Reactor Report, Section A
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Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications Report Prepared for Alberta Innovates
PNNL-25978 Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications Report Prepared for Alberta Innovates November 2016 SM Short B Olateju (AI) SD Unwin S Singh (AI) A Meisen (AI) DISCLAIMER NOTICE This report was prepared under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), as an account of work sponsored by Alberta Innovates (“AI”). Neither AI, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), DOE, the U.S. Government, nor any person acting on their behalf makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by AI, PNNL, DOE, or the U.S. Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of AI, PNNL, DOE or the U.S. Government. Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications SM Short B Olateju (AI) SD Unwin S Singh (AI) A Meisen (AI) November 2016 Prepared for Alberta Innovates (AI) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Executive Summary At present, the steam requirements of Alberta’s heavy oil industry and the Province’s electricity requirements are predominantly met by natural gas and coal, respectively. On November 22, 2015 the Government of Alberta announced its Climate Change Leadership Plan to 1) phase out all pollution created by burning coal and transition to more renewable energy and natural gas generation by 2030 and 2) limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil sands operations. -
1194 the Evolution and Future Development of the High
GENES4/ANP2003, Sep. 15-19, 2003, Kyoto, JAPAN Paper 1194 The Evolution and Future Development of the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor H. L. Brey* Consultant to the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute This report chronologically traces the development of the high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) and includes an examination of current international research activities and plant designs. The evolution of the HTGR as a safe, environmentally agreeable and efficient energy source for the generation of electricity and for a broad range of high temperature industrial heat applications has been on-going throughout the past four decades. This report depicts the development of the HTGR through international plant designs and selected facilities from initial research to the present focus on the modular gas turbine and high temperature heat applications such as the production of hydrogen 1,2). This advanced nuclear heat process, with an average core outlet temperature approaching 950°C and using ceramic coated fuel in a helium cooled, graphite matrix, provides a broad and unique set of features and physical properties for scientific investigation as a major energy source for supporting the needs of society well into the 21st century. This paper provides a review of current HTGR related R & D activities including an overview of the HTTR and HTR-10 test reactors, status of GT-MHR and PBMR plant development, the U.S. HTGR programme and a synopsis of the multi-national efforts of the EC and Generation IV nuclear power technology program. KEYWORDS: advanced reactor designs and development; gas cooled reactors I. Introduction Interest in the HTGR has resulted in a wide array of international research and development activities including the multi-national efforts of the EC, Generation The historical development of the HTGR is traced IV nuclear power technology and on-going R&D within through individual plant designs and selected facilities the Member States associated with the IAEA. -
O.E.C. D. High Temperature Reactor Project
O.E.C. D. RA HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR PROJECT TV ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY O.E.C.D. HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR PROJECT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel• opment (OEGD) was set up under a Convention signed in Paris on 14th December, 1960, which provides that the OECD shall pro• mote policies designed: — to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; — to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; •— to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multi• lateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with inter• national obligations. The Members of OECD are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cana• da, Denmark, Finland, .France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Nether• lands, N'ew Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzer• land, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on L'olh April i[)/L>. replacing OECD's European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA) on the adhesion of Japan as a full Member. NEA now groups all the European Member countries of OECD and Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the Agency. The objectives of NEA remain substantially those of ENEA , namely the orderly development of the uses of nuclear energy for peaceful pui poses. -
High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Lessons Learned Applicable to the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
INL/EXT-10-19329 Revision 1 High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Lessons Learned Applicable to the Next Generation Nuclear Plant J. M. Beck L. F. Pincock April 2011 DISCLAIMER This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. INL/EXT-10-19329 Revision 1 High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors Lessons Learned Applicable to the Next Generation Nuclear Plant J. M. Beck and L. F. Pincock April 2011 Idaho National Laboratory Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the past five decades, high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) have been designed and operated throughout the world. To date, seven HTGR plants (depicted in Figure ES-1) have been built and operated: Dragon (United Kingdom), Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor (Germany), High Temperature Test Reactor (Japan), High Temperature Reactor-10 (HTR-10; People’s Republic of China), Peach Bottom 1 (United States), Thorium Hochtemperatur Reaktor (Germany), and Fort St. -
