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Goh, Ee Von (2018) the Status of Fish in Malaysian Diets and Potential Barriers to Increasing Consumption of Farmed Species

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Goh, Ee Von (2018) the Status of Fish in Malaysian Diets and Potential Barriers to Increasing Consumption of Farmed Species THE STATUS OF FISH IN MALAYSIAN DIETS AND POTENTIAL BARRIERS TO INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF FARMED SPECIES Ee Von Goh Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i Dedications and Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………..ii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v List of Abbreviations.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Concept of Sustainable Diet for Human Health…………………………………………………………1 1.1.1 Indicators for Sustainable Consumption…………………………………………………………..3 1.2 The Importance of Fish in the Livelihood of Malaysian ……………………………………………………5 1.3 Fish Consumption Pattern in Malaysia………………………………............................................... 8 1.4 Fish Purchasing Behaviour of Malaysian…………………………………………………………………………. 9 1.5 Status of Malaysian Fishery Industry……………………………………………………………………………. 12 1.5.1 Marine Capture Fisheries……………………………………………………………………………… 12 1.5.2 Aquaculture……………………………………………………………………………………………………13 1.5.3 Post-Harvest Utilisation………………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.5.4 Assessing the Sustainability of Fishery Production……………………………………….. 15 1.5.5 The (Un)Sustainability of The Wild Fish Supply……………………………………………… 16 1.5.6 General Perceptions of Fish Farming and Farmed Fish……………………………………20 1.6 Stakeholders’ Roles in Fish Sustainability……………………………………………………………………… 23 1.7 Addressing Issues of Sustainability in the Aquaculture Sector………………………………………. 25 1.8 Thesis Outline………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Chapter 2: Research Methodology and Design 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 2.2 Research Problem and Approach…………………………………………………………………………………. 27 2.3 Research Questions and Operational Definitions…………………………………………………………. 30 2.4 Study Design………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31 2.4.1 (R1) What is the fish-eating habit in Malaysia?................................................. 31 2.4.1.1 Selecting Tool for Dietary Assessment…………………………………………… 33 2.4.1.1.1 Dietary (or Food) Records……………………………………………… 33 2.4.1.1.2 Dietary History (Burke Diet History)………………………………. 34 2.4.1.1.3 Twenty-four Hour Recall Method……………………………………35 2.4.1.1.4 Food Frequency Questionnaire……………………………………….35 2.4.1.2 Adaptation of the FFQ…………………………………………………………………… 37 2.4.1.3 Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires Measuring Fish Intake…39 2.4.2 (R2) Is Their Fish Consumption Habit Sustainable? ………………………………………..40 2.4.3 (R3) What are The Barriers and Opportunities for Expansion of The Aquaculture Market?..................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4 (R4) What is The Fish Purchasing Behaviour in Malaysia?................................ 43 2.4.5 (R5) What are The Public Perceptions of Farmed Fish?.................................... 45 2.5 Selection of the Study Area………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 2.6 Ethical Consideration……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 2.7 The Layout of the Thesis………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 Chapter 3: The Nutrition and Health Transition in Malaysia 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51 3.2 Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51 3.2.1 Demographics and Socio-economic Data……………………………………………………… 51 3.2.2 Food and Health Data…………………………………………………………………………………… 52 3.2.2.1 Food Balance Sheets (FBS) – 1980 to 2013……………………………………. 52 3.2.2.2 Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) - 2003 & 2014……………… 53 3.2.2.3 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) – 1986 to 2015…….. 54 3.3 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55 3.3.1 Demographic Transition……………………………………………………………………………….. 55 3.3.2 Economic and Social Transition…………………………………………………………………….. 55 3.3.3 Food Consumption Changes…………………………………………………………………………. 58 3.3.4 Household Food Insecurity in Malaysia…………………………………………………………. 64 3.3.5 Changes in Nutrient Intake…………………………………………………………………………... 65 3.3.6 Prevalence of Selected NCD and NCD Risk Factors………………………………………… 66 3.3.6.1 Prevalence of Diabetes…………………………………………………………………. 67 3.3.6.2 Prevalence of Hypertension……………………………………………………………68 3.3.6.3 Hypercholesterolemia…………………………………………………………………….68 3.3.7 Malnutrition…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69 3.3.8 Causes of Death……………………………………………………………………………………………. 70 3.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71 3.