International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 12, Issue 3, March 2021, pp. 766-786, Article ID: IJARET_12_03_071 Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=12&Issue=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499 DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.12.3.2021.071

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed CATENARY BASED THIN SHELL: BIO-INSPIRED FORM AND STRUCTURE

Atul Setya Research Scholar, Sushant University, Department of Art and Architecture, Golf Course Road, Huda, Sushant Lok-2, Sector 55, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Dr. Tejwant Brar Sushant University, Department of Art and Architecture, Golf Course Road, Huda, Sushant Lok-2, Sector 55, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Nitti Negi School of Architecture, Galgotias University, Yamuna express way plot no.-17A, Greater Noida, India

Vidhi Agarwal School of Architecture, Galgotias University, Yamuna express way plot no.-17A, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT Human being always tries to make his own signature or presence by developing shelters and settlements. In his first attempt they just learn from nature and use its simpler form of complex nature structural system. They use to understand this complex system by attempt of defining it through mathematical and geometrical tools. Through these attempts they are getting closure to nature structural system. They also learn stability and variability in natural structures are because of potential energy inside the structures. Biomimicry leads to imitation of living nature that is highly interdisciplinary and involves understanding the functions, structures and principles of various objects in nature that lead to inspired design, adaptation and derivation from living nature. This paper will focus the evolution of bioinspired design and how it manifests in built-environment through different forms and structures in evolved from nature. The study has intended to show new approaches to have new era of architecture, by taking inspiration from nature in different perspectives. Key words: Nature, Inspiration, Forms, Structure, Catenary. Cite this Article: Atul Setya, Tejwant Brar, Nitti Negi, Vidhi Agarwal, Catenary Based Thin Shell: Bio-Inspired Form and Structure, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 12(3), 2021, pp. 766-786. https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=12&Issue=3

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1. INTRODUCTION Biomimicry, bioinspired design, biomimetic are terms often used interchangeably to broadly reference the abstraction of good design from nature [1]. Nature-inspired biomimicry is a way to look at the natural world to find design solutions that will enable us to develop new building design concepts. The field of bio mimetics is highly interdisciplinary, involving the interpretation of the biological functions, structures and concepts of different objects found in nature by biologists, physicists, chemists and material scientists, and it can lead to the biologically inspired design, adaptation or derivation from living nature. The word biomimicry emerged in 1982 and it was invented and published in her most important book of 1997 (Biomimicry Invention Influenced by Nature) by the popular scientist Janine Benyus. Biomimicry has been described in her book as the new science which studies nature patterns and imitates those designs to solve human problems.'' She also claimed to look nature as a “Model, Measure and Mentor” and also indicated that sustainability is the main objective of biomimicry. Nature as model- Biomimicry is a modern science that examines nature trends, and then imitates or draws inspiration from these mechanisms and processes to solve human problems. e.g., a solar cell inspired by a leaf. Nature as measure- Biomimicry uses an environmentally friendly criterion to assess the "rightness" of our inventions. It has discovered after 3.8 billion years of evolution: What works. What is right? What's to last? Nature as mentor- Biomimicry is a modern way of looking at nature and its value. It introduces an age which is not based on what we can derive from the natural world but on what we can learn from it [2]. Bio-inspired design and the broader area of design-by-analogy have formed the basis of many groundbreaking designs throughout history; but much remains to be learned about these design techniques, their underlying cognitive mechanisms and preferred teaching methods and supporting them. Biomimicry is the most imaginative and inventive way of searching for sustainable solutions to the human problem by imitating and emulating nature through its analogies, methods, and patterns. Biomimetic science aims to solve the problems of the human race by recognizing and imitating the many elusive elements of nature. Since centuries ago designers and architects have regarded nature as a significant source of inspiration. Biomimicry claims that nature is the strongest, most strong and guaranteed source of inspiration for designers as a result of the 3.85 billion years of human evolution, as it possesses a gigantic expertise in solving environmental and resident problems [3].

