DOCSLIB.ORG

Al-Olabi, Adnan Al-Hamwi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A Study and Edition of lmdm 'Abd al-'Azlz b. 'Al! b. al-'Izz al-Baghddd-i al -Bakfif al -Ijanbal! al-Maqdis! Junnat al-$dbir-in al-Abrar Wa Jannat al-Mutawakkil-in al-Akhydr Adnan al-Hamwi al-Olabi Submitted to the University of Wales in falfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Wales, Lampeter 2003 2 (Abstract) (Junnat al-&bir-in al-Abrar, Wa Jannat al-Mutawakkirin al-Akhydr) A valuable manuscript written on 266 pages by Imam 'Abd al-'Az-iz b. 'All b. al-'Izz al-Baghdad7i al-Bakr-i al-Uanball al-Maqdis! (770-846 AH / 1369-1443 CE) Chief Justice of Holy Jerusalem. The original manuscript is available at the Arab Academy of Knowledge, Damascus and a copy at Jum'ah Al-Majid Centre for Culture and Heritage, Dubai. The author gathered all verses of patience and trust in Allah and explained them. He derived evidence from the Prophet's tradition, companions, and successors. He cited incidents of the Prophet's biography underlining the value of patience and trust in Allah as an ethical tenet which all heavenly doctrines preach and which the magnanimous Islamic doctrine has adopted as a basic principle of its mission. The book could be classified as an objective exegesis and represents a comprehensive and unprecedented study. This research is divided into two sections: Study and Revision. The study contains an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. In the introduction I discuss the subject's importance, selection motive, objectives, former studies, and difficulties encountered. The first chapter is specified for the author's biography: His time and life. The second chapter contains the description, study, and manuscript criticism; divided into two topics: Study of the book and my work in the revision. The conclusion sums up the results, proposals, and recommendations. Selected samples of manuscript sheets are appended. The revision section was accurately completed using an objective scholarly method to regulate the text, supply punctuation marks, number pages, rewrite text in accordance with modem rules of dictation, locate suras and verses, refer Had-iths to their sources, explain vague utterances, conform Qur'anic texts to Uthmani scripture, define idioms, verify jurisprudence issues, correct grammatical mistakes, and describe eminent persons and places. The revision is concluded with general technical indexes. 4 Acknowledgments Praise be to Allah, by whose blessing righteous deeds are accomplished. May the blessings and peace of Allah be upon Prophet Muýammad, the leader of those who show patient perseverance and of those who place their trust in Allah. May the blessings of Allah also be upon his kinsfolk and companions who, because of their faith, patience and trust, have been elevated to the highest and noblest of positions. I would like to express my gratitude to the Theology, Religious and Islamic Studies Department of the University of Wales Lampeter for giving me the opportunity to undertakethis researchdegree in Qur'anic exegesis. Moreover, I would like to thank the worthy Dr. Dawoud El-Alami for his generous sponsorship and kind supervision. I would also like to thank the many many esteemed professors and friends who have, through their advice and support, greatly assisted in the development and completion of this project. In particular, I would like to thank the studious Dr. Mubammad Muti'e Al- ljdfe?, for his tireless effort, as well as the immense patience he has shown in reading and following up my work. I ask Alldh to reward all of them on my behalf with the best of rewards. 5 Contents Page No. Abstract 2 Declarations & Statements 3 Acknowledgements 4 Contents 5 Dedication 9 Transliteration Methods 10 Part One: A Study of the Author and his Work 13 Introduction: 14 1. Research ObjectivesA4ethodology 14 11. The Importance of the Subject 14 111. Reasons for the present Study 18 IV. Research Objectives 20 V. Previous Studies 21 VI. Difficulties Encountered 27 Chapter One: The Life and Times of1mam al-Maqdis7 28 A: Historical Background 28 1. The Political Environment 28 11. The Social Environment 31 111. Trade & the Economy 33 IV. Education & Culture 35 B: The Author's Life 42 1. PersonalDetails 42 11. Birth Date, Home Town & Family 43 6 Ill. Tutors & Students 46 IV. Academic Status & Career History 49 V. Personal Characteristics 52 VI. Academic Legacy 61 VII. The Author's Death 63 VIII. Biographical Sources 63 Chapter T wo: Literary & Manuscript Analysis 70 A: Literary & Textual Analysis 70 1. The Author's Approach 70 11. The Sources of Junnat al-Wirin 74 III. Academic & Scientific Value 76 IV. Literary & Textual Criticism 