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The Nothosaurs of the Southern German Lettenkeuper (Triassic

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The Nothosaurs of the Southern German Lettenkeuper (Triassic The Nothosaurs of the Southern German Lettenkeuper (Triassic, Late Ladinian) Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Dipl.- Geol. Juliane Katharina Mittag geb. Hinz aus Reutlingen Tübingen 2020 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 24.11.2020 Stellvertretender Dekan: Prof. Dr. József Fortágh 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. James Nebelsick 2. Berichterstatter: PD Dr. Ingmar Werneburg Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die zur Promotion eingereichte Arbeit mit dem Titel: The Nothosaurs of the Southern German Lettenkeuper (Triassic, Late Ladinian) selbständig verfasst, nur die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt und wörtlich oder inhaltlich übernommene Stellen (alternativ: Zitate) als solche gekennzeichnet habe. Ich erkläre, dass die Richtlinien zur Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis der Universität Tübingen (Beschluss des Senats vom 25.5.2000) beachtet wurden. Ich versichere an Eides statt, dass diese Angaben wahr sind und dass ich nichts verschwiegen habe. Mir ist bekannt, dass die falsche Abgabe einer Versicherung an Eides statt mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder mit Geldstrafe bestraft wird. "If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants" Isaac Newton, 1675 I dedicate this work to Prof. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner, who was always there for me. He was my supervisor, my mentor, and he will always be my inspiration for scientific curiosity, pursuit of knowledge, and beyond. Table of contents 1. Summary .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Summary in English ................................................................................................ 4 2. List of publications ...................................................................................................... 5 3. Own contribution ......................................................................................................... 6 4. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 5. Aim of this study ........................................................................................................12 6. A potential geographical origin of the Sauropterygia ..................................................14 6.1. Existing theories .....................................................................................................14 6.2. “Out of Russia” .......................................................................................................15 6.3. Materials and methods ...........................................................................................15 6.4. Results, discussion, and conclusions .....................................................................16 7. A new nothosaur (Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian of Vellberg-Eschenau, southern Germany ..............................................................................................................................20 7.1. The history of Vellberg-Eschenau ...........................................................................20 7.2. Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................21 7.3. Paleoecology ..........................................................................................................23 7.4. Materials and methods after HINZ ET AL. (2019) ......................................................24 7.5. Description .............................................................................................................25 7.6. Comparison ............................................................................................................29 7.6.1. General shape of the skull ...............................................................................30 7.6.2. Tooth counts ...................................................................................................31 7.6.3. The orbitonasal region .....................................................................................31 7.6.4. The postorbital bridge ......................................................................................31 7.6.5. The sagittal crest and the location of the parietal foramen ...............................32 7.6.6. The vomer .......................................................................................................33 7.6.7. The ectopterygoid and hyoid ...........................................................................33 7.7. Phylogeny ..............................................................................................................33 1 7.8. Discussion and conclusions ...................................................................................34 8. A Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia) skull from Kupferzell (Triassic, late Ladinian; SW Germany) .............................................................................................................................38 8.1. The history of Kupferzell .........................................................................................38 8.2. Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................38 8.3. Paleoecology ..........................................................................................................40 8.4. Materials and methods after (HINZ ET AL. 2020) ......................................................41 8.5. Description and comparison ...................................................................................41 8.5.1. Comparison with Nothosaurus edingerae ........................................................45 8.5.2. Comparison with Nothosaurus jagisteus..........................................................47 8.5.3. Comparison with Nothosaurus cristatus ..........................................................47 8.5.4. Comparison with Nothosaurus mirabilis...........................................................49 8.5.5. Comparison with Nothosaurus giganteus ........................................................53 8.6. Discussion and conclusion .....................................................................................57 9. Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................60 10. List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................61 11. List of figures and tables ............................................................................................63 12. References ................................................................................................................68 13. Appendix 1 – Published manuscript " A new nothosaur (Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian of Vellberg-Eschenau, southern Germany” ............................................................80 14. Appendix 2 Supplement of the published manuscript " A new nothosaur (Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian of Vellberg-Eschenau, southern Germany” .............................................111 14.1. Supplement 1. Measurements (in mm) of N. cristatus n. sp. ................................. 111 14.2. Supplement 2. Changes of the character codings with explanations. ................... 113 15. Appendix 3 – Codings for the phylogeny described in chapter 13 ............................ 122 16. Appendix 4 – A Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia) skull from Kupferzell (Triassic, late Ladinian; SW Germany) .....................................................................................................123 2 1. Summary 1.1. Zusammenfassung Die zu den heute ausgestorbenen Sauroptergygiern gehörende Ordnung der Nothosaurier bildete zusammen mit den Ichthyosauriern die Spitze der Nahrungskette triassischer mariner Ökosysteme. Mit Ausnahme zweier in Nordamerika gefundener Sauropterygier beschränkte sich die Verbreitung der Sauropterygier und der dazu gehörigen Ordnung der Nothosaurier im Speziellen auf den Tethysrand und das Germanische Becken, das während der Trias einen der Hauptlebensräume der Nothosaurier darstellte. Bisher wurde angenommen, dass die hauptsächliche Verbreitung von Nothosauriern im voll marinen Muschelkalk erfolgte und die Diversität dieser Tiergruppe im Lettenkeuper mit der zunehmenden Verlandung des Germanischen Beckens von Norden her nach und nach geringer wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden neue Nothosaurierfunde aus dem Lettenkeuper des Germanischen Beckens vorgestellt, die ein neues Licht auf die Diversität und zeitliche Verteilung der Nothosaurier in Süddeutschland werfen. Bei eigenen Grabungen im Lettenkeuper von Vellberg-Eschenau bei Schwäbisch Hall wurde im Jahr 2017 ein vollständig erhaltener Schädel einer neuen Nothosaurierart entdeckt. Im Zuge einer ausführlichen Publikation wurde der Fund als Nothosaurus cristatus neu beschrieben, gezeichnet und in einer eigenen phylogenetischen Analyse in den Stammbaum der Nothosaurier eingegliedert. Dieser Fund ist von großer Relevanz, da er zeigen konnte, dass die Diversität von Nothosauriern im Lettenkeuper
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