DOCSLIB.ORG

Internal Communication Clearance Form

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Internal Communication Clearance Form NATIONS UNIES UNITED NATIONS HAUT COMMISSARIAT DES NATIONS UNIES OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS AUX DROITS DE L’HOMME HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS PROCEDURES SPECIALES DU SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF THE CONSEIL DES DROITS DE L’HOMME HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this contextand of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights Téléfax: (41-22) 917 9006 Address: Télégrammes: UNATIONS, GENEVE Palais des Nations Téléx: 41 29 62 CH-1211 GENEVE 10 Téléphone: (41-22) 917 9359 Internet www.ohchr.org E-mail: [email protected] REFERENCE: AL Housing (2000-9) Poverty (1998-11) NGA 2/2012 25 July 2012 Excellency, We have the honour to address you in our respective capacities as Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context and as Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 15/8 and 17/13. In this connection, we would like to bring to your Excellency’s Government’s attention information we have received concerning the alleged eviction and demolition of the Abonnema Wharf Community, in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. According to the information received: On 27 June 2012, at approximately 07:00 a.m., an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 residents of the Abonnema Wharf Community in Port Harcourt, capital of Rivers State, located in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, were evicted and their homes and small businesses demolished. The eviction and demolitions were ordered by the authorities of the Rivers State Government and carried out with the support of the police and heavily armed security forces, members of the so-called “Joint Task Force”. The demolitions continued until 2 July 2012, when the entire community was razed. Allegedly, the Rivers State authorities declared that the evictions and demolitions were carried out in order to reduce criminal gang activity in the area, in the wake of several gang shootouts in the area during the month of June. The demolitions were reportedly carried out in pouring rain, during the rainy season when weather conditions make it difficult for people to find alternative shelter. Thousands of people have allegedly been left homeless as most residents were not offered any compensation, alternative housing or even emergency shelter. Reportedly in May 2012 the government started a process of compensation for landlords. The compensation process for landlords was ongoing and many had not been paid when their homes were demolished. Tenants were allegedly excluded from the compensation process. It is alleged that the eviction of the Abonnema Wharf community took place despite an interim injunction order issued on 11 November 2011 by the Rivers State High Court against the Rivers State authorities. In the case Jim George & Others vs. The Executive Governor of Rivers State & Others (Suit No. PHC/2286/2009), the Court ruled that the authorities should not carry out demolitions and evictions in Abonnema Wharf pending full hearing of the case. The government filed a counter motion, on which the court was to rule on 2 July 2012. The Rivers State government allegedly ignored the interim injunction and did not wait for the court hearing on 2 July to evict the community. It is reported that the case has now been adjourned to 25 September 2012. Abonnema Wharf is one of over 40 waterfront settlements in Port Harcourt, which were built on reclaimed land along the city’s shoreline. It is estimated that between 200,000 and 500,000 people live in the waterfronts. These waterfront settlements had previously been marked for demolition as part of the Rivers State government plans to develop the waterfronts and implement the “Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan.” It is alleged that this plan was developed without consultation with the affected communities. It is feared that additional evictions in other waterfront settlements will take place. While we do not wish to prejudge the accuracy of these allegations, we would like to remind your Excellency’s Government of the applicable international human rights norms and standards relevant to this case. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) also recognizes the right of everyone “to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security …” Article 11.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to which Nigeria is a party, states that “the States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions”. We would also like to draw the attention of your Excellency’s Government to the provisions of article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which Nigeria is a party, that recognize “the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.” The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights commenting on the right to adequate housing in its General Comment No. 4, stressed that the right to housing should not be interpreted in a narrow or restrictive sense such as merely having a roof over one’s head; rather, it should be seen as the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity. With “due priority to those social groups living in unfavourable conditions,” 2 the right to housing includes guaranteeing: (a) legal security of tenure; (b) availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; (c) affordability; (d) habitability; (e) accessibility; (f) location; and (g) cultural adequacy. As stated in resolutions 1993/77 and 2004/28 of the Commission on Human Rights, forced evictions constitute gross violations of a wide range of internationally recognized human rights and mass evictions