1.1. Levels of Biomimicry Besides these two previously discussed methods, three types of biomimicry must also be applied to design problems. It is evident and well known from biomimetic technologies and techniques that there are three stages of mimicry: the level of the cell, the level of actions and the level of the ecosystems. The organism stage represents the imitation of some organism, or the imitation of a part of the entire organism. The second stage is the mimicry of actions that all species act upon. The third level is the imitation of the entire environment and this level is considered to be the most difficult level, because it focuses on a technically very challenging problem to imitate. There are five dimensions across each level which decide to what extent the mimicry exists. The concept is classified as biomimicry in the manner in which it looks (form), what it is made of (material), how it is made (construction), how it functions (process) and what it is capable (function). These levels are very relevant and complement the approaches to biomimicry [3].

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2. BIOMIMETIC IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE For functionality and commercial applications scientists and engineers take inspiration from living nature. For similar reasons, artists and architects are taking inspiration from nature but with the added aesthetic element. They integrate many bioinspired concepts in both practical and ornamental ways. The artists use different patterns found in nature for beauty and design. Artists and architects also build techniques for design through the integration of patterns and structure found in natural forms. In addition, as nanostructured surfaces or materials with functional hierarchy are being created, these are also being integrated into design practice from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Both artists and architects aspire to step into an inspired environment, beyond direct representation. This can take many forms, but particularly when they work out of nature they derive properties and concepts from the objects of nature and integrate this structure into their work. This is done not only as a direct representation or ornamentation of the style, but as an integral part of the development of the work.

2.1. Bio-inspiration in Architecture: Plants

Oak tree Durham Cathedral, Durham, UK

Evergreen forest Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain

Lily pad Lilypad, World Oceans

Figure 1 Examples of bio inspiration in architecture derived from plants (Fig. 1) Shows architecture drawing its inspiration from plants in nature: Shows architecture drawing its inspiration from plants in nature: support columns in Durham Cathedral in Durham, UK, inspired by individual trees by William of St Carilef (left); support columns in La Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain by Antoni Gaudí, inspired by groups of trees (left) and Callebaut's Lilypad scheme, inspired by a lilypad (left) [4].

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The Cathedral of Durham is a Romanesque cathedral built in the northeast of England. The Romanesque style originated in Normandy, and spread to other parts of Europe, including England from there. The architecture of the Durham Cathedral was based on on an interpretation of the relationship between the top of a tree (branches, leaves, and the impact of external forces such as wind upon it) and the support given by a tree's trunk. Trees that are too heavy (or, in other words, don't have enough trunk support for top load) fall over either on their own or in a strong wind. Thus, Durhamare shaped interior support columns to withstand the weight of the ceiling above and the increased forces acting on a higher line of the roof. This has spread the load and made the exterior walls thinner, as well as taller. This exploratory activity provided an avenue for the growth of Gothic architecture, in which wall thickness was further decreased, wall height began to increase and the use of stained glass windows proliferated due to the dematerialization of the walls [5]. Antoni Gaudí, influenced by much in the natural world, began work in 1882 on La Sagrada Familia Cathedral (The Holy Family). It is created in a southern art nouveau style inspired by the political discord of the Catalan people in Spain, subjugated many centuries before by the Castilians [5]. Gaudí avoided the rigidity of form dictated by Northern architectural and art theory authors. Then, using the remedies of nature, Gaudí tackled the classical height and weight issues in his cathedral in innovative ways. He noted that by tilting, rather than standing rigidly upright, very tall, thin trees support the load of their tops and of outside forces. Callebaut's Lilypad project (V., 2008) aimed to address an imagined, but not impossible, future world in which millions of people are threatened by rising ocean levels due to climate change. Each Lilypad could house 50 000 people, and would be fully self-sufficient. Although the project literally draws inspiration from habitats at large, in the form of a lily pad. The floating structure is inspired by the large, flat leaf of the plant family Nymphaeaceae (not to be confused with the lotus, which is of a completely different order), in particular, the Victoria Regia. Callebaut took the floating concept and applied thickness to the scheme, creating habitat space and integrating other natural processes.

2.2. Bio-inspiration in Architecture: Animals

Figure 2 Examples of bi-inspiration in architecture derived from animal (Fig. 2) Shows architecture drawing its inspiration from animals in nature. La Tour Eiffel, in Paris, France, by Gustave Eiffel(1889); and the Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, by Santiago Calatrava(2001).

