Vol. XXXVIII. No. 4 25 Cents a Copy October, 1929 .76 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE oean ofzi4e ACIFIC UNION

Some of the delegates to the Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference who were house guests at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution : Dr. W. A. Osborne and Dr. Robert Pulleine, of Australia ; the Director of the Pan-Pacific Union, Alex- ander Hume Ford ; Dr. Y. S. Lee and Dr. H. R. Kang, of Korea; Dr. F. C. Yen. Dr. Tsai Hung, and Dr. Wu Lien Teh, official delegates of the Nanking Government. Hon. Walter Francis Frear, Ex-Governor of Hawaii. and for ten years a President of the Pan-Pacific Union. He attends the Institute of Pacific Relations meeting in Kyoto this fall.

;..,„*frogot).240%iv---wecifrim- • rriiviti • warrtotryiwKwvoyiovesredy,f,m-a.c .. . ,4, • • 1 r futo_parttir maga3tur E. 3 CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD .3 *,.... Volume XXXVIII Number 4 1'1 1 :AD CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1929 i .1 i •1 Eas Es 13 '4 Pan-Pacific Conferences of the Year 303 .1 Racial Differences in the Pacific—Assets or Liabilities? - 305 .1 By J. Merle Davis 01 IA Sister Pacific Organizations 313 By Hon. Kei(hi Yamasaki *1.3

Xa I ,..'- Report of Dr. Lawrence E. Griffin on the Pan-Pacific Food .1 Conservation Conference 317 =t Possibilities in Fruit Beverages 325 3 4.!. g By H. B. Farley, Fruit Products Laboratory of the University 1 0Y.. of California 4 The Forests of the Hawaiian Islands 333 • $ By Charles S. Jude! 4 Do We Need More Farm Land? 337 g Fil By 0. E. Baker, Senior ,laricultural Econom s University of .3 .>:..■i>11 Minnesota .:„...,.- g 61. Animal Industry and Forest Crops in Hawaii - - - - 353 r>3 • By Professor 1,. .4. Menke .3 1 ,):.=- What is Education? 361 il ,..- By Royer T. Tq..itchell

E,a Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, No. 4, Volume IV. • t--, ■>_. Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union No. 116. .3 ■4.. .3 N ,,,...i.„,. •

,..->7. Tip fiatb-Parifir !I: agazitte Honolulu, T. H. Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Canada and Yearly subscription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Copies, 25c. .3 :)- Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. .2 ,-,-; ,._. Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. t 7III1 fl IL ThiRAitkiiiIVIIISA.k. VI V4J 41 il),AIIV■ ■%/11V4 //PO, / Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 302 THE MID-PACIFIC

Mrs. and the Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, former Governor of Hawaii, and President of the Pan-Pacific Union, who will attend the Institute of Pacific Relations in Kyoto. THE MID-PACIFIC 303