87 B: Manuscript Analysis 90 1. Title Verification 90 11. Authentication of Authorship 90 111. Physical Description of the Manuscript 92 IV. Revision Methods 96 Conclusion: 100 I. Results of the Study 100 11. Suggestions & Recommendations 102 Appendices: 104 1. Manuscript Specimens 105 11. Biographical Information 110 111. Glossary of key terms 125 IV. Rulings on Issues of Jurisprudence & Doctrine 131 7 Indices: 139 1. Index of Qur'anic Surahs 140 11. Index of Proverbs 142 111. Biographies of Prominent Figures 143 IV. The Author's Sources 146 V. Terms & Definitions 150 V1. Jurisprudenceand Legal Verdicts 155 Bibliography 156 Part Two: A Revision of the Manuscript 182 Text, Revision & Commentary of- Junnat al-&birin al-Abrar Wa Jannat al-Mutawakkil-in al-Akhydr 182 8 In The Name Of Alldh, The Most Compassionate, The Most Merciful All Praise is due to Allah, Cherisher and Sustainer of all the Worlds Allah, The Most High said: 'Those who persevere in patience, and repose their trust in their Lord and Cherisher'. Prophet Mobammad (p.b. u. h) said: 2 'The truest is that is the first persevering patience which shown at stroke' . He also said: 'Tether it (i. the then trust in Alldh -) e., she-camel) and repose your .3 A poet said: 'Patience is as bitter as aloes in taste, but its consequencesare sweeter than honey' Ab-a Shamah said: 'If we repose our trust in Him, He will defend us against evil; so, let us say: "Alldh is satisfactory for all we need; He is the Most Dependable to trust in 99ý 1 Al-'Ankabfit: 59. (The Holy Quran, English translation of the meanings and Commentary), P: 1169. 2 Related by al-Shaykhdn. Sahil al-BukhaCi,Hadlith No: 1283. & Sahill Muslim, Hadilth No: 926. *1 3 Related by al-Tirmidhi. Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Had-ithNo: 2517. 9 Dedication To those who call to the path of Allah and show patient perseverancein communicating a word of righteousness, To those who have patiently borne the weight of calamity in order to please Alldh, To those who have placed their trust in Allah, out of a surrender of their lives to Him and from their firm belief in Him. To all such people, I dedicate this book. 10 Transliteration Methods: All transliterated words (except proper names) are printed in italics. Consonants: 1/1) Z/z j Q/q B/b S/s K/k T/t Sh/sh L/I Th/th $/s M/m J/j P/d N/n Jo T/t -A H/h Kh/kh J& Z/z W/W D/d Y/y Dh/dh Gh/gh Final form RIr F/f Vowels: Short Long Doubled Short Long Doubled lyya Ya A/a I A/d Ls U/U J- Aw Ay :sI TA 11 The Rules of Application Arabic letters, which may be romanised in different ways depending on their context: 1. As indicated in the table. The letters (j) and (cs) may represent: (a) The consonants Romanised (W/w) and (Yly) respectively: Wad' 'Iwad Dalw Yad Ijiyal Tahy (b) The long vowel Romanised (U) and (I) respectively: S-ftrah Dha Tman F! ua' (c) Diphthongs Romanised (A Wlaw) and (A Ylay) respectively: Awj Nawm Khawf Shayh 'Aynay Aysar 12 2. When used as orthographic sign without phonetic are not represent in romanisation, such as words: llýxl Fa'alU-, ýAlýt 3. When a noun or objective ending in (S) (ta' marbfita) is Romanised (h) for ýý A4 example: = Maktabah, = Mir'dh, = Junnah. 4. When a noun or objective ending in ýý (ta maft-abah or mabsfitah) is Romanised (T). for example: ý:Jtý = Janndt, ý:JUII = Aydt. 5. Each Arabic word is Romanised based on its phonetic before vocalisation. For example: .w' )ý = 'Abd Alldh (not 'Abdullah or 'Abdalldh or 'Abdilldh). JI) 6. When used (1-ý, >%2 (Al) (al-Ta'r-if) is used for both: (Lam Shamsiyydh) and (Lam Qamariyydh) For example: we use both like (Ldm Qamariyydh) ->41ý1- = al-Shams,and al-Qamar. 7. At stopping on the end of 'Arabic letters, we use the silent letter (Ijarf sdkin) =(). 1-ý L>4 For example: J ('A'fidh bi Allah min al-Shaytdn al- Rajim). 8. The term IBN (meaning son) is used in a number of different ways. When it appears between two pronouns it should be written in the shortened form of 'b. '; when it appears at the beginning and is separate, it should be written in the complete form of 'IBN'. 13 Part One: A Study of the Author and his Work 14 Introduction: I. Research Methodology: The aim of this thesis is to critically examine and revise the manuscript text of Imdm 'Abd al-'AzU b. 'All b. al-'Izz al-Baghdad7ial-BakCi al- Ijanbal! al-Maqdisi's Junnat Al-ýdbir7n Al-Abrdr, Wa Jannat Al-Mutawakkil-in Al-Akhyar ('The Shield of the Piously Patient and the Garden of the Trustful Elite'). An objective, scientific approach is absolutely essential. It is vital that we establish a critical, systematic and accurate text.
Recommended publications
  • Why Were Arabs and Muslims Called Saracens in the Medieval and the Renaissance Literature?

