GRAND TETON TSlational Tark WARNING

This park, mostly wilderness, is the home of many wild animals, which roam it unmolested. Though they may seem tame, they are not! Some have been known to attack visitors without apparent provocation and have caused serious injury. Watch them at a safe distance; when driving, do not stop unless you can pull off the road; and stay in your car. For your safety, we must enforce the regulation which prohibits feeding or molesting these wild animals. Campers, and those who frequent roads and trails on foot, should exercise constant care to avoid attacks and injuries. NATIONAL PARK

Historic Events 1872 Disputed ascent of Grand Teton by Langford and Stevenson. 1807-8 Discovery of the Tetons by William H.Jackson, with Hay- John Colter. den geological survey party, RAND TETON NATIONAL PARK in­ Teton rises to 13,766 feet and towers more 1811 The West-bound Astorians took first photographs of the cludes the most scenic portion than 7,000 feet above the floor of Jackson crossed Teton Pass. Tetons. G of the majestic Teton Mountain Hole. 1818 Canadian fur traders under Don­ 1877 Hayden survey party of Orestes Range and the northern portion of Jack­ The Snake River, flowing south from ald McKenzie ascended Snake St. John made geological studies River to its headwaters. in the Tetons. son Hole, a high mountain valley famous Yellowstone National Park, widens into , 14 miles long. Below the 1824 American trappers under Jede- 1879 painted the for its associations with early western his­ diah Smith reached Jackson . tory. Through congressional action in lake, the swift river bisects and cuts ever Hole. 1884 The first settlers entered Jackson 1950 the greater portion of the former deeper into the glacial outwash plain of 1825-40 Zenith of the fur trade in Hole. Jackson Hole National Monument was the Ice Age. North of this upland valley Jackson Hole and the Rocky 1897 Teton Forest Reserve estab­ added to the park. The portions not so lie the high plateaus of Yellowstone Na­ Mountain Region. lished. added were included in the National Elk tional Park; on the east and south are the 1829 William Sublette named "Jack­ highlands and the Gros son's Hole" after his partner in 1898 The Owen Spalding party made Refuge and the Teton National Forest. the fur trade, David E. Jackson. an ascent of the Grand Teton. The enlarged park contains approxi­ Ventre Mountains. Emma Matilda and 1832 Rendezvous of fur trappers in 1929 Grand Teton National Park mately 300,000 acres of Federal lands. Two Ocean, two lovely mountain lakes, Pierre's Hole. Battle of Pierre's established and dedicated. The park is a part of the National Park lie north of the Snake and it's tributary, Hole. 1943 Jackson Hole National Monu­ System owned by the people of the United Buffalo Fork. ment established. 1842 Alleged attempt to climb the States and administered for them by the Together the Teton Mountains and Grand Teton by Michaud. 1950 Grand Teton National Park National Park Service of the Department Jackson Hole form a landscape of match­ 1860 Jim Bridger guided Capt. W. F. enlarged by the addition of of the Interior. less grandeur and majesty unlike any Raynolds' expedition through most of Jackson Hole National Teton country. Monument. The great array of peaks which consti­ other in America. tute the scenic climax of Grand Teton National Park is one of the noblest in the History of the Region world. Southwest of Jenny Lake, which UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE is in the central portion of the park, is a The Tetons are remarkably rich in culminating group of lofty peaks whose historic traditions. The Grand Teton INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary dominating feature is the Grand Teton. itself has been referred to by an eminent Much of the mountainous area of the historian as "the most noted historic NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Conrad L. Wirth, Director park is above timber line; the Grand summit of the West." 3 Up to 1800, Indians held undisputed period of the great migrations to Ore­ sway over the country dominated by the gon, California, and Utah in the 1840's Three Tetons. Jackson Hole was liter­ and 1850's via South Pass, the Jackson ally a happy hunting ground, and, while Hole country was largely deserted. the severe winters precluded permanent There were brief flurries of interest in habitation, during the milder seasons, i860, when Jim Bridger guided the Ray- bands of Indians frequently came across nolds' expedition through Jackson Hole, the passes into the basins on warring or and in 1863, when Montana prospectors hunting expeditions. searched the gravel bars of Snake River The Tetons probably first became for gold. known to white men in 1807-8, when In the period from 1872 to 1880 sev­ the intrepid John Colter, originally a eral Government expeditions explored member of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ the valley and named most of the geo­ dition, explored the region for the fur logical features of the surrounding coun­ trader, Manuel Lisa. On his return trip try. Thomas Moran, the famous artist, he became the discoverer of the geyser and William H. Jackson, the "Pioneer and hot-spring area of what is now Yel­ Photographer," painted and photo­ lowstone National Park. graphed the Tetons during some of these The Astorians, the first Americans to expeditions. go overland after Lewis and Clark, The first settlers came to Jackson Hole passed through Jackson Hole in 1811 in 1884, and began building homes at and crossed the Tetons on their way to what later became the villages of Jack­ the mouth of the Columbia. son, Moran, and Wilson. During these The decades that followed are fre­ days of early settlement Jackson Hole quently referred to as the "Fur Trade acquired a reputation as the hideout of Era," for then Jackson Hole was a ver­ many of the outlaws of the West. No itable crossroads of the Rocky Mountain doubt some did use this secluded valley fur trade and the scene of intensive ex­ as a hideaway, but undoubtedly these ploration and trapping activities by both stories were exaggerated,' as Jackson British and American fur interests. Ex­ Hole sometimes is confused with the plorations by such "mountain men" as "Hole in " and other known sanctuaries of Wyoming "bad men." Robert Stuart, Jedediah Smith, Jim Bridger, and Kit Carson helped to in­ sure the acquisition of "Oregon Terri­ Sculpture of the Landscape tory" for the United States. The picturesque name of "Jackson Geologists regard the Teton Range as Hole" for this high mountain valley one of the most impressive known ranges dates back to 1829, when Capt. William of the "fault block" type. Ages ago, Sublette named it for his fellow trapper along a great break in the earth's crust and partner, David E. Jackson, when he (the "Teton Fault") a gigantic block was found him in camp on the shore of "Jack­ uplifted and given a westward slant. son's Lake" after the Wind River ren­ Long-continued sculpturing of this tilted dezvous of 1829. fault block by many natural agencies— The Rocky Mountain fur trade de­ frost, streams, avalanches of rock and —UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD PHOTO clined sharply after 1839, and during the snow, and glaciers—has produced the Mount Teewinot as seen from the Jenny Lake Museum.