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The firm of architect Gustave Eiffel built the Eiffel Tower to act as the entrance to the fair for the 1889 World's Fair. Though it may be honest to say, the Eiffel Tower is really an engineering wonder. Eiffel utilized a network of trusses based on force diagrams derived from those of the human body's long bones, particularly the femur. These force diagrams enabled Eiffel to determine where and where the structure needed strength and support and could be cut. The effects of this work are evident in the Eiffel Tower's elegant, lace-like appearance. This was built using minimal materials, saving time, energy and resources. The Santiago Calatrava Milwaukee Art Museum (2001) is the final example of animal- derived bio-inspiration. Calatrava here built a solar-sensitive wing that can open and close like a bird. Although taking the bird wing mechanical operation concept, it obviously does not attempt to make the building float. Instead, the wings open and close to provide museum and attendee with solar security, allowing shade to take over the museum building's roof structure.

3. BIO-INSPIRED: FORM AND STRUCTURES Since the dawn of history, architecture has influenced its designs from nature and is reflected, for example, in the ancient temples of ancient Egyptian civilization; the columns of temples influenced by the lotus plant, the sacred plant for Egyptians. Usually trees and plants are used as sources of inspiration in the Greek and Roman periods, respectively, for the ornamented structural columns of the classical order. Two of these column capitals; the Order of Corinth and Composite was inspired by the Acanthus vine, where the columns typically appeared in Greek and Roman architecture (Fig. 3). Throughout this time it was evident that the use of ornaments was inspired by the plants and trees typically used in architectural decoration. At the time, design and architecture were very hard career, because it took a lot of time and also very complicated in manufacturing, since the ornamental plants and flowers were carved with very high precision on stones and had to be replicated in the same manner on the other columns and pieces.

Figure 3 Acanthus plants; and Corinthian column head in Pantheon, Rome built in 126 AD. For many years, it was the era of the strong Catholic Church in the beginning of the medieval period in the 12th century, where the cathedrals were the most prominent buildings of the time. There has emerged an significant form of structure which is the ornamented fan vault as it is influenced by the shape of the tree. The fan vault existed in the Sainte-Chappelle Parisian church. These gothic-style fan vaults are supported by columns and enclosed by stained glass where ribs forming a cross network to hold the vaults also support these vaults. Another type of character was found in the Middle Ages, where this structure became the main character of the Gothic theme (Fig. 4).

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Figure 4 The gothic flying buttresses The well-known "Antonio Gaudi" who was popular and familiar with his combination of architectural forms and structures influenced by nature was found in the architectural work of the monk of architecture during the era of Art Nouveau style from the late 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. He has a common approach to taking inspiration from plants and trees as a structure and his architecture was truly one of a kind. Gaudi tried to understand his bioinspired structures before discovering the term shape that was later performed by "Frei Otto" by making experiments as suspending structural inverts by using cables and enabling gravity to do its job by evaluating the organic shape resulting from them. The images taken at the model could be turned upside down to show the final function. Such inverted forms are known as catenary arches, where he obviously used them in many of his projects. The explanation why such methods and techniques are used is their ability to be made of light materials and also their ability to hold and bear heavy weights (Fig. 5(a)).

Figure 5 (a) Gaudi’s catenary arches; (b) Felix Candela, Los Manatiales restaurant, Xochimilco, Mexico, 1958. Art Nouveau period was also very influential in terms of form and design. Around the beginning of the 20th century, it was really a very unique time in architectural history as it produced the reinforced concrete, where it became the most significant feature of this century. Several designers used reinforced concrete to realize their natural-influenced design concepts and one of those architects is Felix Candela, the Spanish architect. Candela was intrigued by the influence of geometric approach on architectural forms when he studied the shell structures in Germany and used concrete to apply his work and ideas to buildings. Like a builder he could design them, Candela used the geometric hyperbolic paraboloid as a source of inspiration to its creation. Candela's most famous edifice is the 1958 Los Manatiales restaurant in Xochimilco (Fig. 5(b)), also in Mexico. The shape is built out of eight different hyperbolic forms connected to each other along the shared valley joint. The structural types were evident. It was clear that the structural forms of the 20th century changed absolutely [6].

