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Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2012 Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team

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Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2012 Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2012 Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team IGBST photo Data contained in this report are preliminary and subject to change. Please obtain permission prior to citation. To give credit to authors, please cite the section within this report as a chapter in a book. Below is an example: Cain, S. 2013. Grand Teton National Park recreational use. Page 48 in F.T. van Manen, M.A. Haroldson, and K. West, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2012. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA. Cover photo: Grizzly bear at trap site, 23 October 2012. IGBST photo. YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEAR INVESTIGATIONS Annual Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team 2012 U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Game and Fish Department National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks U.S. Forest Service Idaho Department of Fish and Game Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribal Fish and Game Department Edited by Frank T. van Manen, Mark A. Haroldson, and Karrie West U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 2013 Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 This Report ............................................................................................................................................. 1 History and Purpose of the IGBST ........................................................................................................ 3 Previous Research .................................................................................................................................. 3 Bear Monitoring and Population Trend ............................................................................................................. 5 Marked Animals ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Estimating Number of Females with Cubs-of-the-Year......................................................................... 11 Occupancy of Bear Management Units by Females with Young .......................................................... 19 Observation Flights ................................................................................................................................ 20 Telemetry Relocation Flights ................................................................................................................. 23 Estimating Sustainability of Annual Grizzly Bear Mortalities .............................................................. 24 Key Foods Monitoring ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Spring Ungulate Availability and Use by Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone National Park ........................ 31 Spawning Cutthroat Trout ...................................................................................................................... 35 Grizzly Bear Use of Insect Aggregation Sites Documented from Aerial Telemetry and Observations .................................................................................................................................... 39 Whitebark Pine Cone Production ........................................................................................................... 43 Use of Diminished Whitebark Pine Resources by Adult Female Grizzly Bears in Togwotee Pass, Spread Creek, and Mount Leidy in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming, 2012 ............ 45 Habitat Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Grand Teton National Park Recreational Use ........................................................................................ 48 Yellowstone National Park Recreational Use ........................................................................................ 49 Trends in Elk Hunter Numbers within the Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone Plus the 10-mile Perimeter Area ............................................................................................................ 51 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem............................................................. 52 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts inGrand Teton National Park .............................................................. 52 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts inYellowstone National Park ............................................................... 53 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in Idaho ................................................................................................ 56 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in Montana ........................................................................................... 57 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts inWyoming .......................................................................................... 60 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts on theWind River Reservation ............................................................ 62 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................................. 63 Appendix A: 2012 Grizzly Bear Annual Habitat Monitoring Report ...................................................... 70 Appendix B: Monitoring Whitebark Pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecoregion: 2012 Annual Report Summary ........................................................................................................................... 93 criteria to identify unique females with COY, this Introduction estimate tends to be biased low, and this bias increases as the number of females with COY increases (Frank T. van Manen and Mark A. Haroldson, (Schwartz et al. 2008). The consequence of this Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team) negative bias is that we underestimate population size. The consensus among workshop participants was that This Report a population estimation technique used for monitoring should be unbiased. Participants also agreed that This Annual Report summarizes results of any new technique should allow IGBST to backcast grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) monitoring and research population estimates to discern population trends conducted in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem over the past 10–15 years and to allow comparison (GYE) by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team with current estimation protocols. The mark-resight (IGBST) during 2012. The report also contains technique met these criteria because it is based on 2 a summary of nuisance grizzly bear management standardized, annual observation flights that have been actions, whitebark pine monitoring, and grizzly bear conducted since 1997. More importantly, the estimate habitat monitoring. for the number of females with COY is approximately This year we completed investigations that unbiased, thus addressing an important concern started in 2010 to (1) revise current protocols for identified previously by IGBST. However, precision estimating population size of the GYE grizzly bear of the annual estimates is relatively low because only population, (2) reevaluate current mortality limits as a relatively small number of radio-marked females necessary based on updated demographic analyses, with COY are available, and an even smaller number and (3) evaluate zoning the ecosystem for mortality are counted during observation flights. Adding limits given the expanding population. Three observations of radio-marked females with yearlings workshops were held by IGBST (Feb 2011, Jul should improve precision. Existing data will allow 2011, and Feb 2012), with participation of all IGBST IGBST to investigate this extension to the current partners as well as quantitative ecologists from around method within the coming year. We provide more the country with expertise in demographic analyses details in the section “Estimating Number of Females of bear populations. A final report was published with Cubs-of the-Year.“ A manuscript detailing these in September 2012 detailing the primary findings findings (coauthored by Megan Higgs, William Link, of these workshops (http://nrmsc.usgs.gov/files/ Gary White, Mark Haroldson, and Dan Bjornlie) norock/IGBST/GYEGBMonMortWksRpt2012(2). has been accepted for publication in the Journal of pdf). In response to recommendations made in the Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics report, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and should be available summer 2013. prepared a Draft Revised Supplement to the Grizzly The grizzly bear was removed from protection Bear Recovery Plan in the Greater Yellowstone under the Endangered Species Act on 30 April 2007 Area (http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/ (USFWS 2007a) but relisted by a District Court mammals/grizzly/yellowstoneindex.html). Improving order in 2009. During November 2011 the U.S. population monitoring is a continuous process and Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit upheld the lower the revised criteria will allow us to rapidly implement court decision with regard to potential impacts improved scientific methods as they become available of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) decline on in the peer-reviewed literature. Only by using the best grizzly bears and vacated the delisting Rule (Greater
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