Safety and Regulatory Issues of the Thorium Fuel Cycle
NUREG/CR-7176 ORNL/TM-2013/543 Safety and Regulatory Issues of the Thorium Fuel Cycle Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as books, NRC’s Public Electronic Reading Room at journal articles, transactions, Federal Register notices, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm.html. Publicly released Federal and State legislation, and congressional reports. records include, to name a few, NUREG-series Such documents as theses, dissertations, foreign reports publications; Federal Register notices; applicant, and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings licensee, and vendor documents and correspondence; may be purchased from their sponsoring organization. NRC correspondence and internal memoranda; bulletins and information notices; inspection and investigative Copies of industry codes and standards used in a reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are and their attachments. maintained at— The NRC Technical Library NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC Two White Flint North regulations, and Title 10, “Energy,” in the Code of 11545 Rockville Pike Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one Rockville, MD 20852–2738 of these two sources. 1. The Superintendent of Documents These standards are available in the library for reference U.S. Government Printing Office Mail Stop SSOP use by the public. Codes and standards are usually Washington, DC 20402–0001 copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov organization or, if they are American National Standards, Telephone: 202-512-1800 from— Fax: 202-512-2250 American National Standards Institute nd 2. -
Assessing the Risk of Terrorist Attacks on Nuclear Facilities Summary
POST Report 222 July 2004 Assessing the risk of terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities Summary Assessing the risk of terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities July 2004 Report 222 Summary The events of September 11th 2001 heightened concerns over the potential for terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities. The purpose of this report is to provide Parliamentarians with an overview of what is publicly known about the risks and the consequences of such an attack, either at a facility in the UK, or overseas, with very direct impacts in the UK. This report identifies the main issues of concern according to reports in the public domain, and highlights areas where understanding is limited due to lack of publicly available information. The key points made in this report are as follows: • There is sufficient information in the public domain to identify possible ways terrorists might bring about a release of radioactive material from a nuclear facility. However this information is not sufficient to draw conclusions on the likelihood of a successful attack, or the size and nature of any release. • After September 11th 2001 additional protection measures have been put in place to increase security and to strengthen emergency planning at and around nuclear facilities. However, full details are not in the public domain. • Nuclear power plants were not designed to withstand some forms of terrorist attack, such as large aircraft impact, but existing safety and security regimes provide some defence. • Published reports suggest that, in a worst case scenario, the impact of large aircraft on certain facilities could cause a significant release of radioactive material with effects over a wide area. -
Nuclear Energy Agency of Energy Trends
The "Crises" of Development A New Orientation for OECD's Urgent Reassessment Nuclear Energy Agency of Energy Trends The Pros and Cons of Differing Systems of Company Taxation The Advent of Mass Higher Education I low Can Man and the Automobile Live in Harmony Combatting Pollution in the Pulp and Paper Industry Brisk Expansion of InternationalTourism N" 66-OCTOBER 1973 OECD OBSERVER N" 66 October 1 973 Published bi-monthly in English and French by CONTENTS THE ORGANISATION EOR ECONO¬ MIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVE¬ LOPMENT THE "CRISES" OF DEVELOPMENT by Edwin E. Martin, Chairman of OECD's Development Assistance Committee 3 EDITORIAL OFFICES OECD Information Service, Chateau de 7 OECD AND THE ENERGY PROBLEM la Muette, 2, rue André-Pascal, F 75775 PARIS. CEDEX 16. OECD RECOMMENDS REDUCTION OF MERCURY EMISSIONS Individual articles not copyrighted may be reprinted providing the credit line reads EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN FRANCE 10 "Reprinted from the OECD Observer" plus date of issue, and two voucher copies POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 13 are sent to the Editor. Signed articles reprinted must bear author's name. TAXATION OF COMPANY PROFITS - AN ASSESSMENT OF POLICY The Organisation cannot be responsible OPTIONS 16 for returning unsolicited manuscripts. Signed articles express the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily represent CHANGING ROLE FOR OECD'S NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY 19 the opinion of OECD. THE ADVENT OF MASS HIGHER EDUCATION 27 Annual Subscription Rates : £ 1.15, S 3.50. F 15.00. FS 13.00, DM 10.50. Single copies : £0.27, S 0.80, E 3.50, INTERNATIONALTOURISM : BRISK EXPANSION 31 FS 3.00, DM 2.50. -
Basic Studies in the Field of High-Temperature Engineering
Nuclear Science Basic Studies in the Field of High-temperature Engineering Second Information Exchange Meeting Paris, France 10-12 October 2001 Co-organised by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: − to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; − to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and − to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and the Republic of Korea (12th December 1996). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). -
