Complex Urbarchitectonic Structures of Priština and Novi Pazar Cities

SPATIUM International Review UDC 711.434(497.11)"19" No. 32, December 2014, pp. 39-46 Professional paper DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1432039B COMPLEX URBARCHITECTONIC STRUCTURES OF PRIŠTINA AND NOVI PAZAR CITIES Džemila Beganović1, State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Technical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia Contemporary urban development has changed the traditional cities all over the world. In our region, the typical Balkan cities of oriental origin, structure and outlook were almost totally transformed in the second half of the 20th century. Modern movement brought new models of urban organization, different communication concepts and a variety of concepts of modern buildings. Among others, the idea of complex urbarchitectonic structures in urban tissue spread under specific influences and models. After a short review of modern urban development and the idea of complex urban structures, this paper explores urban transformation of less researched cities such as Priština and Novi Pazar. The focus is on the phenomenon of complex urbarchitectonic structures built in related cities in a short period from 1969-1989. Four complex urbarchitectonic structures will be presented: Kičma and complex in JNA Street in Priština and Lučne buildings and Jezero buildings in Novi Pazar. Key words: Priština, Novi Pazar, complex urbarchitectonic structure. community in one building. New building modern structures (Beganović, 2013). It INTRODUCTION: MODERN materials and technologies at the end of the culminated with the Radiant City (Ville Radieuse) MOVEMENT IN URBAN 19th century enabled the covering of lit, vast where urban functions were strictly divided DEVELOPMENT - THE IDEA OF spaces, first presented in the Crystal Palace for into parallel belts, adopted as the Functionalist COMPLEX URBARCHITECTONIC the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. The new City by the 11th CIAM (International Congress of STRUCTURES 1 palace emerged in metal and glass construction. Modern Architecture - Congress Internationaux It also influenced covering of entire streets, such d'Architecture Moderne) in 1933 (Božić, 2002). Modern movement in urban development of as shopping street in Milan, Italy – The Galleria Some of the conceptual, functional, structural European cities was the result of the many urban Vittorio Emanuele designed by Giuseppe Mengoni and aesthetic principles presented in the th th problems in the late 19 and early 20 centuries. in 1865 (Barnett, 1987). Further development of mentioned projects were elaborated in his Industrial revolution and industrialization caused modern urban idea produced different models of complex urbarchitectonic structure of dwelling sudden urbanization of existing cities and resulted urban growth: interconnecting structures of a unity - Unité d'Habitation. With an extensive in massive building density inside existing linear city (Soria Y Mata), modern Industrial City program, many functions were concentrated traditional cities and extensive growth of suburbs. of Tony Garnier and futurist drawing of new within one unique building containing different Overpopulation and dense construction caused structures of Citta Nuova by Antonio Sant'Elia. functional belts deployed in height. The idea was traffic congestion, very poor sanitary conditions, a self-contained community with 337 dwellings, Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in his rich opus, and communication problems in a new era of shopping street on the sixth floor and variety of offered different urban concepts and modern motor vehicles. New requirements for immediate other functions that made it ’as much 'social architectural structures from 1920s to 1950s, interventions led to development of a variety of condenser' as Soviet commune blocks of 1920s. where he combined his own admiration for modern urban concepts, starting with ideal cities: This total integration of community services engineering exactitude and aesthetic, his Ledoux's Ideal city of Chaux, ’new ideal world’ of recalled the 19th century model of Fourier's extensive research of vernacular architecture and Robert Owen, and ideal community ’phalange’ to phalanstery, not only through its size but also in his valorization of nature and its ’essential joys’ live in ’phalansteres’ of Charles Fourier. Models its isolation from immediate environment’ sun, space and green. He started his urban for early concepts of the ideal city originated from (Frampton, 1985). Unity hosted 23 types of studies with the City on Columns (Ville Pilotis), royal palaces, from Diocletian's palace in Split, to dwellings and 26 different communal services and then developed the idea of a modern city in Versailles in Paris, where unique building including a hotel, a kindergarten and a the