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Some half a dozen offspringssprings of the its first President, now Vice-President, Pan-Pacific Union have held or are hold- Hon. Walter F. Frear. Dr. T. Har- ing international Conferences this year in ade, a Trustee of the Pan-Pacific some part of the world, but chiefly in the Union, is another delegate, as is Dr. K. Pacific area. F. Lam, one of the important workers The First Pan-Pacific Surgical Con- in the recent Pan-Pacific Surgical Con- ference has come to a close in Honolulu, gress. The fifth, Dr. Romanzo Adams, and is now an independent autonomous was one of those who was closely asso- body that will meet every three years in ciated with the Union in its early days Honolulu, under its own auspices. of its round table discussions when twelve men from each Pacific race in Hawaii The Fourth Pan-Pacific Science Con- met monthly at the invitation of the gress was recently held in Java, attended Union, to discuss matters on which they by several hundred scientists from every could not agree, and so the language- part of the Pacific. This first child of the press question, and the language school Pan-Pacific Union was born in Honolulu question reached satisfactory solutions a decade ago. and a start was made that ended Jap- In Java also was held the third Sugar anese-American dual citizenship ; locally Technologist Congress. This organization there seemed nothing left in which all came into being as a section of the First races could not agree to walk together Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Confer- in harmony. The Institute of Pacific Re- ence. lations has taken all this up on an inter- national scale, and with great success. The First Pan-Pacific Educational Con- ference met in Honolulu at the call of The Institute of Pacific Relations never the Union, and its second session, as the held a session under the auspices of the Pan-PaCific Section of the great educa- Union. While still a Pan-Pacific Y.M. tional meet in San Francisco, that has be- C.A. Conference project, by mutual agree- come the World Educational Conference, ment and friendly compact separation was meeting this year in Geneva, where dele- agreed upon and ever since maintained. gates from the Union are present to in- Racial differences in the Pacific are set vite the next World Conference to con- forth in the leading article of this num- vene in Hawaii. ber of the Mid-Pacific Magazine, by Mr. The third gathering of the Institute of Merle Davis, Secretary of the Institute Pacific Relations meets this October in of Pacific Relations, in an address at the Kyoto, Japan. Organized originally as a Pan-Pacific Research Institution, while Y.M.C.A. Conference by the Pan-Pacific other papers read at this organization on questions involving race and population Union, its leaders were men who had their problems and herewith published may be training with the Union, and it is pleasant of some informative value to the gather- to note that of the five delegates already ing of the Institute in Kyoto in October. pledged to go from Hawaii to the Kyoto In this hope the present number is pub- meet, three are high officers of the Pan- lished and sent with best wishes and Pacific Union, one its President, Ex- great Aloha to the members of the third Governor Wallace R. Farrington, another meet of the Institute of Pacific Relations. 304 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 305

The American group at first gathering of the Institute of Pacific Relations in Honolulu in 1925.

• • • atirairIWRIpfIpI •VW... 11'0%7:Yr • • •41 1.W,Mill, t. 00000 ,,M,j,,,A,W71 • IPJASII .1 5 .1 .-.‘R, Racial Differences in the 5 Pacific—Assets or Liabilities fl 5 t■ By MR. J. MERLE DAVIS 5 General Secretary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Given at the 5 1)Pan-Pacific Research Institution. 5.

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My purpose in speaking tonight is to Malay,—those three racial groups are share with you some thoughts on the extremely distinct in their characteris- subject, "Racial Differences in t h e tics. Pacific, Assets or Liabilities?" In our Institute of Pacific Relations The fact of race difference is some- conferences we have noticed with inter- thing we do not need to emphasize here est some of the fundamental differences in Hawaii. There is a good deal of between the Japanese and the Chinese. variation between some of the branches It has been especially interesting because of the Anglo-Saxon race that super- they were picked people from those two ficially are considered to he very much great races. The ease with which the alike. When you come to the Orient you Chinese delegates participate as con- find there are tremendous differences trasted with the diffidence of the Japan- between the Oriental races. The Chi- ese is one of the striking features of nese, the Japanese, the Korean, and the these conferences. 306 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Japanese in their way are among the most industrious people in -the world. Within a half century they have lifted themselves from near the bottom of the industrial ladder to an equality with the greatest nations in the world. THE MID-PACIFIC 307