4 5 notable scenic features of the Teton Range A fuller account of the geologic fea­ as we now see it. tures is given on the reverse side of the Streams on the east slope, having topographic map of Grand Teton Na­ steeper gradients and therefore more tional Park, for sale at the museum. rapid flow than the other streams, cut spectacular canyons on this side of the Wildlife range. As these streams have worked back into the giant block, they have The Jackson Hole country, long fa­ caused the divide to migrate westward, mous for its big game, is the home of one diverting more and more drainage to the of the world's largest elk herds. The elk, east and leaving the great peaks standing or wapiti, have been the most important like monuments on the ever-widening big-game animals in Jackson Hole since east slope. the occupancy of white men. In the East of the Teton Fault, in the Jackson spring they leave the low country of the Hole area, another great earth block lies park and the National Elk Refuge, near the town of Jackson, and move toward deeply buried beneath debris brought A part of the Jackson Hole Elk herd. down into the basin by mountain streams the highlands surrounding the valley. and glaciers. Changes wrought by the When snowfall comes in the high coun­ great glaciers of the Ice Age have given try the elk return to the refuge, which have constituted a plant-migration bar­ The Interpretive Program the region much of its distinctive char­ is administered by the Fish and Wildlife rier which many forms could not cross; acter. Glacial erosion is strikingly evi­ Service of the Department of the Interior. hence the range limit of a number of The park museum is located at Jenny dent in the sharply chiselled peaks, the Shiras moose, the most commonly seen species is found here. Representatives Lake, the focal point for all naturalist U-shaped canyons and the profound ba­ big game animal, is frequently observed from north, south, east, and west are in activities. In it are housed exhibits per­ sins ("cirques") at their heads, and the in the smaller ponds and marshy mead­ the region, this being the limit, in many taining to history, geology, fauna, and numerous little alpine tarns (lakelets ows. The moose, largest member of the instances, of their distribution. There flora of the Teton-Jackson Hole country. occupying ice-gouged basins). The ir­ deer family, is not as wary as other deer. are a number of plants typical of the The collection devoted to mountaineer­ regular wooded ridges of Jackson Hole, Mule deer are increasing in the park and central Rockies and a few known only ing is in many respects unique. Adja­ on the other hand, are due to glacial de­ environs, and, though quite shy, are to this range. Four life zones are recog­ cent to the museum is an open-air amphi­ position, being composed of bouldery nized within the park, all occurring often seen along the trails by hikers and theater, where campfire talks on geology, debris heaped up by the ice. Some of horseback riders. within a distance of less than 15 miles. wildlife, and other subjects relating to these moraines form the dams which en­ Small herds of bighorn, or Rocky The flowering period begins in the the park are given every evening during close the beautiful lakes at the foot of Mountain sheep, range in isolated sec­ park as soon as the ridges and flats are the summer season. Nature walks, auto the Teton Range—Phelps, Taggart, tions of the park, and bears may be found free of snow in May, and it continues caravans, and all-day hikes are conducted Bradley, Jenny, Leigh, and Jackson in the mountains and canyons. until about August 15 in the Arctic- Lakes. The broad terraced plains of by members of the naturalist division. Beavers, martens, minks, weasels, coy­ Alpine Zone. Hence, plants of at least Jackson Hole are for the most part great An information desk is maintained at otes, marmots, conies, and rabbits in­ one zone and usually of several may be sheets of gravel spread out on the valley the museum, and rangers are there at habit the park, and ground squirrels and seen blooming at any time in the spring floor by the glacial streams of the Ice all hours of the day to answer inquiries. chipmunks are numerous. More than or summer. Age. These services are available during the ioo species of birds may be identified by The evergreen trees (of which the summer season only, but information Small glaciers still found among the the careful observer. lodgepole pine, limber pine, whitebark may be obtained at park headquarters Teton Peaks are now believed to be pine, Englemann spruce, and alpine fir throughout the year. youthful ice bodies only a few thousand are most common) form an appropriate Trees and Plants The naturalists and rangers are always years old, rather than the dwindling frame for the majestic Teton peaks and are reflected in the lakes which they en­ glad to assist visitors in making the most remnants of great glaciers of the Ice Age, In several respects the flora of the Te- circle. of their visit to the park. as was formerly thought. tons is unique. The high mountains 6 7 oo