may only be carried out under exceptional circumstances and in full accordance with international human rights law. In its General Comment No. 7 on forced eviction, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights elaborated upon the procedural protection required under human rights law as follows: “15. Appropriate procedural protection and due process are essential aspects of all human rights but are especially pertinent in relation to a matter such as forced evictions which directly invokes a large number of the rights recognized in both the International Covenants on Human Rights. The Committee considers that the procedural protections which should be applied in relation to forced evictions include: (a) an opportunity for genuine consultation with those affected; (b) adequate and reasonable notice for all affected persons prior to the scheduled date of eviction; (c) information on the proposed evictions, and, where applicable, on the alternative purpose for which the land or housing is to be used, to be made available in reasonable time to all those affected; (d) especially where groups of people are involved, government officials or their representatives to be present during an eviction; (e) all persons carrying out the eviction to be properly identified; (f) evictions not to take place in particularly bad weather or at night unless the affected persons consent otherwise; (g) provision of legal remedies; and (h) provision, where possible, of legal aid to persons who are in need of it to seek redress from the courts. “16. Evictions should not result in individuals being rendered homeless or vulnerable to the violation of other human rights. Where those affected are unable to provide for themselves, the State party must take all appropriate measures, to the maximum of its available resources, to ensure that adequate alternative housing, resettlement or access to productive land, as the case may be, is available.” In view of this, we wish to recall the existence of the Basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement (contained in document A/HRC/4/18) that aim at assisting States in developing policies and legislations to prevent forced evictions at the domestic level. Your Excellency’s Government may find useful in the current circumstances the sections of the guidelines that focus on State obligations prior to, during and after evictions. The Committee has also noted that the obligation of each State party to devote the “maximum available resources” to ensure the “progressive realization” of all economic, social and cultural rights does not preclude from an obligation to ensuring the immediate satisfaction of, the very least, minimum essential levels of all economic, social and 3 cultural rights, including: basic shelter and housing, for all members of society (General Comment 3, para. 10). It is our responsibility, according to the respective mandates entrusted to us by the Human Rights Council, to clarify all allegations brought to our attention. We would therefore greatly appreciate detailed information from your Excellency’s Government concerning the above situations and about the measures taken by the competent authorities. We would in particular appreciate to receive information on the following points: 1. Are the facts alleged in the above summary of the case accurate? 2. Please indicate the reason and the legal basis for the evictions. 3. Did appropriate consultations take place with the persons affected by the eviction? If yes, please give specific details, dates and the outcome of said consultations, and the reasons why they were stopped, if relevant. 4. Was a formal eviction notice issued to the residents? If not, why not? 5. Were the affected persons (both landlords and tenants) offered compensation for the loss of their houses, belongings and livelihood? Please provide details of the compensation offered.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE POLITICS AMO ADMINISTRATION OF COhTUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA BY LAURENCE A.8. lYAGOA Submitbed for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow Duly 1976 ProQuest Number: 10647271 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uesL ProQuest 10647271 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Developing Buguma Town As a Secondary City in Rivers State Nigeria
    KIU Journal of Social Sciences KIU Journal of Social Sciences Copyright©2019 Kampala International University ISSN: 2413-9580; 5(2): 19–30 The Challenges of Developing Buguma Town as a Secondary City in Rivers State Nigeria VICTOR OWITUBO CHARLES, NALUBA GOODY NWIEKPIGI Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt Abstract. This study investigated the challenges Keywords: Challenges, Secondary, City, of developing Buguma as a secondary city in Developing. Rivers State. This study made use of public opinion survey research design with a sample 1. Introduction size of 200 respondents. Data was sourced from the research instrument known as developing 1.1 Background and Overview Buguma Secondary City Questionnaire (DBSCQ) designed along the Likert-type 4-point The philosophy underlying regional planning scale rating. Data was analyzed with both programmes is that the problems of urban and descriptive and inferential statistics. Simple rural areas are intricately connected and should percentage was used to analyze the descriptive be so solved within a regional framework and inferential statistics. Simple percentage was (Slatter 2012, World Bank, 2011). Similarly, used to analyze the socio-demographic global economic activities and population background of the respondents while mean and dynamics are increasingly concentrated in big standard deviation were used to analyze the cities and as a result, urban research has tended research questions. One way analysis of variance to focus on large metropolitan areas at the (ANOVA) was used to analyze the hypotheses. expense of secondary cities which have been a The results of the study revealed that majority of rediscovery of the city in academic discourse the respondents were male 108 (54%); were (Marais, Rooyen, Lenka and Cloete.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission of Inquiry To