When, however, you contrast the East come to the stage of exploitation, both with the West and study their differ- in the friendship between individuals and ences, the problem becomes an extremely between races. Each side wants to find interesting and complicated one. I think out how the other can be useful to him. it does no good whatever to either min- After you get through that stage you imize or exaggerate this great fact of begin to find the value of inter-depend- racial difference. It is just a fact like ence and of mutual cooperation. When any fact, that is there and must be rec- you reach that point you have the foun- ognized and dealt with. There are vari- dation for permanent, satisfactory rela- ous ways of dealing with it. You can tionships. take it as an abstract bit of data with no There is little opportunity of gaining reference to life or you can take it as a from racial contacts until you have foundation stone on which to build hu- passed the first two or three stages of man relationships. I think it is the latter this progressive acquaintanceship, and interpretation in which our Institute of probably we of the Pacific area are just Pacific Relations is interested. What is emerging from the third stage,—that of there in this fact of race difference upon mutual exploitation. The Orient has which we can constructively build ? been exploiting Western civilization and At our conference two years ago has extracted much benefit from it and someone said, "There are two kinds of appropriated it for themselves. The people in the world when it comes to West has certainly been systematically different races or to anything that is exploiting the Far East, but in mutual different. One type sees something that exploitation both sides have come to is different and says 'Ho, Ho,' and realize that there is a more fundamental heaves a rock at it. But when the other relationship involved,—mutual inter-de- type sees something new or different it pendence, and this has opened up a new says, 'Let's examine it, analyze it and era in human relations in the Pacific find out what can be learned from it.' " area. That expresses the difference between One may compare this Pacific area to the primitive attitude of races toward a neighborhood, a new neighborhood in one another,—which roots back into the which all members are equal, and have a period before the human being devel- worthy, important and necessary part. I oped,—the biological attitude, and the think we all realize that there can be no other, the rational attitude on which permanent peace or goodwill in an inter- progress and understanding and coop- national neighborhood where any one eration between races is coming. member tries to dominate or assumes Again, you can analyze racial differ- that he ought to dominate. More funda- ence by comparing it to the development mental than that, we are finding that we of friendship between individuals. The cannot get along without each other, and attitude of races in getting acquainted that some of the elements that at first with each other is a good deal like the seem useless or meaningless in one an- attitude of individuals. A first reaction other, have their value and may be util- between strangers is fear. The strange- ized or adopted for use by other races. ness brings that first involuntary instinc- The Japanese and Chinese have cer- tive recoil. You put up your fences until tainly discovered the West, to a degree you are sure there is no danger. If you that Westerners can scarcely appreciate. do not have that, or if it is overcome, I do not think that the average Amer- there is sure to be the reaction of curi- ican dreams the extent to which the Ori- osity. When that has been satisfied you ental has studied and analyzed and util- 308 THE MID -PACIFIC ized the life of the West. The result other of the great ideals that the West has been that the Orient knows us vast- brings to this Pacific neighborhood. ly better than we know the Orient and Supplementing that individualism is the the Oriental. The Oriental has found concept of the value of the person. A certain things in the Anglo-Saxon that society built upon the basic principle of he is convinced have value to him. the value of personality is one of the In Western political systems, indus- striking characteristics of the West. trial organization, science, laboratories, One might go on and speak of chiv- education, military methods, in almost alry of the home, the sacredness of wo- every department of Western life he has manhood in Western society. Western discovered factors which he believes will chivalry in many aspects could be match- enhance his life and he has studied, se- ed by Eastern chivalry although the lected and appropriated them for him- status -of woman is distinct. The rest- self. lessness that has for a thousand years We of the West have hardly begun characterized Western nations and of the reverse process, but it is only the which the Anglo-Saxon branches in the part of good sense to assume, even Pacific are still the pioneers might be though we cannot see clear to the end of mentioned. This is something that is the road, that the reverse process must somewhat new to the Oriental psychol- have value for us. It is worth while ogy and which the Orient admires. however to first think for a moment of I think I have named most of the some of the Anglo-Saxon qualities that striking contributions of the Anglo-Sax- the Oriental has found attractive and on to this community fund of ideals. has recognized as of value in Western But the Anglo-Saxon has his liabilities civilization. in this Pacific world and it is very in- I realize I am very open to criticism teresting to note that the liabilities of on this following brief analysis. It is the \Vest are almost in every case the anybody's game. But it seems to me over-development of the assets of the that some of the elements of permanent West. They are excellent qualities gone value that the Anglo-Saxon contributes to seed, emphasized beyond the point of to the Pacific neighborhood are the fol- safety for community life. For in- lowing : stance, this love of conquest of difficul- The spirit of inquiry, the spirit that ties, the fact that when an Anglo-Sax- makes discoveries ; the spirit that has on sees a difficulty it is a challenge to built our laboratories, our research in- overcome—is liable to run on into li- stitutions, our hospitals ; that has delved cense, to develop into a spirit of domi- into the secrets back of the phenomena nation, of putting the desire to control that the human being has accepted as beyond the boundaries that make for constituting life. good community relationships. Then, the love of freedom, of liberty, The Oriental has quite a different set as developed in the Anglo-Saxon, is im- of assets. Of course, there are certain mensely appreciated by the Orient and things that we own in common because has been studied not without criticism we are all human beings, but tonight we and selection, but has been held up as are speaking of differences. The out- a guiding star and emulated by the standing characteristic of Oriental life great Oriental nations. is the family system. I am proud of The individualism of the West—some- the fact that I was born in Japan. I thing totally distinctive from anything was born in the feudal palace of the that has developed in the Orient is an- mother of the Emperor Meiji. It hap- THE MID-PACIFIC 309 pened to be the only tumble-down build- contribute to his State, and his family, ing in Kyoto that my father could rent, and if he cannot contribute very much some years after the Imperial court