VO to connect with the a junction with the trail from the south Cascade Canyon Trail by way of Lake fork of Cascade Canyon. The former Solitude, near the head of the north fork trail along the east face of the wall has of Cascade Canyon. been destroyed by rock slides and IS The Cascade Canyon Trail passes NO LONGER SAFE FOR ANY through a chasm whose walls rise sheer TRAVEL. on either side for thousands of feet. By While trails are traversable during the this trail one penetrates into the deepest greater part of the summer, some of them recesses of the Tetons, skirting the bases may be blocked by snow at the beginning of several tall peaks. The north fork of of the season. Those visitors expecting Cascade Canyon Trail leads to Lake Soli­ to use the trails early in the summer tude and the south fork leads to the Lime­ should inquire at park headquarters or stone Wall and Alaska Basin. at the Jenny Lake Museum for informa­ The Death Canyon Trail traverses tion regarding their condition. the full length of a canyon which in its lower portion is of profound depth and Mountain Climbing grandeur, as awesome as its name. It emerges above into broad sunny mead­ Persons inexperienced in mountain ows. The trail up the north fork of climbing are requested to obtain the Death Canyon leads to Alaska Basin and services of a mountain-climbing guide,

—COPYRIGHT. CRANDALL Church of the Transfiguration at Moose. The Jenny Lake Museum-—Public Information Center.

What To Do While in the Park in the newly acquired portions of the park will be developed. The more than There are numerous recreational activ­ 130 miles of trails that now exist in the ities in which the visitor may participate, park are described below. and the park roads afford many vantage The Lakes Trail runs parallel to the points from which to enjoy the magnifi­ mountains, following closely the base of cence of the Teton Range and the valley the range and skirting the shore of each of Jackson Hole. Side roads lead to im­ large body of water from at portant points of interest, such as the the north to Phelps Lake at the south. Snake River, Two Ocean Lake, Signal Trails completely encircle Leigh, String, Mountain, Hedrick's Point, Saw Mill and Jenny Lakes. Ponds, Gros Ventre Slide, and many The Teton Glacier Trail extends up others. the east slope of the Grand Teton to Sur­ prise and Amphitheater Lakes, unfold­ Trails ing matchless panoramas of the sur­ rounding country. Amphitheater Lake Although the trail system of Grand is the starting point for the climb to the Teton National Park is not completed, Teton Glacier. numerous trails and side roads are main­ The Indian Paintbrush Canyon tained for the visitor. Additional trails Trail starts near the outlet of Leigh Lake are planned, and existing secondary trails and follows up the bottom of the Indian