    Why Were Arabs and Muslims Called Saracens in the Medieval and the Renaissance Literature?

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute) European Scientific Journal September 2019 edition Vol.15, No.26 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Why Were Arabs and Muslims Called Saracens in the Medieval and the Renaissance Literature? Hamed Suliman Abuthawabeh, MA Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan Doi:10.19044/esj.2019.v15n26p139 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n26p139 Abstract Several English writers from different literary periods, including the medieval and the Renaissance literature portray the people coming from the Arabian Desert in the frame of racial and religious otherness. Most writings stress the danger of those people by describing them as people whose only goal is to fight and kill Christians in order to conquer their lands, destroy their churches and force them to convert to Islam. Furthermore, the writers avoided calling those people by their national name, Arabs, or even by their religious name, Muslims. They used the name of Saracens instead. This study explores the etymology of the name of Saracens as well as the reasons why this name was used to describe most peoples who come from Middle East. The research also points out the relationship between the name of Saracens and the skin color as a major characteristic that distinguishes Arabs and most Muslims from European people. The findings of this research are very important in part because they are a contribution to the etymological studies of the name of Saracen, and in part because they clarify the real reasons why Arabs and Muslims were called Saracens by the medieval and Renaissance writers.
  • In Ancient Egypt

    In Ancient Egypt

    THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis.
  • The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And

    The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And

    The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Produced and Printed by Printing Press of Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) “Those who believed and emigrated, and strove in the cause of GOD, as well as those who hosted them and gave them refuge, and supported them, these are the true believers. They have deserved forgiveness and a generous recompense.” (Quranic Surat al-Anfal, "The Spoils of War" [Chapter 8 verse 74]) “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 14) "Every man shall have the right, within the framework of the Shari'ah... if persecuted, is entitled to seek asylum in another country. The country of refugee shall be obliged to provide protection to the asylum seeker until his safety has been attained, unless asylum is motivated by committing an act regarded by the Shari'ah as a crime". (Article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional Office in the Regional Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt GCC Countries E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Arabic Website: English Website: www.unhcr.org.eg www.unhcr.org First Edition 2009 This book is written, on behalf of UNHCR by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa, Chief of the Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University.
  • Explanation of Important Lessons (For Every Muslim)

    Explanation of Important Lessons (For Every Muslim)