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4. ARCHITECTURAL BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN It exhibits a variety of structures and, in most cases, the form and visual characteristics of the animate and inanimate elements of it are closely related to the physical mechanism that endures both internal and external charges.

4.1. Tree-like Structures The first group appears to be the tree-like structures when the structures are classified according to their formal / visual characteristics rather than their capacity to bear the load. Throughout history Tree plays a significant role in human life. Observations of tree-like structures have led man to learn new methods of construction as well as a new interior in the structural systems found in trees. It is possible to first notice the branched support tree-like structure possible to first notice the branched support tree-like structure in the Gothic style ribs. Tree-like structures are now widely used as three-dimensional supporting systems in metal, wood, and concrete constructions. John Smeaton's Eddystone Lighthouse, built in the southwest of Plymouth in 1759, is one of the earliest examples of tree-like structures of his time. Smeaton's design was based on an English oak-tree, as shown in (Fig 6(a)). Antonio Gaudi, took inspiration from his ability to analyze and reuse the countless aspects of nature. As one enters the Sagrada Familia crypt in Barcelona, the four sloping basalt columns that stand out offer the appearance of an organic and natural structure, like the trees in a forest (Fig.6 (b)). BCE Place (1987), designed by Calatrava as a mixed-use development in Toronto. The construction of the complex consists of eight inwardly inclined steel supports that are bifurcated upwards and ultimately come together to form pointed parabolic vaults extending 14 meters across the interior. Tree-like structures rise and support nine intersecting barrel vaults over a regular 30-by-3-meter plan, creating a "forest" effect as shown in (Fig.6(c))[7]. Another contemporary example of tree-like structures is the roof of the Stuttgart Airport Passenger Terminal (1996) in Germany designed by Mein hard von Gerkan, as shown in (Fig.6 (d)).

Figure 6 (a) Eddystone Lighthouse by John Smeaton; (b) Basalt columns of Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.

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Figure 6 (c) BCE Place; (d) Stuttgart Airport Passenger Terminal.

4.2. Skeleton-like Structures When most animals and humans are seen, and bone of the skeleton reveals how sophisticated lightweight and rigid structures nature has compared to the skeletal system itself. Since the key structural elements of the building are based on the spine, as in animals and humans, it seems logical that the ribs would be centered on another less important piece of structure. The spine and ribs function in nature in tandem with one another to provide support and defense. Maurice Koechlin, assistant to the architect of the Eiffel tower, was influenced in the design of the famous tower by the femur, the lightest and strongest bone of the human body with the property of self-ventilation due to the porosity of the bone material as shown in (Fig.7 (a)). Buildings built and constructed around this bone optimize the building material and provide firmness and longevity for the building skeleton as well. In Casa Battlo (Barcelona 1905-1907), Gaudi displayed natural and organic forms that were no longer superimposed on the building but were important structural elements, as shown in (Fig.7 (b)) in the case of bone-shaped columns. The introduction of Nicholas Grimshaw to the station at Waterloo, which originates from the human hand, can be viewed as a contemporary example. [8] The cupped "hand" crosses the track to create a space enclosure (Fig.7 (c)).

Figure 7 (a) Eiffel tower; (b) Casa Battlo; (c) Waterloo station Santiago Calatrava has used elements of animal shapes and structural structures when constructing many of its bridge and construction projects. He understands how a body varies by rib-like identical parts that are less costly to manufacture and yet have a high capacity to bear equally distributed loads when used in humans, to match the various parts and forces.

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4.3. Shell-like Structures Shells are among the most common and most efficient structural elements in nature and technology due to their high-resistance, minimal material, wide spans and sheltering characteristics. Examples of shells abound in the biology of nature. This category includes eggs, seashells, tortoises, skulls, nuts and the nests of certain birds and insects, as shown in (Fig.8). [9]

Figure 8 Shell- like structures The simplicity, complexity and architecture of the shell influenced many great artists to embed them into their masterpieces. Architecture was deeply influenced by the symmetry of these 'natural wonders' created by snails, clams, scallops and other marine mollusks. Many researchers have faced the study of shell forms from a computational and geometrical point of view. Franz Dischinger and Walter Bauersfeld showed the first examples of 1920s reinforced concrete shells, evoking the contrast between these domes and the bird shells. [10] Subsequently, further advances in the study of these forms and their manufacturing processes permitted the creation of more complicated forms such as double-arched saddles. Later, many other engineers and architects, such as Robert Maillart, Edouardo Torroja, Eugéne Freyssinet, Pier Luigi Nervi, Felix Candela, continued to design and apply technologically appropriate and elegantly reinforced concrete construction solutions. Among them, Nervi and Candela brought their designs with solutions inspired by nature's structures.

