PHILIPPINE COASTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDEBOOK SERIES NO. 5 Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas By
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5 Blessed with a sunny tropical climate, waters enriched with nutrients from the land and driven by the wind, the Philippines supports an exceptionally high diversity of marine life. This guidebook was produced by: Department of Department of the Department of Environment and Interior and Local Agriculture - Bureau of Natural Resources Government Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Local Government Units, Nongovernment Organizations, and other Assisting Organizations through the Coastal Resource Management Project, a technical assistance project supported by the United States Agency for International Development. Technical support and management is provided by: The Coastal Resource Management Project, 5/F Cebu International Finance Corporation Towers J. Luna Ave. cor. J.L. Briones St., North Reclamation Area 6000 Cebu City, Philippines Tels.: (63-32) 232-1821 to 22, 412-0487 to 89 Fax: (63-32) 232-1825 Hotline: 1-800-1888-1823 E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Website: www.oneocean.org PHILIPPINE COASTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDEBOOK SERIES NO. 5: MANAGING COASTAL HABITATS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS By: Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture Department of the Interior and Local Government and Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources supported by the United States Agency for International Development Philippines PHILIPPINE COASTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDEBOOK SERIES NO. 5 Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture (DA-BFAR) Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) 2001 Printed in Cebu City, Philippines Citation: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 5: Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines, 106 p. This publication was made possible through support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms and conditions of Contract No. AID-492-C-00-96-00028-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID. This publication may be reproduced or quoted in other publications as long as proper reference is made to the source. Photo credits: Front cover: Lynn Funkhouser and Mike Ross. Back cover: Alan White. CRMP Document No. 05-CRM/2001 ISBN 971-92289-4-6 iii Contents List of tables v List of figures vi List of acronyms and abbreviations viii Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi Preface and orientation to this guidebook series xii Glossary of terms xiv Chapter 1. The Philippine marine coastal ecosystem 1 The Philippine setting 2 Biogeography 4 Habitats of the coastal zone 5 Mechanisms for exchange of benefits among ecosystems 6 Food chains and food webs 9 Threats to critical habitats of the coastal zone 10 Chapter 2. Critical coastal habitats 15 Estuaries, lagoons, and bays 15 Littoral basin ecology 15 Resource uses 16 Management issues 16 Management interventions 18 Legal and institutional framework 18 Mangrove forests and habitats 19 Mangrove ecology 19 Resource uses 21 Management issues 22 Management interventions 23 Legal and institutional framework 24 Beaches and foreshore land use 25 Beach formation and erosion process 27 Resource issues 30 Management interventions 33 Legal and institutional framework 35 iv Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas Seagrass and algal beds and soft-bottom communities 36 Resource uses 37 Management issues 38 Management interventions 39 Legal and institutional framework 40 Coral reefs 40 Reef ecology 40 Reef types and zones 43 Resource uses 44 Management issues 45 Management interventions 48 Legal and institutional framework 51 Wildlife habitat requirements 51 Sea turtles 53 Sea snakes 53 Sea cows (dugong)53 Whales and dolphins 54 Seabirds 54 Conclusion 54 Chapter 3. Creating and managing marine protected areas 59 Why marine protected areas for managing coastal and marine habitats? 59 Integrated coastal management and marine habitat protection 62 Is it a marine protected area, park, reserve, or sanctuary? 