Britain's Nuclear Dustbin
--CoMMENT ESCRIBED by T ony Blair, Labour • s AGRs, particularly Hartlepool, Dungeness Shadow Energy Spokesperson, as ••a and Heysham A. Dhumiliating farce," last months decision to abandon the privatisation of the Magnox Why is it that investors who were reluctant reactors was mostly overshadowed by acres to stump up the costs of decommissioning of comment on Mrs Thatcher's botched the youngest Magnox station at Wylfa in cabinet reshuffle. the year 2002, can be expected to foot the bill for decommissioning the oldest AGRs at This "most expensive exercise in the politi Hunterston and Hinkley only 5 years later? cal history of clearing one's desk" will, ac cording to Blair, cost the taxpayer at least £4,500m, for the decommissioning, fuel CHEDULE 1~ in the Privatisation Bill reprocessing and eventual site clearance of allows the Government to make all nine Magnox stations. John Large, a S£2,500m available to meet nuclear consultant for the local authority objectors liabilities in the privatised industry. Parkin- at the Hinkley Inquiry, put the figure at a son told the Commons this money would be staggering £ 15,000m. for "unforeseeable costs arising from changes in Government policy.•• But in the In a widely acclaimed speech, Blair asserted Lords it was described more loosely as a that the •motivation for this is quite fund for factors •outside the industry's con transparent - that [Parkinson] will sacrifice trol.• anything, including normal commercial prudence, the interests of the taxpayer and What this package amounts to is an at the consumer and the future energy needs tempt to partially privatise the nuclear of this country, provided that, above all power stations while the privatised com else, he can sell his privatisation to the panies incur few if any risks - the risks City." all remain with the taxpayer. -
Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PR&PP)
ORNL/TM-2010/163 Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PR&PP) August 2010 Prepared by David L. Moses DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. -
Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Safety Basis and Approach - NRC Project #0748
Idaho National laboratory September 6, 2011 CCN 225061 NRC Project #0748 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Document Control Desk Washington, D.C. 20555-0001 SUBJECT: Contract No. DE-AC07-051D 14517 - Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project Nuclear - Modular High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Safety Basis and Approach - NRC Project #0748 Consistent with the actions identified in "NGNP Licensing Strategy - Report to Congress," dated August 2008, the purpose of this letter is to submit the subject Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Project information paper to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in order to support technical reviews of other NGNP white papers submitted as part of the early licensing phase of the project. The NGNP will be a licensed commercial high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) plant capable of producing electricity and high temperature process heat for a variety of energy intensive industries. *The NRC licensing process encourages early interactions to identify and resolve policy, regulatory, and key technical issues related to the proposed facility. Conducting effective interactions with the NRC is a critical part of the NGNP licensing strategy because the early resolution of issues can significantly impact the preparation of an acceptable license application, the subsequent application review schedule, and the ultimate deployment of the NGNP. Enclosed is document, INL/EXT-1 1-22708, "Modular HTGR Safety Basis and Approach." This information paper provides a summary level introduction to HTGR history, public safety objectives, inherent and passive safety features, radionuclide release barriers, functional safety approach, and risk-informed safety approach. The information in this paper is intended to further the understanding of the modular HTGR safety approach with the NRC staff and public stakeholders. -
Nuclear Reactor Hazards
NO. 2⏐ DEC 2005⏐ ENGLISH VERSION Nuclear Reactor Hazards Nuclear Issues Paper No. 2 BY ANTHONY FROGATT Contents 3 Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden. 4 Commercial reactor types and their shortcomings 19 Ageing, PLEX and safety 35 The terror threat 41 Further information 42 References The Author Antony Froggatt works as independent European energy consultant. Since 1997 he has worked as a freelance consultant on energy and nuclear issues in the EU and neighbouring states. He has written reports and briefings on EU and global energy policy issues for various organisations, including: Financial Times; Green/EFA Group in the European Parliament: Eurosafe (French and Germany nuclear regulatory agencies); Greenpeace International; Friends of the Earth; and WWF. He has also given evidence to inquiries and hearings in the Parliaments of Austria, Germany and the EU. He has also worked extensively with environmental groups in Eastern Europe, helping to establish a network on energy efficiency. Furthermore, he is a regular speaker at conference and training programmes across the region and the EU. Prior to working Antony Frogatt worked for nine years as a nuclear campaigner and co-ordinator for Greenpeace International. This report is based exclusively on Greenpeace International’s report “Nuclear Reactors Hazards, Ongoing Dangers of Operating Nuclear Technology in the 21st Century,” published in April 2005. Nuclear Issues Papers, No. 2: Nuclear Reactor Hazards By Anthony Frogatt © Heinrich Böll Foundation 2005 All rights reserved Co-published by The following paper does not necessarily represent the views of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. A publication of the Heinrich Böll Foundation Regional Office for Southern Africa, in co-operation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation headquarter.