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74 Chapter 3: Malaysian Fish Consumption Habits and Its Sustainability 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75 4.2 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 4.2.1 Study Design…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 4.2.2 Study Subjects………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 4.2.3 Development Process of the FFQ………………………………………………………………….. 77 4.2.4 Validation of FFQ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78 4.2.5 Misreporting of Energy and Nutrient Intake…………………………………………………. 78 4.2.5.1 Determinants of Misreporting………………………………………………………. 79 4.2.5.2 Methods Used to Identify Mis-reporters ………………………………………. 79 4.2.5.3 Reporting of Data in Consideration of Mis-reporters………………………80 4.2.6 FFQ Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81 4.2.7 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………… 82 4.3 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82 4.3.1 Subjects Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………….. 82 4.3.2 Energy Intake……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86 4.3.3 Macronutrients Intake………………………………………………………………………………….. 88 4.3.3.1 Carbohydrates Intake…………………………………………….......................... 88 4.3.3.2 Protein Intake……………………………………………………………………………….. 89 4.3.3.3 Fat Intake……………………………………………………………………………………… 94 4.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95 4.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99 Chapter 5: Opportunities and Barriers to the Expansion of the Aquaculture Industry 5.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….101 5.2 Methods ………………………………………………………………………….. 103 5.2.1 Questionnaire for Wholesalers …………………………………………... 103 5.2.2 Questionnaire for Aquaculturists ………………………………………… 104 5.2.3 Administration and Analysis of the Questionnaire ………………………... 104 5.3 Results ……………………………………………………………………………. 106 5.3.1 Wholesalers’ Profile ……………………………………………………... 106 5.3.1.2 Best Selling Seafood Species …………………………………… 106 5.3.1.3 Purchasing Channel …………………………………………… 107 5.3.1.4 Barriers and Opportunities of Market Expansion ……………….. 108 5.3.1.5 Wholesalers’ Perceived End-Users’ Attitude about Aquaculture Products ……………………………………………………… 109 5.3.2 Aquaculturists’ Profile …………………………………………………… 111 5.3.2.1 Farmed Seafood Species ……………………………………….111 5.3.2.2 Distribution Channels of Farmed Fishes ………………………… 111 5.3.2.3 Aquaculturists’ Perceived Barriers and Opportunities of Market Expansion …………………………………………………….. 112 5.3.2.4 Aquaculturists’ Perceived End-Users’ Attitude about Aquaculture Products ……………………………………………………… 114 5.4 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………… 115 5.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………... 118 Chapter 6: Fish Purchasing Behaviours: Perception of Farmed Fish versus Scientific Evidence 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….119 6.2 Methods ………………………………………………………………………….. 120 6.2.1 Study Subjects …………………………………………………………... 120 6.2.2 Study Design …………………………………………………………….120 6.2.3 Development of Questionnaire ………………………………………….. 122 6.2.4 Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………….125 6.3 Results …………………………………………………………………………….126 6.3.1 Frequency of Total Fish Consumption …………………………………….126 6.3.2 Preferences and Prevalence of Farmed Fish Consumption ………………... 126 6.3.3 Determinants at Point of Purchase ……………………………………….127 6.3.4 Potential Factors and Barriers Influencing Decision to Buy Fish …………… 128 6.3.5 Objective and Subjective Knowledge about Fish………………………….. 132 6.3.6 General Perceptions of Farmed versus Wild Fish ………………………….132 6.3.6.1 Taste and Texture ……………………………………………... 133 6.3.6.2 Quality and Freshness ………………………………………….134 6.3.6.3 Availability and Price Stability ………………………………….. 135 6.3.6.4 Health Benefits and Contaminant Content ……………………... 135 6.3.6.5 Consumers’ Appreciation ……………………………………… 136 6.4 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………… 137 6.4.1 “Farmed fishes are not as fresh as the wild ones” ………………………... 138 6.4.2 “The texture of farmed fishes is poorer than the wild ones” ………………141 6.4.3 “Farmed fishes have poorer flavour and odour than the wild ones” ……….143 6.4.4 “Farmed fishes are less nutritious compared to the wild ones” …………... 146 6.4.5 “The level of contaminants is higher in farmed than wild fishes” ………….152 6.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………... 156 Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion 7.1 Main Findings …………………………………………………………………….. 158 7.2 Revisiting Research Problem: Is farmed fish capable of replacing wild-caught fish in the Malaysian diet? …………………………………………………………………... 163 7.3 Implications and Perspectives for Stakeholders …………………………………….164 7.3.1 Improving the Monitoring and Surveillance of Fisheries Activities ………… 164 7.3.2 Reducing Reliance on Fish Meal as Fish Feed ……………………………... 165 7.3.3 Establishing Sustainable Dietary Guidelines ……………………………….166 7.3.4 Relationship to Previous and Future Research ………………………….... 168 References Appendix Appendix A – 24-hour Diet Recall Form Appendix B – 24-hour Dietary Recall Instruction Appendix
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