64 Legal/Jurisdictional issues for marine protected areas 66 Planning and establishing a marine protected area 68 Phase 1. Issue identification and baseline assessment 69 Phase 2. Plan preparation and adoption 74 Phase 3. Action plan and project implementation 82 Phase 4. Monitoring and evaluation 91 Phase 5. Information management, education, and outreach 94 Conclusion 94 References 99 v List of tables Table 1 Brief descriptions of the key coastal habitats and terms 6 Table 2 Major physical impacts from human activities in the Philippine coastal zone 13 Table 3 Typical uses of estuaries, lagoons, and bays 16 Table 4 Common pollution types in the Philippines 17 Table 5 Community-based Forest Management Agreements and their implementation 23 Table 6 Description of beach zones and features—general definitions 26 Table 7 Traditional and contemporary uses for seagrasses 38 Table 8 Coral reef resource products and uses 44 Table 9 Impacts and selectivity of various fishing methods used on coral reefs 45 Table 10 Interventions for coral reef conservation in general 48 Table 11 Threatened and legally protected marine species and their habitat requirements 52 Table 12 Additional publications on marine protected area management in the Philippines 64 Table 13 Examples of national and local categories for protected areas 65 Table 14 The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) 67 Table 15 Fisheries Code of 1998 68 Table 16 Phases and activities for marine protected area establishment and management within local government jurisdictions 69 Table 17 Key chapters in a coastal environmental profile 71 Table 18 Factors to consider when establishing reserve boundaries 76 Table 19 Summary of ordinances that have served the Apo Island Marine Reserve, 1986 and 1999 87 vi Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas List of figures Figure 1 Key themes for managing coastal marine habitats and marine protected areas 2 Figure 2 The Philippine Islands and important coral reef areas 3 Figure 3 Geographical variation in the number of coral genera across the Indo-Pacific region 4 Figure 4 Ranges of primary productivity of some major marine communities 5 Figure 5 Important coastal ecosystems and habitats 7 Figure 6 The hydrologic cycle 8 Figure 7 Freshwater entrains saltwater to enhance mixing as in an estuary 9 Figure 8 The food chain or food web of the coastal ecosystem 10 Figure 9 Exchange of mutual benefits among mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems 11 Figure 10 Varied economic activities and their associated impacts that occur in the coastal zone 12 Figure 11 Examples of inlet types from lagoons to deltas 15 Figure 12 Examples of two major mangrove genera (Rhizophora and Avicennia)19 Figure 13 Mangroves and their ecological and economic products 20 Figure 14 Mangrove detrital food chain 21 Figure 15 Mangrove resource decline in the Philippines 22 Figure 16 Typical profiles of sandy and coral coasts 26 Figure 17 Seasonal variations in beach erosion and accretion 28 Figure 18 Examples of down-drift erosion resulting from hard engineering solutions and headlands as seen from aerial view 28 Figure 19 Extension of airport runway interferes with sand movement, Dumaguete City 29 Figure 20 Undermining of a seawall built on a high wave energy coastline 31 Figure 21 Changes in groundwater elevation will affect sewage disposal tanks and outfalls 31 vii Figure 22 Contamination of wells by improper location of sewage disposal system 32 Figure 23 Food chain in Philippine seagrass ecosystems 37 Figure 24 Parts of a coral polyp 41 Figure 25 Requirements for healthy coral reef growth 42 Figure 26 Formation of a typical fringing coral reef 42 Figure 27 Coral reef types and their geological evolution 43 Figure 28 Zonation of a fringing reef 43 Figure 29 Effects of natural versus fishing mortality on population size structure and total egg production from coral reef fishes 47 Figure 30 Equivalent red snapper fecundity. One 61 cm (12.5 kg) female has the same number of eggs (9,300,000) as 212 females at 42 cm (1.1 kg each) 47 Figure 31 Sumilon Island, Cebu: Coral reef and reserve 61 Figure 32 Change in fish yield reported for Sumilon and Apo Island from 1976 through 1986, reflecting the effects of different management regimes 61 Figure 33 Dispersal of fish and larvae from the sanctuary of a marine reserve 62 Figure 34 Cyclical integrated coastal management data collection, planning, implementation, and monitoring process 63 Figure 35 Coral reef features, reserve boundaries, survey locations, and political subdivisions on San Salvador Island, Masinloc, Zambales 66 Figure 36 Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment exercise to refine maps 73 Figure 37 Example of reserve system with core santcuary and “traditional use” buffer areas applied to islands 77 Figure 38 The “box and border” model where a sanctuary is established along the coastline and a buffer zone of a certain width is created around its perimeter to form the “reserve area” 77 Figure 39 The “multiple use Marine