4.4. Web-like Structures In the categorization of structures found in nature, web-like structures have a different significance in addition to their load carrying capacity, as shown in (Fig.9 (a)). Spider silks tend to be stronger and more elastic than the most potent man-made fabric, Kevlar. Web-like structures have membrane functionality in their load carrying applications. Their load carrying capacity is, moreover, extremely high, but it is a lightweight structure. Tents, which are basically man-made membrane structures, can be considered in nature identical to those web-like strands. Frei Otto is the visionary architect who in recent years has researched the parallels of tents and web-like structures. He developed his new concepts by focussing his investigations on one of the key forces that can be found in any structural system-tensile stress. Modern tent is basically Otto's invention. As demonstrated in (Fig.9(b)), he resurrected conventional tents as a leading concept for lightweight adaptable buildings Later, Otto's studies of tensional structures contributed to the creation by contemporary architects such as Horst Berger and David Geiger, Kisho Kurokawa and many more of many modern web-like structures.

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Figure 9 (a) Web-like structures in nature (b) Web-like structures in architecture

4.5. Pneumatic Structures The class of structures in nature can be called pneumatic structures which exist in both animate and inanimate shape. Different types of animated nature, plants, animals and human beings— their specific life processes and circumstances—have been amazingly created and built up through various variations of a single theory of construction, namely the 'Pneu' principle, a system in which a tension-resistant, elastic framework approach is established. The envelope together with the filling is a load-bearing structure. [11] Pneumatic buildings have been part of the vocabulary of architecture and their use of air as a supporting medium; pneumatic engineering is by no means a newly developed technology. There is no question that the study of air bubbles produced in liquids is the most important natural precedent in pneumatic construction design as shown in (Fig. 10) [12] Systematic study and development of the shape finding processes of technological pneumatic constructions by Otto and his team contributes to success in the production of modern structural structures with pneumatic origins in nature and allows for the construction of many revolutionary building forms.

Figure 10 Pneumatic structures in nature and architecture 5. NATURE INSPIRED ARCHITECTURE 5.1. Hexagonal Design Inspired by Nature The honeycombs structures have a cluster of accurately hexagonal cross-section between them with thickness and proportionate points of 120 degrees. The hexagonal packing can also be used as a bubble raft in the fly's compound head. The hexagonal designs can be seen in the skin pattern of the radiolarian, the giraffe, and the back design of the turtle. 2008 Beijing Olympic swimming pool is an example of honeycomb structure in which bubble design was arranged to rouse the basic system.

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Figure 11 Hexagonal shapes in nature Eden's venture plans the hexagonal steel frameworks and the geodesic circular for a botanical plant. The insides arch space and the bubble-shaped appearances are engaging, with a tall specialized quality of structural plan and auxiliary structure. The soil includes a self- cleaning work, so that the rain washes the powder on the exterior surface [13].

Figure 12 Eden project in the south-western tip of England The Beijing National Swimming Center has been designed as nursery with inventive engineering of high-tech biomimicry. The basic plan was based on the foremost proficient course of action of natural cells and the creation of characteristic cleanser bubbles.

Figure 13 Beijing National Swimming Center

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5.2. Building Design Inspired by Flower Lotus blooms are developed to adjust with innocence, otherworldly arousing and truthfulness for all Buddhist holy people. Developing epidermal cell includes a wax-like, lotus takes off and blooms surface. The large-scale Lotus Conference Center is the government center of the area of Wujin characterized by a blend of design, and a solid sexy and ladylike organic shape. The tower is one of the foremost unmistakable images of the range. The style is eye-catching, affected by blossoming lotus blooms. [14]

Figure 14 Wujin Lotus Conference Center in China

5.3. Curved Structures Inspired by Seashell For hundreds of millions of years the seashells have been successfully playing a part in protecting the internal portion. Researchers and chemists are trying to replicate this fabric 's structure, and it can be predicted to be used as a more grounded building or bone substitute.