Contemporary City (Ville Contemporaine) for included different functions and represented a swimming pool on the top of the building. three million inhabitants, where a dense city was self-sufficient concept - an entire city or (Dženks, 1982). First built in Marseille (1947- elevated above the surface of continuous park. 1952), and later in a few other cities, ’designed The radical cuts were presented in Plan Voisin for 1 as prototype, but proved too expensive and Alekse Šantića 9, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia Paris where he overwrote existing city tissue with [email protected] idiosyncratic to become government policy’ spatium 39 Beganović Dž.: Complex urbarchitectonic structures of Priština and Novi Pazar cities (Barnett, 1987), it had a great influence on under the influence of different cultures, but with existing urban tissue, and outspreading the city modern architecture. a final stamp of oriental, or precisely, Turkish and occupation of free spaces with newly period (Kojić, 1976). During five centuries of designed modern settlements. Transformation of The idea of complex buildings elaborated as Ottoman rule, both cities had significant central parts of the city destroyed existing oriental ’Megastructures: the City as a Building’ was administrative roles in certain periods as structures of čaršija. New city center was based the ’idea of an urban area as a large, regional centers, and then downsized roles in on design of Nikola Dobrović from 1954 (Stojkov, interconnected building’ (Barnett, 1987) periods of regress such as after war, fire and 1996). The rows of uniform apartment buildings usually consisting of covered streets or other disasters. After liberation from the Turks, along central streets with shops formed stronger bridges, plazas and various buildings these cities remained in an undeveloped part of block structures alternated with a unique connected within one structure. In the early the country, and kept their inherited oriental freestanding public building. Whilst the city center 1950s, the influence of science fiction and structure: city center - čaršija with manufacture, was primary scene for modern public buildings, comic books led to different concepts of trade and most important religious and public novelties in residential architecture were best Archigram's plug-in, or walking cities and buildings, surrounded by neighborhoods – represented in new settlements built in the structures in Great Britain. In Japan, the mahalas, long after. In the beginning of the 20th southern part of the city. After application new Metabolists developed the idea of enabling the century, introduction of modern ideas of modern ideas in architecture in the first new addition of units to the basic structures in a European architecture in urban structures of settlement Ulpijana (designed by architects variety of projects such as Kenzo Tange's these cities was modest: some modern Milutin Glavički, Branislav Jovin, Stojan projects for Tokyo Bay. These ideas spread buildings were built mostly in city centers, but Maksimović and Jovan Mišković in 1964) the worldwide in a short period in the 1960s and the overall urban structure remained preserved further development was directed towards urban 1970s. They had a great influence on the even after the period of reconstruction of the aspects of dwelling through relation with architecture of the time: Rudolph's project of war-damaged country after World War II. In the surroundings and traffic, as in new settlements enclosure to the Lower Manhattan Expressway, new Yugoslavia, Priština became the capital of Dardanija and Sunny Hill (designed by architects Alison and Peter Smithson's Golden Lane in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Josip Hitil, Dražen Janković, Darko Kozjak, Miro Coventry, Lynn's and Smith's Park Hill in Metohija, which influenced its rapid growth, Pak and Miljenka Stanković-Fischer in 1976 and Sheffield, Bakema's and Van den Broek's more extensive than in Novi Pazar. New 1986 (Beganović, 1997). superblocks in the project for Tel Aviv 1963 architecture followed new social order: modest and many more (Frampton, 1986). in the beginning, it offered more complex and Urban development of Novi Pazar Modern architecture spread in former creative solutions later on. Even though, a few Medieval Serbian settlement Ras with Yugoslavia too, and variety of new complex specific, complex urbarchitectonic structures marketplace called Pazarište, 11 km away from urbarchitectonic structures were built in large that will be presented in this paper were built in Novi Pazar, was the first Serbian State capital urban centers from Ljubljana (Edvard both cities between 1970s and 1990s. of the Nemanjić dynasty. Ravnikar's Residential Area Ferant Gardens from 1966), Split (Frane Gotovac's Apartment Urban development of Priština After

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