had he is not evaluated very highly. In moved up to Tokyo. This fact may ac- other words, society is ego-centered in count for a special interest which I have the West and family-centered in the in this subject. This family system of Orient. Those two points of view are the Orient is something that can well very, very far apart, and they condition be studied by Western nations, with the possibility of East and West under- their excess emphasis upon individual- standing one another. ism. In the family system of the East For example, a Westerner goes to we find the secret of the great strength Japan or China and notices the differ- of the Eastern peoples. The Oriental ent attitude toward women that is held family can well be described as a stream there, particularly woman's position in of life contrasted with the isolated pools the home. In modern Oriental society of life into which Western society sep- monogymous marriage has become a rec- arates. In the Orient you have a river, ognized institution. But in the old Jap- a stream, coming down from untold gen- anese and China system polygomy or erations and centuries, flowing on quiet- concubinage was a recognized institu- ly and increasing in strength, down to tion because above the individual pref- the present, and the family considers erence or happiness of the wife was the it a stream that is going on into the fu.- necessity of the family perpetuating it- ture and that that fact is of central and self with many children in order that vital importance in the life of the indi- the stream of life of the family should vidual. Here is a master key to the not be endangered. In comparison with great differences between East and West this fundamental principle a wife's feel- and to the strength of Oriental society. ings or happiness are minor values. An individual who is linked up to the It all depends on what your standards Eastern family system considers him- are and from which horizon you have self not merely a unit, an incidental bit entered life. It is hard for Anglo-Sax- of life that appears on the stage and ons to go into Japan or China and ap- goes through its brief activities and preciate a social system that disregards then vanishes, but that he is linked up the position of the wife by allowing a to a great stream of life with a vast second woman to come into the home to history behind him and the great future safeguard the family line. before him. That brings upon him a Then too, there is the matter of rev- certain necessity of conduct, of self- erence of parents, and their place in so- discipline, of social relationships that ciety. In China I was told that one of is totally different from anything the the things that the Chinese could not West knows. forgive the West for was the establish- In the West the home and society are ment of Old Folks Homes where the evaluated on the basis of the sort of in- indigent aged could be placed or where dividuals they can produce. The school parents of people of means could be system, the family and educational meth- sent. To them it was the height of od have value to the degree that they cruelty or barbarism. can develop potential citizens and suc- Here again we cannot get away from cessful and happy individuals. In the the fact that these aspects of the fam- Far East you approach life from the ily system, just as certain aspects of other door and find that the individual Western institutions have been develop- has value there to the degree that he can ed to the point where there is danger of 310 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Chinese, with milleniums of civilization and education as a background, still raise large families of children, but they are now educated to the wisdom of the [Vest, and China is changing. THE MID-PACIFIC 311 their becoming a handicap to the com- is the danger of over-emphasis and the munity. Take for example the mar- lack of initiative that is often manifest riage system, where the parents select in the Eastern countries as the result. the bride or bridegroom or exercise a All of the great races which have de- very dominating influence on it. We have veloped apart from one another have gone to the other extreme. If you are tested out certain great methods and going to compare the two extremes, I systems of life, have demonstrated by for one would prefer the Oriental meth- traveling a long way along these roads od. Why ? Because in a well ordered the assets, the liabilities, the points of home, in a home that has pride in its strength, of pitfalls of their systems. offspring, in its status, in its name, you The races are now being thrown togeth- can be sure that parents who have stud- er with increasing rapidity, with increas- ied their children's needs and charac- ing complexity of relationships, and a teristics are better able to select mates new era has set in. It is shown in the for their children—mates adapted for first place in the exchange and utiliza- perpetuating the family along the lines tion of each other's material products. that are dear to the Oriental—than the I shall never forget the illustration of young people themselves when allowed interdependence of East upon West in to roam as Western young people do material products that I found in a visit roam today in all sorts of fields for their to a little mountain village in Japan mates. I think that here is undoubt- last summer up above Nikko. Four or edly one of the secrets of the vitality five jinrickshaw runners were sitting be- and the strength of those great Oriental side the lake, talking. I was waiting races—the careful selection of mates for the bus. I understand a little Jap- amounting to a system of eugenics. anese and listened to them. They were It is the family again that exercises talking about Hoover and Al Smith and a guidance in all matters of gteat im- were discussing the probable outcome of port in life. It is not only in marriage the presidential election in the United but in the great questions of life that the States. One or two were saying that family comes in and pools its exper- Hoover would win ; the others didn't ience and its advice and that experience know. But the thing they were most is available for the guidance of the interested in was the effect of that elec- young people at critical points in their tion upon the prosperity of the United careers. The young man and young States and the direct result of that pros- woman does not decide where he or she perity or lack of prosperity on the silk is going to school or what kind of pro- industry of Japan. This province is fession or training to take. The fam- largely dependent upon the growth of ily decides on a basis of intimate know- mulberries and silk worms. Here were ledge of his needs and of the family these coplies in the interior of Japan needs. The system works both ways discussing the probable outcome and the and I believe it can well be studied by result upon their lives of a political elec- the West for the sake of discovering tion that was going to take place on the what elements in it can be utilized in other side of the world sometime in the Western society. next Autumn. It was a fine illustration Again there is the element of solidar- of the interdependence between the na- ity in the family of the East. The in- tions which is going to develop more- dividual is backed up by a group and and more as years pass. he knows that if he is loyal to that A similar illustration could be drawn group, if he plays his part, the group between Great Britain and China and will play their part. Therein, too, there India—a dependence of the Lancashire. 312 THE MID-PACIFIC