Figure 15 Seashells The shell's geometry is the extension of four straight edges whose sides rose upward. The paragliding structure is a reorganized shape of a pendulum. Precisely it may be a cantilevered structure. The essential basic conspire of an umbrella may be a establishment, fair one column with an encased channel to retain the rain water.

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Figure 16 The marine city around the sea in Valencia

Figure 17 HP dual curvature of Aquarium Ocean grapic

Figure 18 The concrete shell structures designed by Torroja

Figure 19 The concrete shell structures

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One of the most noteworthy and most creative basic engineers of the 20th century, Dock Luigi Nervi (1891-1979) created modern shell structures motivated by Roman and Renaissance arch engineering, utilizing rib and vault frameworks to upgrade quality and kill huge space columns Eduardo Torroja (1899-1961) characterized the utilize of persistent shelling, especially prestressed strengthened concrete. He said the most excellent structure is that which is held by its frame instead of by the covered up resistance of its fabric. Straight to the point Lloyd Wright said of him that Torroja set natural engineering principles way better than any other engineer. A cleanser film can be found on the ideal surface, where the surface pressures of all bearings are equal. This forms a marginal surface and constitutes a good starting point to search for a surface structure that is tensioned. Frei Otto was used to broaden texture models to reveal a form for modeling. The converse hanging chain models are the sort that owing to the self-weight loads can as it were produce compression strengths. Rather than a roof framework, concrete, steel channels, and cables have as of late been made. The unused self-weight roof systems' diminished essentially.

Figure 20 Mennhein Gridshell 6. EXAMPLES OF NATURE-INSPIRED MODERN ARCHITECTURE The tremendous larger part of building over China's unused cities takes the frame of private lodging. It is conceivable to construct high-density, financially reasonable lodging, which is structurally imaginative as well. This concept is found at the coastal town of Beihai, south of China, on the contract oceanfront location. The basic geometry of the conspire was to create an undulating typology of buildings which come about in a sort of a slope. The geometry of the engineering maximizes conceivable sees for inhabitants; the persistent stage along the roof becomes public spaces. Each opening within the building empowers the ocean breezes to move, making interior sees of the sea [15].

Figure 21 Fake Hill designed by MAD architect (China)

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Toyo Ito was born in Seoul and did his graduation from the College of Tokyo and worked at Kiyonori Kikutake Designers and Partners. He set up his own office in 1971 named Urban Robot. Numerous eminent ventures have been completed by Ito, counting the broadly publicized Sendai Mediatheque (2000), Yokohama Wind Tower (1986), Tama Craftsmanship College Library (2007), and Toyo Ito Engineering Historical center (2011). The Brilliant Lion for Lifetime Accomplishment at the 2002 Venice Design Biennial and the Brilliant Lion for Best Structure at the 2012 Venice Japan Structure are among the numerous organizational awards Toyo Ito has gotten. He was granted the Gold Award at UIA 2017 Congress [16].

Figure 22 Nature-friendly buildings designed by Toyo Ito The manufactured island was planned by a German-born futurist modeler, Wolf Hilbertz. It could be a device that employments sun and wind vitality to supply power by minimizing the utilize of materials and coordination the common shape by making the vortex shape of the ocean. Inside the corridor the London City Hall was conceived as a whirl gadget. The City Corridor planning to reply to the require for vote based system by bringing the open into its famous fashion of engineering. City Lobby was a detached and dynamic activity pointed at accomplishing maintainability, setting the benchmark for naturally inviting structures [17].

Figure 23 Eco-friendly building inspired by spiral The 2022 stadiums in Qatar point to use cooling engineering that can lower ground temperatures by up to 20 ° C, and the stadium's upper roof will be evacuated after the World Glass and provided to nations with fewer sporting frameworks. The German modeling company Albert Speer & Accomplices outlined all of the five stadium ventures undertaken. The stadium is inspired by nature-friendly concepts [18].