10 II or attempt climbs only when accom­ The park waters are stocked through Jackson Hole. This highway to Yellow­ months. The park may be reached from panied by experienced climbers. Since the cooperation of the United States Fish stone National Park is not kept open the south by buses of the Burlington Transportation Co. from Rock Springs, 1931, authorized non-Government guide and Wildlife Service and the Game and •during the winter months and generally also on the Union Pacific, to Jackson, service has been available in the park. In Fish Department of Wyoming. is not opened in the spring until the last week in May. Wyo., thence by Grand Teton Lodge & view of the difficulties one encounters on By Railroad and Bus—The nearest Transportation Co. to Jenny Lake and the Teton peaks and the hazards they Boating rail terminal is at Victor, Idaho, on the Moran. Write to Grand Teton Lodge present, all prospective climbers are urged Union Pacific Railroad. Regular bus & Transportation Co., Moran, Wyo., for to make use of the guide service. If ven­ Boats are available on Jackson and service is maintained between Victor and rates and schedules. turing out unguided, climbers should Jenny Lakes. Speed launches are pro­ the park by the Grand Teton Lodge & By Airplane—During the summer, consult rangers or guides for full infor­ vided for scenic trips on these lakes. Transportation Co. during the summer Western Air Lines provides passenger, mation relating to routes and equipment. Rowboats, and boats with outboard mo­ Failure to heed this caution has led to tors, may be rented for fishing or for accidents and even fatalities. Climbing pleasure trips. parties are required, under all circum­ Persons bringing their own boats are stances, to report at either park head­ required to register them with the Na­ Grand Teton from a high mountain slope. quarters or Jenny Lake Museum before tional Park Service and to obtain a permit -COPYRIGHT. CRANDALL before placing them on the waters of the and after each expedition, whether guided park. or unguided. CLIMBING ALONE, WITHOUT A COMPANION, IS NOT PERMITTED. How To Reach the Park The climbing season varies with the By Automobile—Grand Teton Na­ weather and the amount of snow in the tional Park may be reached from the range; it is at its best during July, Au­ east via United States Highway Nos. 287 gust, and early September. In most cases and 26 by way of Togwotee Pass over it is advisable to allow 2 days for an the ; from the south ascent of Grand Teton, , or and 1 day for other over United States Highways Nos. 187 major peaks. Jenny Lake Campground and 189 using the Hoback Canyon route; is the logical outfitting point for most from the southwest via the Grand Can­ expeditions. The majority of ascents re­ yon of the Snake River or United States quire ice axes, rope, and hobbed boots, Highway No. 89 or from the west over or climbing shoes. Guided parties may Teton Pass using Wyoming Highway arrange to rent equipment from the No. 22 and Idaho Highway No. 33 from guide. the junction with United States Highway No. 191 near Sugar City, Idaho. All of the above-named highways are kept open Fishing throughout the year. Grand Teton National Park offers Entrance to the region from the north good opportunities for fishing. Fish may is through Yellowstone National Park, be taken with artificial lure during most via its south entrance, using United of the summer and autumn. The lake States Highway No. 89 along the Snake or mackinaw trout in Jackson and Jenny River and Jackson Lake shore to its junc­ Lakes can best be caught with heavy tion with United States Highways Nos. tackle by means of trolling. 187, 287, and 26 near Moran, Wyo., in