    Commission of Inquiry to Investigate all the Politically Motivated Killings and Damage to Property in Rivers State Immediately Before, During and After the 2015 General Elections COMMISSION OF INQUIRY TO INVESTIGATE POLITICALLY MOTIVATED KILLINGS AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE 2015 GENERAL ELECTIONS IN RIVERS STATE FINAL REPORT MAY 21, 2015 1 Commission of Inquiry to Investigate all the Politically Motivated Killings and Damage to Property in Rivers State Immediately Before, During and After the 2015 General Elections 2 Commission of Inquiry to Investigate all the Politically Motivated Killings and Damage to Property in Rivers State Immediately Before, During and After the 2015 General Elections TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction: Establishment, Schedule & Working Methods 47 2. Scope of Work of the Inquiry: Immediate Causes 57 I. Temporal Scope: “Events Before, During and After the 57 2015 General Elections II. Substantive Scope: “Politically Motivated Violence” 64 3. Methodology: Bases for Findings 81 I. Summary of Incidents Reported to the Commission 82 of Inquiry II. Analysis of Violations by Electoral Cycle 88 4. Remote Causes 96 5. Laws Applicable to Political Violence 109 Summary of the Allegations and Petitions Received 118 6. Recommendations 141 3 Commission of Inquiry to Investigate all the Politically Motivated Killings and Damage to Property in Rivers State Immediately Before, During and After the 2015 General Elections GLOSSARY ACN Action Congress of Nigeria ANPP All Nigeria Peoples Party
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release | July 5, 2021
    Press Release | July 5, 2021 Julius Berger Completes more Roads in Rivers The Rivers State Government has during the week commissioned more projects successfully completed and delivered well ahead of schedule in the state by the country’s engineering construction leader and most reliable infrastructure development partner, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. The newly completed and commissioned road projects are William Jumbo Street, Ernest Ikoli Street, Eleme Street, Akasa Street and Obagi Street. Comprised within the Old Port Harcourt GRA, these roads are all well enabled with streetlights for beauty and nighttime security. Simultaneously, the Rivers State Government also gave Julius Berger the go ahead to commence the construction of two major infrastructural development projects. One of the new projects is the construction of Mgbuitanwo Road in Emohua Local Government Area. His Excellency, Senator Gabriel Suswam, former Executive Governor of Benue State was the guest of honor at the flag off ceremony. The other new project is the construction of the Rumuepirikom Flyover at Obio/Akpor Local Government Area. This flyover is statistically described as Flyover 9 by the Governor Wike administration in Rivers State. Both projects are part of the Urban Renewal Programme of the Governor Wike administration for which Julius Berger has been a dependable partner. The Executive Governor of Rivers State, His Excellency, Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, CON, fondly christened ‘Mr. Projects’ by the Rivers people, was present at the projects commissioning along with members of the State Executive Council, senior civil servants, traditional rulers, women and youths’ organizations as well as the management of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Soil Quality in Representative Pedons of the Sombreiro Warri Deltaic Plain of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
    International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science Vol. 3 No. 5 ISSN 2489-0081 2017 www.iiardpub.org Assessment of Soil Quality in Representative Pedons of the Sombreiro Warri Deltaic Plain of the Niger Delta, Nigeria Kamalu1* O. J., Udom1 B. E. & Omenihu2 A. A. 1Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Port Harcourt 2Soil Science Department, Abia State University Umudike-Umuahia Campus Abia State 1*[email protected] ABSTRACT Assessment of soil quality of the Ogba-Egbema area of the Sombreiro Warri Deltaic Plain was undertaken by morphological characterization and ranking of soil physical and chemical properties. A total of 80 genetic soil samples from 16 soil profiles and one hundred and twenty (120) random surface samples taken from farm plots along eight (8) transects in the area were studied. The ranking of the eight transects in a descending order was: Akabuka/Obite > Umuoru/Ndoni > Omoku/Egbegoro > Obagi/Ogbogu > Obiafu > Aggah/Egbema > Ebocha/Okwuzi > Omoku/Elele. From the results obtained the top three ranked transects: Akabuka/Obite, Umuoru/Ndoni and Omoku/Egbegoro were rated 59.0, 52.0 and 42.7% respectively of the various parameters qualifying for high fertility indices while the three transects with lowest quality (Aggah/Egbema, Ebocha/Okwuzi and Omoku/Elele) had only 28.8, 22.7 and 21.0% respectively of sample stations that qualified them for high soil quality status. Five soil properties: drainage, depth, total organic matter, soil colour and texture, were delineated as the minimum data set needed for soil quality determination in the area. Most of the fertility indices were below critical limits as expressed by low ECEC, low organic matter and low available P.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers Conflict Tracker June 2018
