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Experimental Investigation of Helical Cross-Flow Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines, Including Effects of Waves and Turbulence

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Experimental Investigation of Helical Cross-Flow Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines, Including Effects of Waves and Turbulence Proceedings of ASME-JSME-KSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference 2011 AJK2011-FED July 24-29, 2011, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, JAPAN AJK2011-07020 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HELICAL CROSS-FLOW AXIS HYDROKINETIC TURBINES, INCLUDING EFFECTS OF WAVES AND TURBULENCE Peter Bachant Martin Wosnik Center for Ocean Renewable Energy (CORE) Center for Ocean Renewable Energy (CORE) University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Durham, NH, USA Durham, NH, USA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The performance characteristics of two cross-flow axis Cross-flow axis hydrokinetic turbines have the ability to hydrokinetic turbines were evaluated in UNH’s tow and wave extract useful power from moving water, i.e. rivers and tidal tank. A 1m diameter, 1.25m (nominal) height three-bladed flows, without the need for damming. Cross-flow axis turbine Gorlov Helical Turbine (GHT) and a 1m diameter, four-bladed designs can receive flow from any direction, as long as it is spherical-helical turbine (LST), both manufactured by Lucid approximately perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and do not Energy Technologies, LLP were tested at tow speeds up to 1.5 require yaw control to turn them into the flow, as with in- m/s. Relationships between tip speed ratio, solidity, power stream axis turbines. In order to ensure these devices operate at coefficient (Cp), kinetic exergy efficiency, and overall peak efficiency, therefore capturing as much energy as possible, streamwise drag coefficient (Cd) are explored. As expected, the their performance characteristics need to be understood in spherical-helical turbine is less effective at converting available various types of flow conditions. The work described in this kinetic energy in a relatively low blockage, free-surface flow. paper compares the performance characteristics of two helical The GHT was then towed in waves to investigate the cross-flow axis turbines and explores the effects of progressive effects of a periodically unsteady inflow, and an increase in surface waves of varying periods and small scale isotropic performance was observed along with an increase in minimum homogeneous (grid) turbulence. This information provides tip speed ratio at which power can be extracted. Regarding insight into power output prediction, control, and effects of turbulence, it was previously documented that an environmental effects, ultimately providing a means to estimate increase in free-stream homogenous isotropic turbulence ideal turbine operating parameters for given inflow conditions increased static stall angles for airfoils. This phenomenon was at a deployment site. first qualitatively investigated on a smaller scale with a NACA0012 hydrofoil in a UNH water tunnel, using an NOMENCLATURE upstream grid turbulence generator and using high frame-rate Turbine blade angle of attack. PIV to measure the flow field. Since the angle of attack for a Blade force angle from radius. cross-flow axis turbine blade oscillates with higher amplitude Af Turbine frontal area. as tip speed ratio decreases, any delay of stall should allow As Turbine swept area. power extraction at lower tip speed ratios. This hypothesis was c Chord length. tested experimentally on a larger scale in the tow tank by Cd Turbine overall drag coefficient. creating grid turbulence upstream of the turbine. It is shown Cp Turbine power coefficient. that the range of operable tip speed ratios is slightly expanded, II Kinetic exergy efficiency. with a possible improvement of power coefficient at lower tip F Turbine blade force. speed ratios. Drag coefficients at higher tip speed ratios seem to Fd Overall turbine drag. increase more rapidly than in the non-turbulent case. FD Turbine blade drag. 1 FL Turbine blade lift. Recently, Lucid developed vertical axis spherical-helical J Turbine polar moment of inertia. turbines to be installed in pipe sections, with the goal to harvest Tip speed ratio. excess energy available in large gravity-fed water pipes, for Ls Blade span length. example in irrigation or wastewater systems. The drop-in M Grid mesh width. installation has been given the name Northwest PowerPipeTM N Number of blades. [9]. Since these turbines are installed in a high blockage closed Fluid density. conduit, they are similar to traditional hydropower installations r Turbine radius. and the efficiency limit for turbines installed in a free stream, Solidity. also known as the “Betz” limit [1,10] does not apply. T Wave period. Tb Brake torque. BACKGROUND AND THEORY Tf Fluid torque. One important design parameter for a cross-flow axis U Free stream velocity. hydrokinetic turbine is its solidity. It is defined as the ratio of UR Blade relative velocity. total blade planform area to swept area, expressed as: NcLs Current State