighboring countries such as; fragments of the Minoan amphorae, Canaanite pottery, and Levantine vessels [23]. Additionally, large quantities of the valuable ceramic were discovered

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Fig. 4: Different Types of Pottery Discovered at Tell El-Dabaa https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-the-temple-and-the-s ettlement-of-the-middle-kingdom-in-ezbet-rushdi-closed/

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig 5: Different Types of Pottery Discovered at Tell El-Dabaa https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-the-temple-and-the-s ettlement-of-the-middle-kingdom-in-ezbet-rushdi-closed/

VIII. THE SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES FOUND AT TELL EL-DABAA

One of the most important discoveries at Tell El-Dabaa is the temple of Amenemhet I. This temple was dedicated to the “Ka” cult of Amenemhet I; a limestone fragment was found concerning the Horus name of Amenemhet I [Fig. th 6], the founder of the 12 Dynasty. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 6: A limestone fragment concerning the Horus name of Amenemhet I

Additionally, a sealing stamp inscribed with the name of the mayor of Avaris called (Jmenjj-seneb-nefer) was discovered. This stamp was found in one of the secondary pits in the temple, with other pottery pieces dated back to the 13th Dynasty. This discovery is a critical documented record of Avaris (Hwt-w’rt) [Fig. 7], found in the site [27].

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 7: Czerny E., Ein früher Beleg für hwt-wcrt auf einem Siegelabdruck aus Tell el-Dabca, Ä&L 11 (2001), 13-26.

https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-the-scarabs-seals-and -seal-impressions-of-the-areas-hi-to-hvi-at-ezbet-helmi/

Moreover, several monumental objects and a materials that had been used in manufacturing significant constructions had been discovered at the mud-bricks and pottery pieces during this Ezbet Helmi. Manfred Bietak had excavated the period [26]. site in 1990, and the discovered monumental structures dated back to the second Intermediate Period and the early of the New Empire. A large

number of scarabs and stamp seals [Fig. 8] had been discovered at the site and dated back to that historical period [29]. Additionally, it was London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences discovered houses with mud-brick walls at Ezbet Helmi. These houses were discovered by Manfried

Bietak in 2013. Mudbricks samples were collected to be analyzed, as well as some other remains had been collected from the pits, a residue of houses, wood ash, ashes from kitchen fires, food remains, and broken jars [25]. According to the examined

the mud-bricks, it appeared that the chopped dried plants were one of the most important

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 8: Stamp seal of the New Kingdom Inv. No. 7775 from Ezbet Helmi

Ernst Czerny https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/ tell-el-daba-the- scarabs-seals-and-seal-impressions-of-the-areas-hi-to-hvi-at-ezbet-helmi

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences IX. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN front of the temple; an alter on which remains of THE AREA A/II acorns were found, tree trenches found close to it, and the fruits might be come from these trees. The A large sacred area was discovered included a alter was surrounded by offering pits in it, large great central temple and other smaller temples quantities of remains of pottery pieces, ceramic [Fig. 9]. The largest temple is about 30 m long, vessels, and burned animal bones [30]. and it was one of the most significant temples during that period. According to the discovered Nemours smaller temples had been built around remains in the site, it painted with blue the main temple; some of which built on the decorations. The offerings area was discovered in Egyptian style, while the others built according to

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

© 2020 London Journals Press Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 13 the Near East architectural design. Moreover, a In the area A/II, the first settlement was large house, a great tower, and different chapels discovered, and it dated back to the late 12th were discovered in the site; and they were known Dynasty. Small buildings in the form of tents in both Egyptian and Near Eastern architectural erected on pillars, they were later replaced by style. This area is surrounded by different various mud-brick buildings. Many different cemeteries that included many various tombs. All tombs were found next to this area [31]. buildings of this district are separated by wide streels from each other. This district had been later enlarged, especially during the reign of

Hyksos. The site was rapidly flourishing, and then the funerary area had been founded. The various buildings, numerous cemeteries, and the ritual temples had been built around the main temple [30].