    Explanation of Important Lessons (For Every Muslim) Written by Abdul-Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz Compiled by Muhammad bin All bin Ibrahim Al-Arfaj Edited by TbtVists yUljib DARUSSALAM Explanation of Important Lessons (For Every Muslim) By Abdul-Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz Compiled by Muhammad bin Ali bin Ibrahim Al-Arfaj Translated by Darussalam Published by DARUSSALAM Publishers & Distributors Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED &•>ja>v> A..UJ1 ti^a> **. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by information storage and retrieval system, without the permission of the publisher. DARUSSALAM First Edition: October 2002 Supervised by: ABDUL MALIK MUJAHID Headquarters: Mobile: 0044-794 730 6706 P.O. Box: 22743, Riyadh 11416, KSA Fax: 0044-208 521 7645 Tel: 00966-1-4033962/4043432 • Darussalam International Publications Fax:00966-1-4021659 Limited, Regent Park Mosque, E-mail: [email protected] 146 Park Road, London NW8 7RG, Website: http://www.dar-us-salam.com Tel: 0044-207 724 3363 Bookshop: Tel: 00966-1-4614483 FRANCE Fax:00966-1-4644945 • Editions & Libairie Essalam Branches & Agents: 135, Bd de Menilmontant 7501 Paris (France) K.S.A. Tel: 01 43 381 956/4483 - Fax 01 43 574431 . Jeddah: Tel & Fax: 00966-2-6807752 Website: http: www.Essalam.com • Al-Khobar: Tel: 00966-3-8692900 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 00966-3-8691551 AUSTRALIA U.A.E. • Lakemba NSW: ICIS: Ground Floor • Tel: 00971-6-5632623 Fax: 5632624 165-171, Haldon St. PAKISTAN Tel: (61-2) 9758 4040 Fax: 9758 4030 • 50-Lower Mall, Lahore MALAYSIA Tel: 0092-42-7240024 Fax: 7354072 • E&D BOOKS SDN.
  • The Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem's Islamic and Christian

    The Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem's Islamic and Christian

    THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE White Paper The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE White Paper The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF JERUSALEM’S ISLAMIC AND CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES 1917–2020 CE Copyright © 2020 by The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought All rights reserved. No part of this document may be used or reproduced in any manner wthout the prior consent of the publisher. Cover Image: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem © Shutterstock Title Page Image: Dome of the Rock and Jerusalem © Shutterstock isbn 978–9957–635–47–3 Printed in Jordan by The National Press Third print run CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION: THE HASHEMITE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 7 PART ONE: THE ARAB, JEWISH, CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC HISTORY OF JERUSALEM IN BRIEF 9 PART TWO: THE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE ISLAMIC HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 23 I. The Religious Significance of Jerusalem and its Holy Sites to Muslims 25 II. What is Meant by the ‘Islamic Holy Sites’ of Jerusalem? 30 III. The Significance of the Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 32 IV. The History of the Hashemite Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 33 V. The Functions of the Custodianship of Jerusalem’s Islamic Holy Sites 44 VI. Termination of the Islamic Custodianship 53 PART THREE: THE CUSTODIANSHIP OF THE CHRISTIAN HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM 55 I. The Religious Significance of Jerusalem and its Holy Sites to Christians 57 II.
  • Sphinx Sphinx

    Sphinx Sphinx

    SPHINX SPHINX History of a Monument CHRISTIANE ZIVIE-COCHE translated from the French by DAVID LORTON Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Original French edition, Sphinx! Le Pen la Terreur: Histoire d'une Statue, copyright © 1997 by Editions Noesis, Paris. All Rights Reserved. English translation copyright © 2002 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2002 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zivie-Coche, Christiane. Sphinx : history of a moument / Christiane Zivie-Coche ; translated from the French By David Lorton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8014-3962-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Great Sphinx (Egypt)—History. I.Tide. DT62.S7 Z58 2002 932—dc2i 2002005494 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materi­ als include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further informa­ tion, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 987654321 TO YOU PIEDRA en la piedra, el hombre, donde estuvo? —Canto general, Pablo Neruda Contents Acknowledgments ix Translator's Note xi Chronology xiii Introduction I 1. Sphinx—Sphinxes 4 The Hybrid Nature of the Sphinx The Word Sphinx 2.
  • Avaris, Which Had Been Considered As the Main Capital of Hyksos (Dynasty XV) from 1650 to 1542 B.C

    Avaris, Which Had Been Considered As the Main Capital of Hyksos (Dynasty XV) from 1650 to 1542 B.C

    Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 51‐58 Copyright © 2011 MAA Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION AT TELL EL‐DABAA ʺAVA RISʺ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE A.I. Taha,1, G. El‐Qady1, M.A. Metwaly1,2, U. Massoud1 1National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11722, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt 2King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Received: 06/04/2010 Accepted: 24/04/2010 Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tell El –Dabaa is one of the important archaeological sites in the Eastern part of the Nile Delta. It is located at about 7 km north of Faqous city, Sharqiya governorate, Egypt. The ancient name of El‐ Dabaa area was Avaris, which had been considered as the main capital of Hyksos (Dynasty XV) from 1650 to 1542 B.C. The whole area was covered by the deltaic deposits during the successive flood events along Nile Delta. Geomagnetic and geoelectric surveys have been carried out in order to outline the subsurface archaeological remains in this area. The target area, which is about 10000 m2, was surveyed in grid pattern each of 20x 10 m for magnetic survey and 20 × 20 m for geoelectri‐ cal resistance survey. Integrated results of the magnetic and geoelectric data analysis have suc‐ ceeded in delineating a clear subsurface picture of archaeological remains. The results show many linear anomalies, which may represent buried walls, as well as some small archaeological remains detached from the main walls. Also, we could notice some rectangular features with different sizes, which might be described as remains of different archaeological buildings.
  • Syllabus for Bcs (Written) Examination 1/210 সূচিপত্র

    Syllabus for Bcs (Written) Examination 1/210 সূচিপত্র

    SYLLABUS FOR BCS (WRITTEN) EXAMINATION সবয়শষব হোলনোগোদ: ২৩.০৮.২০২১ চিপত্র [Contents] (ক) আবচিক চবষয়স맂হ [Compulsory Subjects] ক্র: চবষয় ককোড চবষয়য়র নোম ꧃ষ্ঠোন ম্বর নং [Subject Code] [Subject Name] 1. 001 বাাংলা১ ম পত্র [Bangla 1st Paper] ৪ 2. 002 বাাংলা২ য় পত্র [Bangla 2nd Paper] ৪ 3. 003 ইাংরেজি [English] ৫ 4. 005 বাাংলারেশ জবষয়াবজল [Bangladesh Affairs] ৬-৭ 5. 007 আিাজ জিক জবষয়াবজল [International Affairs] ৮-৯ 6. 008 গাজিজিক 뷁জি [Mathematical Reasoning] ১০ 7. 009 মানজিক েিা [Mental Ability] ১১-১২ 8. 010 িাধােি জবজ্ঞান ও প্র뷁জি [General Science and Technology] ১৩-১৫ (খ) পদ-সংচিষ্ট চবষয়স맂হ [Post Related Subjects] [�鷁 কোচরগচর/য়পশোগত কযোডোয়রর জন্য (For Professional/Technical Cadre Only)] ক্র: চবষয় ককোড চবষয়য়র নোম ꧃ষ্ঠা নম্বর নং [Subject Code] [Subject Name] 1. 111 বাাংলা ভাষা ও িাজিিয [Bangla Language and Literature] ১৬ 2. 121 ইাংরেজি [English] ১৭ 3. 131 আেজব [Arabic] ১৮ 4. 141 ফোসী [Persian] ১৯ 5. 151 িাংস্কৃি [Sanskrit] ২০ 6. 161 পাজল [Pali ২১ 7. 171 মরনাজবজ্ঞান [Psychology] ২২-২৩ 8. 181 ইজিিাি [History] ২৪-২৫ 9. 191 ইিলারমে ইজিিাি ও িাংস্কৃজি [Islamic History & Culture] 26-27 10. 201 ইিলামী জশা [Islamic Studies] 28-29 11. 211 েশনজ [Philosophy] 30-31 12. 221 জশা [Education] 32-33 13. 231 প্রত্নিত্ত্ব [Archaeology] 34-36 14.
  • ISLAMICJERUSALEM in the EYES of SALAH AL-DIN: ����Rr�� ������ a CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY of the LIBATION of the CITY from the CRUSADERS

    ISLAMICJERUSALEM in the EYES of SALAH AL-DIN: Rr a CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY of the LIBATION of the CITY from the CRUSADERS

