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Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien's Return of the King

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Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien's Return of the King Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien’s Return of the King THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Asvergi Varativoni 112011033 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY SALATIGA 2015 Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien’s Return of the King THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Asvergi Varativoni 112011033 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY SALATIGA 2015 Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien’s Return of the King THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Asvergi Varativoni 112011033 Approved by: Supervisor Examiner Purwanti Kusumaningtyas, S.Pd.,M.Hum. Suzana Maria L.A. Fajarini, M.Hum. ii COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text. Copyright@ 2015. Asvergi Varativoni and Purwanti Kusumaningtyas, S.Pd.,M.Hum. All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana University, Salatiga. Asvergi Varativoni: iii PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION As a member of the (SWCU) Satya Wacana Christian University academic community, I verify that: Name: Asvergi Varativoni ______ Student ID Number: 112011033 Study Program: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Faculty: Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra Kind of Work: Undergraduate Thesis In developing my knowledge, I agree to provide SWCU with a non-exclusive royalty free right for my intellectual property and the contents therein entitled: Heteronormativity in J. R.R Tolkien’s Return of the King along with any pertinent equipment. With this non-exclusive royalty free right, SWCU maintains the right to copy, reproduce, print, publish, post, display, incorporate, store in or scan into a retrieval system or database, transmit, broadcast, barter or sell my intellectual property, in whole or in part without my express written permission, as long as my name is still included as the writer. This declaration is made according to the best of my knowledge. Made in : Salatiga Date : August, 18th 2015 Verified by signee, Asvergi Varativoni Approved by Thesis Supervisor Thesis Examiner Purwanti Kusumaningtyas, S.Pd.,M.Hum. Suzana Maria L.A. Fajarini, M.Hum. iv TABLE OF CONTENT Cover ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... i Approval page…………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii Copyright Statement………………...……………………………………...……………………………. iii Publication Agreement Declaration ……………..………………………………………………………. iv Table of Content……………………………………………………….…………………………………... v I. Abstract……………………………………………………………………....……………………........ 1 II. Introduction ………………………………………………………………..…………………………. 1 III. Theoretical discussion………………………………………………………..……………………….. 2 IV. Discussion………………………………………………………………………...……………………7 1. Aragorn……..………..…………………………………………………..…………………......7 2. Samwise ‘Sam’ Gamgee……...……….……….…………………….……………………….....9 3. Peregrin ‘Pippin’ Took and Merriadoc ‘Merry’ Brandybuck…..……..……………………... 10 4. Gandalf…………………………………………………………………………………………12 5. Frodo Baggins………………………………………………………………………………….13 6. Gimli and Legolas………………………………………………………………………...……16 V. Conclusion…………………………………………...……………………………………………… 20 VI. Acknowledgement……………………………………….………………………………………… 21 VII. References………………………………………………...………………………………………….22 v Varativoni 1 Heteronormativity in Tolkien’s Return of the King Abstract We live in a society with heteronormativity, where one should be heterosexual in order to be accepted in the society. Analyzing The Return of the King, I want to show how the novel portrays heteronormative norm in Middle-earth after the war. Matching the actions and images of characters inside the book with binary opposition, heternormativity and queer theory, I found that the book is telling about compulsory heterosexuality by giving rewards to the heteronormative characters and punishments to the non-normative. Keywords: Heteronormativity, Return of the King, Queer, Tolkien, Lord of the Rings, Heterosexual, Reward, Punishment, Marginalization I. Introduction We live in a society with normativity where we are all expected to be the same as everyone. When someone in black tees standing between crowds wearing white; the person is somehow against the normativity because the others are wearing white rather than black. Warner (1993) explains that everyone should be the same as what everyone else are (qtd. in Blaise, Mindy, and Affrica Taylor. 2012). The same as sexual orientation, society expect us to be heterosexual whereas in fact homosexuals do exist in our society. The Lord of the Rings is a novel consisting homosexual issue. Some scholars like David M. Craig and Brenda Partridge have found homoerotic actions that can be regard as the evidence of the existence of the homosexual in Tolkien’s Lord of the Ring, “primarily in Frodo and Sam’s relationship, which is undeniably a very intimate friendship, as they repeatedly embrace, stroke and kiss each other” (Pordarson 12). Although Frodo and Sam’s relationship seems very intimate, people inclines to forget what happened with them and the other fellowship member at the end of the story, where half member of the fellowship, Frodo, Gandalf, Legolas and Gimli left Middle-earth while the other half, Sam, Merry, Pippin and Aragorn stayed. The separation of Frodo and Sam leave me with big Varativoni 2 questions; are they really homosexual figure in the story like the scholars thoughts? why are they separated at the end of the story; does their queerness unacceptable with the norm in Middle- earth? If it is so, then what kind of norm that is applied in Middle-earth and what happen to the other member of the fellowship with the applied norm. To discuss the questions, I focus on the last part of the trilogy, The Return of the King because the last war happened in the last book and what the characters have done are recorded in the appendix. The portrayal of heteronormative society will be explained by seeing the binary opposition found among the members of the fellowship by using queer theory. II. Theoretical Discussion Queer Theory Queer theory concerns about normativity and heteronormativity. The word queer in Donelson-Sims essay about Queer Theory was used to mean odd, bizarre, and unusual (2014). Nowadays, this word means homosexual (WordWeb, Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Queer theory is not only about homosexual, but also “behaviours and happenings that is outside the normativity and regularity” (“Happy Feet II and Queer Theory” 2013). The theory is somehow challenge the idea of what is normal. Dahen also stated that queer theory is indeed no only gay and homosexuality (339-340). Yet, this theory could not be separated from its alignment with homosexuality. Hence, the writer wants to focus in the idea of homosexuality to analyze the story because Upshaw in his journal, Structural polarities in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, explains that the theory will help to analyze the complex web of male relationship in The Lord of the Rings (6). Queer theory came from feminism root that emerge gay and lesbian study, and in 1990’s queer theory derive into “a brand-new branch of study or theoretical speculation” (Klages Varativoni 3 1997. qtd. in Harris 2005). It means that queer theory is a new literary theory, the post modernism, as Donelson-Sim’s explains in her journal about queer theory (2014). This theory aims to criticize and intervene or even change the traditional belief that everyone is a homosexual. Queer theory also aims to urge equality toward those marginalized group – the homosexual, just like what Foucault said in his book, ‘The History of Sexuality’ that “homosexuality began to speak in its own behalf, to demand that its legitimacy or "naturality" be acknowledged” (99). According to SWIRL (www.sou.edu) “to say that someone is "queer" indicates an indeterminacy or indecipherability about their sexuality and gender, a sense that they cannot be categorized without a careful contextual examination and, perhaps, a whole new rubric” (qtd. in Harris 2005). It means that to determine whether or not someone is queer is not easy. Klages explains that “queer theory concerns itself with any and all forms of sexuality that are "queer" in this sense--and then, by extension, with the normative behaviors and identities which define what is "queer" (by being their binary opposites)” (qtd. In Harris 2005). It implies that society always see things in two binary oppositions. It tells us that the normative sexuality is heterosexual; while the binary opposition is the homosexual. Further, Walter explains that “the queer challenge to the notion of sexual identity as monolithic, obvious, and dichotomous is a healthy corrective to our vexing inability to see beyond the limitations of the homo/hetero opposition” (832). Heteronormativity Ingraham and Wagenknecht explain that the concept of heteronormativity refers to an interdependence of gender and sexuality which defines gender as a binary category and naturalizes sexual attraction as directed at the oppositional gender
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