cotton mill workers upon what is going a little service. So we got the children on in industrialization in Shanghai and together one evening, and placed my Bombay. Also the dependence of peo- father's photograph and some flowers ple in New Zealand upon what is going on the mantel. I took out his biog- on in Shanghai not because of direct raphy and read to the children some trade contact but because 80 per cent stories of my father's life, of the ex- of the exports of New Zealand go to the periences of their grandfather when he Mother Country, and the depression in was a boy, when he became a man, when England brought about by competition he was a soldier in the Civil War, and in the cotton industry in China or In- when he went to Japan. Then we sang dia would mean the closing of New Zea- some of his old army songs and one or land's best markets. So New Zealand is two hymns and we talked about their watching very intently what is going grandfather. It made a great impres- on in Shanghai. sion on the children and gave them an Even more interesting than that to me idea of what sort of a grandfather they is the coming of the era of our interde- had. The following year my oldest pendence upon one another in the point child wanted to know if we could have of ideas and ideals. It is dangerous to another meeting for grandfather. prophesy but it seems to me when a We kept it up for several years. You neighborhood is going to be so close as may call that an Oriental custom ; I call this Pacific community will be before it a normal adaptation to Western life many decades are gone by, that there and one which I believe brings strength must be a pooling of not only scientific into Western life, because my children ideas but ethical and moral ideas and. have today a sense of the resources of to a certain extent, of social ideals. I character which they have inherited, think this is going to come about auto- they know what sort of a man their matically by the pressure of self-inter- grandfather was, and through life they est. The West, just as the East, has will wish to be worthy of the family within it the germs of its own destruc- name and heritage. tion which can only be checked by the Of course, there is a danger of senti- antitoxin of ideas and ideals and sys- mentalizing all of these things, but I tems that have developed along entire- believe the West and East can as profit- ly different lines. ably exchange some of their social atti- I believe that this will be the princi- tudes as their material commodities. ple by which the world is going to keep I might go on and speak of other on an even keel, that a nation can bal- qualities in the East that should be ance its over-emphasis by the points of emulated by us ; I shall speak briefly view of its neighbors. This principle of one or two : There is the self-disci- is already operating in the Pacific area. pline, and self-control of the Oriental. I will illustrate at this point what I I speak now particularly of the Jap- mean from a personal experience. I anese—I do not know the Chinese near- lived for fifteen years in Japan and ly as well. The individualism, the love brought up my family there. We were of freedom and liberty, sometimes run- unquestionably influenced to a certain ning into license in the West, makes it extent by Japanese ideals and methods difficult for the Westerner to appreciate and customs. After my little folk got that magnificent quality of self-control to be eight and ten years old it occur- that you find in Japan. It is a pro- red to me one day that it might be a duct of the feudal system that is under- fitting thing to commemorate the anni- girding the people in many subtle ways. versary of my father's death by having The ability not only of the individual THE MID-PACIFIC 313