    Conflict Incident Monthly Tracker Rivers State: May - Ju ne 20 1 8 B a ck gro und land and poor amenities in their Ethno-nationalism: In May, many members communities in Tai LGA. The protesters of the Movement for the Actualization of the This monthly tracker is designed to update marched to the Rivers State Government Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) were Peace Agents on patterns and trends in House, calling on the Federal government to reportedly arrested by the police in Port conflict risk and violence, as identified by the rebuild their land that was destroyed over 24 Harcourt. The supporters of the movement Integrated Peace and Development Unit years ago. were celebrating the ‘National Day’ and 18th (IPDU) early warning system, and to seek Criminality and communal conflict were key year anniversary of the agitation for the feedback and input for response to mitigate drivers of violence affecting women and girls sovereign state of Biafra. areas of conflict. (VAWG) during the period. Others: In May, a jetty, boats and other Patterns and Trends Violence Affecting Women and Girls marine equipment worth billions of naira M arch -M ay 2 018 (VAWG): In April, gunmen ripped open the were destroyed by fire reportedly caused by womb of a teenager who was pregnant and illegal oil bunkering in Obio/Akpor LGA. According to Peace Map data (see Figure 1), took away the fetus in Emohua LGA. Separately, rainstorm destroyed several incidents reported during this period Separately, five persons including a pregnant property, including buildings, cars, and included communal tensions, gang/cult woman were reportedly killed during a clash electricity poles in Obio/Akpor LGA.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Esia) Report for the Proposed Bonny Deep Sea Port Project in Bonny Island
    DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT IN BONNY ISLAND, BONNY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT HEADQUARTERS MABUSHI, ABUJA DECEMBER, 2020 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL and social impact ASSESSMENT (esia) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT IN BONNY ISLAND, BONNY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE PREPARED BY ESCHOLES INTERGRATED SERVICES RESOURCES LIMITED NAME FUNCTION SIGNATURE 1st Reviewed by Dr. Eseoghene okereka 2nd reviewed Kelvin Olisameka by QA/QC L. A. MORAKINYO Compiled EZEH CHINENYE AYO LAWAL SOPHIA OGE STATUS 01 - DRAFT - December DRAFT ESIA REPORT OF THE PROPOSED BONNY DEEP SEA PORT PROJECT AT BONNY L.G.A, RIVERS STATE BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION TABLE OF CONTENT List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates List of Abbreviation and Acronyms ESIA preparers Acknowledgement Executive Summary CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information 1-1 1.2 Project Proponent 1-2 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA 1-3 1.4 Terms of Reference for the Study 1-4 1.5 Administrative and Legal Framework 1-6 1.5.1National Regulations 1-6 1.5.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Act 86 of 1992 1-8 1.5.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guidelines for 1-10 Infrastructures 1995 1.5.1.3 National Policy on Environment 2017 1-10 1.5.1.4 National Guidelines and Standard for Water Quality 1999 1-11 1.5.1.5National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems 1-11 (EMS) 1999
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    SFG2386 V4 Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) Draft Report For PUBLIC WORKS – Road Maintenance Public Disclosure Authorized (90 Lots) in Twenty-three Local Government Areas, Rivers State Public Disclosure Authorized By Public Disclosure Authorized Rivers State Employment and Expenditure for Results Project (SEEFOR), Ministry of Budget & Economic Planning Under the World Bank Assisted Project and European Union July, 2017 SEEFOR Intervention Works, Road Maintenance, Rivers State Table of Contents Content Page Title Cover i Table of Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Acronyms iv Executive Summary v CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Project Invention Locations 1 1.3 Description of Proposed Activities 1 1.4 Need for ESMP 2 1.5 Approaches for Preparing the ESMP 2 1.5.1 Literature Review 2 1.5.2 Field Visits 2 CHAPTER TWO: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Federal Policy/Legislation 3 2.2.1 National Policy on Environment 3 2.2.2 Federal EIA Act No. 86, 1992 3 2.3 Rivers State Environment Protection Law No. 2, 1994 3 2.4 World Bank Safeguards Policy Triggered by SEEFOR & the Proposed Project 3 CHAPTER THREE: Biophysical Environment 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Project Location 4 3.3 Geology and Ecological Zones 4 3.4 Climate and Rainfall 4 3.5 Waste and Waste Management 4 3.6 Air Quality and Noise Level 4 3.7 Population of the Intervention Areas 4 3.8 Economy and Source of Livelihood 4 3.9 Culture of the People ` 4 3.10 Social Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Institutionally Generated Crises and the Challenges of Economic Integration in South-South Nigeria