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Figure 24 Qatar 2022 world cup stadium

Figure 25 City plan inspired by snowflake The atomic structure of the snowflake can be seen as a system for the development. The snowflake's impacts are decided by the least-energy intuitive with the temperature, mugginess, wind speed, and air weight beneath which it is shaped. Snowflake motivated the Italian town arrange for Palmanova. Eastgate Center could be a shopping center designed by Mick Pearce and Zimbabwe planners. This was conceivably the world's first building to use a signature frame for ventilation, which was illustrated to be ventilated and cooled by traditional implies.

Figure 26 East gate Shopping Center

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The Bio-Intelligent Green growth House is the world's to begin with algae-powered house, found in Hamburg. Detached house outlined two diverse styles of veneers on five floors. The building in 2013 was the beneficiary of the Grant in the' Arrive of Thoughts ' challenge [19].

Figure 27 Bio-intelligent Algae house They are buildings that can create power utilizing wind, daylight, and are able of self- sufficiency with an ecologically inviting building planned as a zero vitality structure. Most recent groundbreaking wanders have been known for their Cobra Tower, Precious stone Tower, DNA Tower, Bow Tower and Oxygen eco-tower.

Figure 28 Nature-inspired architecture for innovative building design 7. ARCHITECTURE WITH CATENARY CURVES A rope or chain, suspended with the help of two poles, forms a parabolic curve, but it is not a parabola, the curve's name is Catenary curves. The term Catenary has its roots in the Latin word catena, meaning chain. Catenary curve is a function curve of the hyperbolic cosine. Galileo was the first to discover the catenary, but for a parabola he mixed it up. James Bernoulli was granted a portion of his property in 1691 with his actual shape what's more. Catenary path finds a good design application. The arch of the catenary is very well known. A catenary arch is a pointed inverted arch following the curve of the catenary. One of the strong curves is the catenary arch with uniform thickness and density.

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Even the igloos are designed with the help of cross section of catenary curve. This shape offers an optimal balance between diameter and height, avoiding the risk of collapsing under the weight of compacted snow [20]. Electrical wire catenary- You might have seen a little low and not straight hanging electrical wire. Due to elongation of the cable, the electrical wire forms the catenary curve. Due to the heat and gravity, the electrical connection wire elongates and the metal present in the electrical wire expands and forms a catenary curve because of the sunlight (Fig. 29(a)). Bridges in the form of catenary curve- We all have seen that the chain of fencing is hanging and not connected directly to the poles. The same theory is used to hang bridges that imitate the fencing hanging ties. Using the theory of catenary curves, the hanging bridges are built. The curve formed by the action of gravitational force is the catenary curve when the two corners of the wire are connected to a rigid support (Fig. 29(b)).

Figure 29 (a) Electrical wire forming catenary arches; (b) Bridges in the form of catenary curve

8. CONCLUSION • A prototype Ferro cement thin shell was made using catenary as inspiration. The natural Catenary shape was used to generate a hanging chain net.

Figure 30 The hanging chain net was scanned to generate virtual shell which was then analyzed in ANSYS

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Figure 31 Catenary based Ferro cement thin shell • Finally this catenary based Ferro cement thin shell prototype was subjected to testing. The result proved that natural Catenary inspired structures are most effective in economy in material usage, stiffness and aesthetics.

Figure 32 Visual Analysis in ANSYS

Figure 33 The same scanned model was also used to generate a 1:1 scale grid shell as scaffolding for Ferro cement shell

https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 784 [email protected] Catenary Based Thin Shell: Bio-Inspired Form and Structure