    Ek III: Tarablisi Vib isimli gayrimüslimin, gelirini Kudüs'te Deyr-i um'd oturan Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2019, 19(1): 65-80 Rum rahiplerine vakfettiği iki evin, vakıf mütevellisi tarafından Efrenc Katolik DOI: 10.31456/beytulmakdis.573678 rahiplerine satıldığından bahisle satılan iki evin satışının iptal edilerek geri alınmaları hususunda hüküm. (BOA, A. DVNS. AHK. ŞM. d. nr. 8, s. 28, Evâhir-i ISLAMICJERUSALEM IN THE EYES OF SALAH AL-DIN: Muharre 251). A CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LIBATION OF THE CITY FROM THE CRUSADERS Maher Y. ABU-MUNSHAR* ABSTRACT: Nearly a century after the brutal, and unforgiving, Crusader conquest of Islamicjerusalem, Sultan Salah al-Din succeeded in 1187CE in liberating the city. This seemingly insurmountable feat was accomplished when Salah al-Din succeeded in unifying the diverse racial, ethnic and denominational Muslims into a single, coherent fighting force - under his capable leadership. Consequently, this paper explores the nature of Salah al-Din's headship and the precise strategies he used in team-building, team-management that proved essential in his bid to restore the holy city to the Muslims. Moreover, this paper will examine the striking magnanimity Salah al-Din displayed towards the Christians, and others, in Islamicjerusalem – including their holy sanctuaries. KEYWORDS: Bayt al-Maqdis, Balian of Ibelin, Hittin, Dome of the Rock, the Holy Sepulchre, Palestine. INTRODUCTION Salah al-Din or Yusuf Ibn Ayyub was born in 532 AH /1137 CE in the town of Takrit, in modern Iraq (Reston, 2001: 4). Up until that date, Islamicjerusalem was already under the rule of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem for nearly 38 years since 1099 CE (Maalouf, 2006:50).
  • Arabic Literature From

    Arabic Literature From

    Chapter 1 ARABICLITERATURE FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 132/750 Mohamed Abdesselem ‘When the Arab makes his first appearance on History’s stage, he comes bearing a precious and formidable glft: hs profound sense of the beauty of the Word,’’ and it is through the Word that he reveals hs creative abilities. It is regrettable that, as a result of long years of selective, oral trans- mission, many of the literary works from this past, and the oldest in parti- cular, have been lost to us, and that those whch have survived are fragmentary and often of doubtful provenance .’We are thus condemned to ignorance about both the beginnings and the early stages of the development of this literature. It is not until the sixth century AD that the texts become sufficiently numerous and their provenance sufficiently clear, so as to constitute valid documentation. Analysis does, however,suggest that they are part of a tradition that had long since established its own formal rules and thematic tendencies. It is one of the paradoxes in the history of Arabic literature to bepwith what can with no hesitation, and full justification, be called ‘classicism’, a classicism that reigned for two and a half centuries. Even the message of Muhammad and the resulting upheaval of ideas and mores could not separate the Arabs from an aesthetic tradition inherited from their distant past. It was not untd 132/750, when the Banu-l-‘Abbassucceeded the BanG Umayya, that Arabic literature began to innovate on a large scale. 1. R. Blachtre, ‘Le classicisme dans la littkrature arabe’, in G.E.von Grunebaum (ed.), .Jj@osium International 8Hstoire ai? la Civilisation MusuLmane, Actes, pp.
  • Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt Oi.Uchicago.Edu

    Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt Oi.Uchicago.Edu

    oi.uchicago.edu Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt oi.uchicago.edu PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY AND ECOLOGY A Series Edited by Karl W. Butzer and Leslie G. Freeman oi.uchicago.edu Karl W.Butzer Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt A Study in Cultural Ecology Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London oi.uchicago.edu Karl Butzer is professor of anthropology and geography at the University of Chicago. He is a member of Chicago's Committee on African Studies and Committee on Evolutionary Biology. He also is editor of the Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series and the author of numerous publications, including Environment and Archeology, Quaternary Stratigraphy and Climate in the Near East, Desert and River in Nubia, and Geomorphology from the Earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London ® 1976 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1976 Printed in the United States of America 80 79 78 77 76 987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Butzer, Karl W. Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt. (Prehistoric archeology and ecology) Bibliography: p. 1. Egypt--Civilization--To 332 B. C. 2. Human ecology--Egypt. 3. Irrigation=-Egypt--History. I. Title. II. Series. DT61.B97 333.9'13'0932 75-36398 ISBN 0-226-08634-8 ISBN 0-226-08635-6 pbk. iv oi.uchicago.edu For INA oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu CONTENTS List of Illustrations Viii List of Tables ix Foreword xi Preface xiii 1.
  • Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation

    Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation

    Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 ​ Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. ​ ​ 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the ​ Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: ​ State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. ​ 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The ​ Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) ​ 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended ​ ​ ​ ​ exceptions.