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 1, Ver. I (Jan. 2014), PP 19-27 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Institutionally Generated Crises and the Challenges of Economic Integration in South-South Nigeria Ebebe A. Ukpong1 & Moses U. Ikoh2 1. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 2. Department of Sociology, Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Abstract: In this paper we examined the challenges posed by institutionally generated crises on the economic integration plans initiated by the South-South geo-political zone of Nigeria. The overarching objective was to identify and provide a systematic analysis of the embedded crises, outline their consequential challenges and provide the public and policy-makers a guiding framework to redirect paradigms towards ending the crises. Using the theoretical lenses of the Cognitive Institutional Perspective (CIP) – a combination of Neo- institutional theory and Cognitive theory – we explore the several features and complexes that influence the actions and reactions of the South-South Governors to the NBC new boundary regime and the pronouncements of the Supreme Court on the several cases of redress and interpretation that were before it. In order to end the face-off generated by the crises, we asked and answered three related questions drawing largely from documentary and media publication evidences. After discussing the challenges, we offer recommendations towards ending the crises. These include mediation by the South-South leaders, mediation by the South-South traditional Rulers, and intensification of effort toward the realization of the South-South economic integration to spur growth in the South-South States, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Just Move Them' Forced Evictions in Port Harcourt, Nigeria Contents
    ‘just move them’ FORCED EVICTIONS IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA housing is a human right amnesty international is a global movement of 2.8 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the universal declaration of human rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. amnesty international publications first published in 2010 by amnesty international publications international secretariat peter Benenson house 1 easton street London Wc1X 0dW united Kingdom www.amnesty.org © amnesty international publications 2010 index: afr 44/017/2010 original language: english printed by amnesty international, international secretariat, united Kingdom all rights reserved. this publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. the copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. for copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. to request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : abonnema Wharf waterfront in port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria. the area has been named as the next to be demolished as part of the city’s redevelopment programme. thousands of residents are at risk of forced eviction as a result.
    [Show full text]
  • Election Wars in Nigeria: the Case of Rivers State
    Academic Journal of Current Research Vol.7, No.9; September-2020; ISSN (2343 – 403X); p –ISSN 3244 - 5621 Impact factor: 6.37 ELECTION WARS IN NIGERIA: THE CASE OF RIVERS STATE Sofiri Joab-Peterside Department of Sociology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Abstract: Elections are critical periods in Nigeria because they alter the power structure within a state, the Subnational and National levels where multiple actors seek to establish their claims to power. Rivers State is particularly noted as host spots for electoral violence and security breaches during elections. The perpetrators of violence are organized by a diverse group of interests and stakeholders with no constitutional provision or legislation legalizing their existence. However, because of their alignment with serving government officials either at federal or state level, are more formidable. Political candidates mobilize thugs to disrupt political meetings, intimidate, displace, and disenfranchise citizens suspected of being sympathetic to opponents. Under this circumstance, election becomes war because the aim of all actions in war is to disarm an enemy and remove his ability to resist, and victory in battle consists in nothing less than the physical and moral destruction of the enemy. If an organized resistance uses destructive techniques and are met with similar violent actions, then the confrontation may be conceived as warfare. Political parties must faithfully subscribe to rules and regulations intended to ensure free, fair and credible election.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception and Rating of the Environmental Quality of Bonny
    IJRES 8 (2021) 14-26 ISSN 2059-1977 Perception and rating of the environmental quality of doi.org/10.33500/ Bonny Ancient Town ijres.2021.08.002 Ogoro Mark1*, Furo-Vincent Evelyn2 and Dollah Osademe Chukwudi3 1Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2Institute of Natural Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 3Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Article History ABSTRACT Received 16 February, 2020 Urban environmental quality has a lot to do with city livability, quality of life and Received in revised form 11 sustainability. The well-being, health care and general condition of urban cities May, 2020 Accepted 14 May, 2020 have been of major concern in recent years. This work seeks evaluated and rated the environmental quality of Bonny Ancient Town. Questionnaire analysis was Keywords: employed to retrieve information on individual perception of the environment. The Environment, global positioning system was used to extract the X and Y coordinates of each Quality, household as sampled. Finding reveals that the region enjoys slightly too high Urban, environmental quality across locations on the eastern part of Bonny, and also Density. residential density influences the environmental quality as observed. It is therefore recommended that an extensive baseline studies should be conducted across Bonny local government area (LGA). And also a well-coordinated and Article Type: integrated environmental management practice should be put in place in order to Full Length Research Article curb area with noticed poor environmental qualities. ©2021 Blue Pen Journals Ltd.
    [Show full text]