of Technology (1) Cross-flow axis turbine technology was previously As explored for wind energy applications. The most prominent type was the Darrieus turbine with two “jump-rope” shape Where N is the number of blades, c is the chord length blades (various mathematical shapes were used), which perpendicular to the blade span, Ls is the blade span length, and received much attention during the 1980s [1]. At the end of the As is the turbine swept area. This definition is in contrast to 1980s the development of these straight-bladed (with respect to some definitions for straight-bladed devices. For example, azimuth location) cross-flow axis turbines was essentially Paraschivoiu defines solidity as the ratio of total chord length to abandoned, since the large variations in torque, due to large radius [1]. This definition is less useful for non-cylindrical variations in lift as the blade angle of attack varies throughout devices since their radii vary with height. For this reason, the the rotation, caused structural fatigue failures of the turbines. area ratio definition of Eq. 1 was used here. In 1995 Alexander Gorlov designed a cross-flow axis Another parameter for helical devices is blade overlap. turbine with its blades swept helically to help average the This is the ratio of how much total blade span is projected onto periodically unsteady torques inherent in the straight bladed the circumference of the device’s rotation, which is related to concept [2]. These Gorlov Helical Turbines (GHTs) are helical sweep angle and turbine height. practically identical in two dimensions compared to their Relevant non-dimensional turbine performance straight-bladed counterparts. Consequently, Darrieus turbine characteristics include tip speed ratio, drag coefficient, and performance models and experimental observations are power coefficient. Tip speed ratio is defined as relevant. To date, there is a scarcity of performance data for helical r devices in the literature. The limited information available (2) shows Gorlov Helical Turbines to reach efficiencies as high as U 35% [3]. Peak efficiencies for smaller straight-bladed Darrieus turbines have been reported around 23% [4], whereas the peak where is the angular speed of the device, r is the radius (or efficiencies of a 17m diameter Darrieus turbine at Sandia maximum radius if not cylindrical), and U is the free stream National Laboratory were reported to exceed 40% [1]. velocity. Drag coefficient, sometimes called thrust coefficient Lucid Energy Technologies, LLP (Lucid), formerly GCK when discussing in-stream axis turbines or propellers, is the Technologies (where “G” stood for Gorlov), carried on the ratio of drag force to dynamic pressure times frontal area, development of the GHT, and succeeded with several small- defined as scale installations over the years. Lucid/GCK also provided two prototypes to the Korean Ocean Research and Development F C d (3) Institute (KORDI) for testing in the Uldolmok Tidal Strait [5]. d 1 AU2 Based on the experience with the Lucid/GCK GHTs, in 2009, 2 f KORDI completed their Uldolmok Tidal Current Power Plant, a full scale test project rated at 1MW. The 6.5m/s maximum where is the fluid density and Af is the turbine frontal area. current speeds are harnessed via two vertical axis helical Power coefficient is a similar quantity, providing a measure of devices [6]. In the United States, the Ocean Renewable Power the hydrodynamic efficiency of the turbine rotor. It is defined as Company (ORPC) is using Gorlov Helical Turbines arranged in the shaft power removed divided by the available kinetic power pairs on either side of a common generator with horizontal axis in the free stream for an area equal to the turbine's frontal area; in a demonstration installation in Eastport, ME [7,8]. expressed as 2 gHkcosh k ( h z ) T ukxtcos (7) C b (4) 2cosh kh p 1 3 2 AUf Where u is the horizontal velocity, g is gravitational acceleration, k is the wave number, H is wave height, h is depth where Tb is the brake torque. The parameters , , Cd, and Cp allow turbines of different size at different flow conditions and from equilibrium surface, z is the vertical coordinate, x is the operating states to be readily compared. horizontal coordinate, is the radian frequency, and t is time. In an actual turbine installation the electric power, Pe, delivered by a hydrokinetic turbine will be further reduced by Delay of Stall in Grid Turbulence It was shown by Swalwell et al. in 2001 that grid the mechanical transmission, bearing and gearbox efficiency m and an electrical generator and power conditioning efficiency turbulence can delay the static stall angle of an airfoil [12]. An example of hydrofoil performance data for a selection of e, as shown in Eq. 5. symmetrical hydrofoils, presented as lift/drag ratio, is shown in Fig. 1 and stall angles can be readily identified (note that stall 1133 (5) PCepmef22 AU wwf AU wwavailable P angle increases with hydrofoil thickness, and also with Reynolds number for each foil type). Below a certain tip speed The product of all three efficiencies is commonly referred ratio, the blade angle of attack (calculated by the vector sum of to as overall, or “water-to-wire” efficiency, w-w.
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