12 H What to Wear ties to the summits of the major peaks. He gives instructions in mountain climb­ Even during the summer months per­ ing at frequent intervals during the sons planning to camp in the park climbing season. should provide themselves with camping Information concerning rates for all equipment suitable for freezing tempera­ climbs may be obtained from the super­ tures. For trips into the mountains, vis­ intendent of the park or from the moun­ itors are advised to wear good hiking tain-climbing guide. shoes and to take clothing suitable for Winter and early spring skiing is pos­ extreme changes of temperature. Sud­ sible in the park, and skiing guides, ski den showers or snowstorms often occur, equipment, and instructions in skiing especially during June and early July. are available at Jackson, Wyo. Saddle Horses—The park saddle Accommodations horse concessioner maintains an excel­ lent string of saddle and pack horses, and Miscellaneous Services with good equipment for short or long Overnight accommodations are sup­ trips. Saddle horses may be rented with­ plied by the several ranches, dude out guides, but only to ride over well- ranches, and lodges in the park and at defined trails in designated areas. the town of Jackson. Meals are served Photographs — Up - to - date picture at most of these establishments. A com­ shops are maintained at Jenny Lake and plete list of accommodations may be ob­ Moran. Photographs of the surrounding tained by writing to the superintendent country, enlargements, paintings, mov­ of the park. ing pictures, and souvenir post cards are Well-developed campgrounds are sold. Laboratories are maintained for available at Jenny, String, and Jackson developing, printing, and enlarging. Lakes. These campgrounds are sup­ The latest rates for these services, ap­ plied with running water, sanitary facil­ proved by the Director of the National ities, cooking grates, and tables. Park Service, are on file with the super­ View of Mount Moran from the east shore of heigh hake. There are also camping sites away intendent and the park concessioners. from the main campgrounds suitable for overnight stops for hikers or pack out­ Administration mail, and express service to Grand Teton schedule of activities is carried on by the fits. Large organized groups are advised National Park at an airport located about naturalist staff of the park and food and to make advance arrangements for camp The superintendent is the representa­ 9 miles north of Jackson, Wyo., and 8 lodging are available in or near the park. sites before coming to the park. tive of the National Park Service in im­ miles south of park headquarters. Con­ During the remainder of the year accom­ The supply of firewood for campfires mediate charge of the park, with offices nections are made at Salt Lake City with modations are limited chiefly to those is very limited and campers should bring at park headquarters. All communica­ United Air Lines main transcontinental provided in the town of Jackson, a few kerosene or gasoline stoves for cooking tions regarding the park should be ad­ line, and at Butte, Helena, and Great miles south of the park. in the campgrounds. Campfire permits dressed to the Superintendent, Grand Falls, Mont., with Northwest Airlines. The four major highways leading to are required for fires to be built in any Teton National Park, Moose, Wyo. the park are kept open during the winter place other than the regularly designated Rangers and ranger naturalists are sta­ campgrounds. The Park Season months and visitors can enjoy the scenic tioned at various locations in the park to wonders of the Teton Range in its winter Guide Service—At Jenny Lake there assist in the protection of the area and The season extends from June 15 to setting and participate in the winter is an authorized official mountain-climb­ to help visitors to enjoy the park and September 15. During that time a full sports for which Jackson Hole is famous. ing guide who will guide climbing par­ understand its natural phenomena.

14 15 Help Us Protect This Park ing to fish in any of the park waters. Fishing in any way other than with hook National parks are established "to con­ and line, and with the rod or line held serve the scenery and the natural and in hand, is prohibited. A STATE historic objects and the wildlife therein FISHING LICENSE IS REQUIRED. and to provide for the enjoyment of the Hunting—Public hunting within the same in such manner and by such means park boundaries is not permitted and as will leave them unimpaired for the the use of firearms while in the park is enjoyment of future generations." prohibited except upon written orders or Please cooperate with us in maintain­ permission from the superintendent. ing and protecting this park. The fol­ Boating—Boating permits, which are lowing observations are made for your required for boats placed on the waters guidance: of the park may be obtained at any ranger Preservation of Natural Features station. and Public Buildings—Trees, flowers, Mountain Climbing—All mountain vegetation, rocks, minerals, animals, or climbers must register at the ranger sta­ birds may not be disturbed, injured, or tions before starting to ascend any peak destroyed, and buildings, signs, or equip­ and must report their return from each ment may not be defaced or destroyed. climbing expedition. SOLO CLIMBS No material of any kind may be taken ARE NOT PERMITTED. from the park without a written per­ Automobiles—Drive carefully at all mit from the superintendent. times. Speed limits are posted; these Bears and Deer—Feeding, touching, vary for different sections of the park. teasing, or molesting bears and deer is All accidents should be reported at the prohibited. Any close approach to them nearest ranger station. Fees for automo­ is dangerous. biles, trailers, and motorcycles are col­ Camping—Camps should be kept lected at the park entrances. All fees are clean, rubbish and garbage burned, and deposited in the United States Treasury refuse placed in cans provided for this and are not available for expenditure in purpose. CAMPFIRE PERMITS ARE the park. Congressional appropriations REQUIRED for building campfires in are the only source of funds for admin­ areas outside designated campgrounds. istration and development. Fires—Be careful with fires at all times. Dogs and Cats—Dogs and cats may Make sure your campfire is completely be taken into the park, but must be kept out before leaving it. Srribking and the on leash, crated, or otherwise under phys­ building of fires may be prohibited when ical restrictive control while within park hazard makes such action necessary. boundaries. ALL KINDS OF FIREWORKS ARE Penalties—The penalty, upon convic­ PROHIBITED. tion, for violations of the rules and regu­ Fishing—Fishing regulations are sub­ lations may be a fine not exceeding $500, ject to change from year to year and the or imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, limit for a day's catch may vary. Learn or both, together with all costs of the the limit and the regulations before start­ proceedings.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $3.75 per 100 copies

Reprint 1952 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1952 O—974703