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Fig.9: Tell El-Dabaa, Area A/II

Vera Müller https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba-publications/tell-el-daba-a rchaeo logical-remains-of-temple-rituals-in -the-sacred-district-aii-and-their-cultural-historical- assignment/

According to the excavation’s work of the Austrian 1966-2009, these excavations resulted in Archaeological Institute at Tell El-Dabaa that had discovering two Syrian-Palestinian temples, two been carried out by M. Mietak between the period Egyptian temples, and housing area in the Area

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

14 Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press A/II dated back to the late 18th to mid of 16th 13th Dynasty to the end of the 15th Dynasty, and century BC. Those temples reflected the ritual these tombs might be later reused by the Asians relationships and religious activities between the who controlled the site until the end of the Middle ancient Egyptians and Canaanites. The sacrificial Kingdom. Several tombs were discovered in pits that were discovered in front of the temples separate rooms attached to houses (Totenhäuser), proved that the cult practices continued until the and the other tombs were found between the early New Kingdom, after the Egyptians expelled houses in small cemeteries[ Fig. 10]. Moreover, the Hyksos out of Egypt and controlled Avaris the child burials were found in large storage [31]. vessels inside the homes or the courtyards of these houses [33]. These tombs had been The Egyptian temples related to believe the constructed by sun-dried mud-brick with vaulted otherworld and the cult of the dead, while the ceilings and entrance shafts leading to the burial Asian temple related to worship the gods. It was pits. Unfortunately, almost of the graves had been discovered in the site the foundation’s walls that looted, but many different ritual practices could could to point out the layout of the temples, some be observed dedicated to the traditions of ancient alters were discovered in the forecourts of the Egyptians and Syro-Palestinians [33]. temples, and some ceramic pieces, pottery vessels and animal bones [31].

A unique structure related to Hyksos was found in the area F/II at Tell El-Dabaa, this building included a huge number of monumental remains of the ritual meals, were buried in large pits.

These ritual activities had been practiced in the funerary ceremonies for kings and gods. The remains of a great banquet were found in a palace’s courtyard, separated by a large wall from the other surroundings. Additionally, it was discovered a large number of ceramics, faience, stones, flints, metals, and monumental objects in the site. Almost of these pieces had been locally made, and the other pieces were imported from Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, and Nubia. One of the most essential discovered pieces are significant dishes decorated with hunting and aquatic scenes, as well as other objects in the form hippos, ducks, and femalres [3e figu2]. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences X. THE DISCOVERED TOMBS IN THE AREA F/I A significant cemetery was discovered at Tell

El-Dabaa between the period 1979-1989; it included about 500 tombs in the area F/I. Those tombs dated back from the Middle Kingdom to the early New Kingdom; 76 of these tombs dated back to the late 12th Dynasty and the early 13th Dynasty. The other tombs dated back from the

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 10 : Totenhäuser“ and small cemetery in area F/I (© OREA/ÖAI archive, M. Bietak and D. Eigner)

It was discovered at the area NW-SE a famous Additionally, in this area, a great cemetery was tomb built with mud-brick; the burial chamber is discovered; it consists of many different graves about 2,65 m x 1,65 m. It was found a skeleton in with their various architectural elements [Fig. 11]. the entrance area, with a round cup and a jar. The This great building (palace) was partly remains of a young female found next to the constructed over the older tombs, and a garden northeastern wall that it seems that the servant was located to the south of the cemetery area. lady was here buried as a human sacrifice to the However, this garden had later used as a tomb’s owner, but this case had been rarely cemetery, and the new monuments were built London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences occurred in ancient Egypt. It appears that this upon the older graves. The graveyard of Tell tomb was dedicated to some soldier because his El-Dabaa called as the “Palace Necropolis”, it is weapons were already buried with him, and some located to the south of the palace, and its vaults sheep’s remains found on a dish next to the dead’s are different from the older graves [3]. head presenting as an offering to the tomb’s master. The solider was wearing a copper built with attached dagger put in his left side. He held

his sword that made of copper, and its handle made of bone [34].