• Architecture, inspired by nature and its laws, has become a worldwide phenomenon, seeking to achieve a comparable "unity in multiplicity" with that of nature. As seen from the examples chosen from different periods in architectural history, structures man-made are strongly inspired by the structures in nature. Art influenced many radical architects and engineers – animated or inanimate artifacts in art. This inspiration has led some architects such as Otto and Candela to create institutes for the research into natural structures and patterns. Similarly, some architects, such as Calatrava, studied this subject as a doctoral thesis. All the names listed in this paper have helped to design and build new structures from nature structures. • The examples mentioned above and many other examples found in architectural history demonstrate that imitating nature has always been part of architectural design, i.e. bio mimesis in architecture, and architects have sought hints in nature for new designs and technologies. It can be assumed that nature will still be a source of inspiration in every area of science in today's world and in the future, as in the past. • All through the history, from the time that human were line with the nature up to the time that human hurts the nature right after the industrialization. Nature was also part of architecture from the period when human beings used it directly by living in the caves and using building material according to the design of its environment up to the time of industrialization when the viewpoint was modified by the modern materials, tools and technology and the influence of design in architecture took place. • Nature-inspired biomimicry is a way of looking into the natural world to find design solutions that can allow us to create new concepts of building design. Through imitating and emulating nature in its analogies, processes and patterns, biomimicry is the most creative and innovative way to look for sustainable solutions to the human problem. Biomimetic research aims to solve mankind’s problems by understanding and imitating the many mysterious element of nature. • Although we have decoded nature in architecture by mimicry and geometrical pattern but complexity of geometry is still to be achieved, further there is scope of study to get form and complexity closer to nature by adding more parameters in geometrical and organic patterns. REFERENCES [1] O. A. B. N. R. B. B. a. A.-K. P. Julian F. V. Vincent, "Biomimetics: its practice and theory," Journal of The Royal Society Interface, p 471–482, 2006. [2] J. M. Benyus, Biomimicry Innovation Inspired by Nature, HarperCollins e-books, 1997. [3] A. Y. E. s. Moheb Sabry Aziz, "Biomimicry as an approach for bio-inspired structure with the aid of computation," Alexandria Engineering Journal, p. 707–714, 2015. [4] R. L. R. a. B. Bhushan, "Bioarchitecture: bioinspired art and architecture—a perspective," rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org, 2016. [5] W. D., "A history of western architecture," Watson Guptill Publications, 2005. [6] M. S. Iasef Md Riann, "Tree-inspired dendriforms and fractal-like branching structures in architecture: A brief historical overview," Frontiers of Architectural Research, p. 298–323, 2014. [7] S. C. Alexander Tzonis, "Santiago Calatrava: The Poetics of Movement," in Santiago Calatrava: The Poetics of Movement, New York, Universe, 1999, pp. 110-132. [8] N. Grimshaw, Structure, Space and Skin: The Work of Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners, London: Phaidon Incorporated Limited, 1993.

https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 785 [email protected] Atul Setya, Tejwant Brar, Nitti Negi, Vidhi Agarwal

[9] M. Melaragno, "An Introduction to Shell Structures: The Art and Science of Vaulting," in An Introduction to Shell Structures: The Art and Science of Vaulting, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Springer Science & Business Media, 1991, pp. 20-42. [10] G. L. T. Peter Gössel, "Architecture in the Twentieth Century," in Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Köln, Benedikt Tachen, 1991, pp. 86-100. [11] Stuttgart, "IL 27 Natural Building," lnstitut fur Leichte Flachentragwerke, p. 132, 1980. [12] R. N. Dent, "Principles of pneumatic architecture," in Principles of pneumatic architecture, New York, Halsted Press Division, Wiley, 1972, pp. 33-75. [13] J. S.-A. S. Z. M. G. &. C. K.. D.-9. W. G. Klaus Knebel, "The structural making of the Eden Domes". [14] S. Peterson, "Curbed," 7 March 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.curbed.com/2014/3/7/10135008/chinas-latest-bizarre-building-is-a-giant- ethereal-lotus-flower. [15] M. A. |. F. HILLS, "Its liquid," 12 Febuary 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.itsliquid.com/mad-architects.html. [16] A. Toyo Ito & Associates, "toyo-ito," [Online]. Available: http://www.toyo- ito.co.jp/WWW/index/index_en.html. [17] W. HILBERTZ, "BioRock," [Online]. Available: http://www.rexresearch.com/hilbertzbiorock/hilbertz.html#patents. [18] J. Weeks, "Guardian," 2 December 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/football/gallery/2010/dec/02/world-cu p-2022-qatar-stadiums- pictures. [19] T. B. H. f. a.-p. b. i. t. World, "BUILD UP," 29 APRIL 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/cases/biq-house-first-algae-pow ered-building-world. [20] D. A. S.P.Abhishek Udiit, "Catenary Curves – A Case Study," International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering, pp. 644-649, 2018.

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