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 11: Tell el-Dab‘a, F/I-L/19, tomb 10 (© ÖAI/ÖAW archives) London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

Pot burial F/I – l/23 tomb 25 (© ÖAI/OREA archive)

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Constructed tombs F/I – i/22 tombs 42 & 43 with “Dienerbestattung” (© OREA/ÖAI archive, London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences drawing L. Majerus)

XI. THE PALACES DECORATED WITH MINOAN three palaces [Fig. 12] were discovered at the WALL PAINTINGS DISCOVERED AT TELL place built on high platforms, two of which EL-DABAA decorated with the Minoan wall paintings. The palatial area covered 5.5 hectare (13 Feddan), it A vast cemetery dated back to the 18th Dynasty was surrounded by an enclosure wall with an was constructed over the site; it included entrance pylon on the north. As well as a great numerous graves built with the brick materials Egyptian navy and military base (Peru-nefer) and from the ruins of the Hyksos castle. Additionally, palace dated back to Thutmose III discovered at

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

18 Volume 20 | Issue 14 | Compilation 1.0 © 2020 London Journals Press the site. Later a new fortress was built upon the especially a new power of the Hittites started to be Thumossids’ ruins. This fortress was built in the appeared, as a parallel power to Egypt in the East reign of Horemheb as a protection point on the [35]. eastern border against any attack of Egypt,

th Fig. 12: Layout plan of the three palaces dated back to the 18 Dynasty It was discovered Minoan wall paintings [Fig.13] blue instead of grey, and the black color was in the two palaces of the ancient Egyptian naval essential in the Minoan Art. The most significant base (Peru-nefer) at Ezbet Helmi next to Tell decorations of Peru-nefer dated back to the reign Dabaa, dated back to the reign of queen of Thutmose III and Hatshepsut represented in Hatshepsut, king Thutmose III, and his son different hunting scenes, ritual scenes, Amenhotep II. These wall paintings fallen on the representations of humans and animals, and ground because they painted on material not plaster reliefs with representations of bulls or suitable for the mud-bricks walls of the palace. lions [35]. The little of the wall paintings had been reconstructed, and the painted scenes need more London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences efforts to be preserved. The Minoan wall paintings decorated the Egyptian palaces showing the relationship between Egyptian Art and that of the eastern of Mediterranean area. The wall painting scenes (buon fresco) were unknown in Egypt before the reign of Thutmose III. Furthermore, an industrial style of Aegean Art by using various figures on the wet wall plaster, and using different colors for example use the blue instead of green,

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

Fig. 13: Freeze of Taureador from Palace F (Graphic: OREA) Manfred Bietak https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/tell-el-daba- publications/tell-el-daba-late- minoan-wall-paintings/

XII. CONCLUSION Ramesses II built his residence city (Pi-Ramesses) upon the ruins of the capital city of the Hyksos. Tell El-Dabaa is one of the most important This site had an excellent strategic location as it archaeological sites in Sharkia Governorate. The was controlling in the trade ways between the site known as Avaris the Capital of Hyksos. The Near East and the Mediterranean. The other site was later used during the reign of the kings of people from different countries were interested in th th the 18 - 19 Dynasties. The region had a great making good relations with the Egyptians, and strategic importance from the Middle Kingdom to they settled in the Eastern Delta under the the end of the New Kingdom. The site became the Egyptian authority. th th capital of the Hyksos during the (15 - 17 Dynasties). The city had an excellent harbor to The city was later abandoned, and the site was receive the ships known as (Peru-nefer) in the 18th used as a quarry for producing the building Dynasty, and Ramesses II built his Northern materials, especially during the 21st -22nd th Residence in it during the 19 Dynasty. Dynasties. A large number of stone blocks, statues, and other valuable monuments had been The location of Tell Dabaa played an essential part transported to Tanis, Bubastis, and different other between Egypt and the neighboring countries as a places. Additionally, the cults and the ritual strategic trading center during the Middle activities had also moved to the New location of Kingdom. Therefore, a large number of the Asian Tanis, particularly Tanis was the Northern Capital immigrants moved to the region and they stayed of Egypt during that period. in it under the Egyptian Authority. As well as, the

London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences site played an important role during the New XIV. RESULTS Kingdom; it was discovered remains of ancient Egyptian harbor and palace complex decorated Tell El Dabaa is one of the most important with Aegean frescoes dated back to the 18th archaeological sites in the Northern Sharka Dynasty. Additionally, various materials, pottery, Governorate. The site identified as Avaris the weaponry, tools, and other monumental objects capital of the Hyksos. However, they controlled that had been discovered in the site. the North of Egypt, they could not to control the South of Egypt. The native Egyptian kings in The site was identified as (Peru-nefer) as an Thebes successed in excepel the Hyksos out of important military station, and navy harbor Egypt, and Ahmose founded the New Egyptian during the reign of Thutmose III, as well as Empire.

Tell El Dabaa (Qantir) in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt (Historical and Archaeological Study)

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