Peoples of all races in a Pan-Pacific pageant before lolani Palace where the conferences called by the Pan-Pacific Union have been held but of the race to go through great sac- are the criteria that we Westerners hold rifice for the, sake of great aims, and to up as enjoyment, and what are those stand steady under mental stress, eco- held up in the Orient? One of ours is nomic stress, political stress—it is a speed, and the satisfaction of emotion magnificent quality. I would not say is one, and being busy is another. It that we Anglo-Saxons need to acquire all fits in with Western psychology and this as the Orientals have it but it is Western achievement but I think there something we can well study. are serious dangers in these elements I have often thought that the people and we can study with profit the Orient- I have been helped most by and learned al's capacity of enjoying life and the most from are people not like myself way he does it. It is sometimes not but of quite different points of view. very exciting, to be sure. I remember Instead of drifting always with people the first time I saw a moon-viewing par- of your own kind, with the same inter- ty in Japan. It was composed of men ests that you have, how much more pro- and they were up on a platform at a fitable it is to knock up against folks beautiful seaside resort, standing togeth- who are different, with different back- er and watching the moon, and compos- grounds, who think differently and do ing little ballads on the moon and on the things differently from yourself. The night beauty. These were virile men, same principle applies interracially. men of achievement in the business The capacity of the Oriental to en- world. It is almost inconceivable to West- joy life is a totally different thing from erners to think of doing that sort of thing what we Westerners know. After all, and getting much out of it. that is quite a test of civilization, What In other ways the Oriental has a 314 THE MID-PACIFIC

striking capacity for seeing beauty in of life. It may never come back to us, small things, in simple things, in flowers, if we ever had it, but it is there and al- shrubs, miniature gardens, and insect most half of the human race is living life (I don't mean scientifically analyz- that way. Whether they are going to ing them but in esthetic enjoyment). For be able to continue to live that way.un- example he gets keen enjoyment out of der the pressure of Western industrial- the insects' songs of the summer and ization, I do not know. I wish we could gathers insects of certain cries and puts absorb some of that attitude before it them together to form choruses, and is too late and before they lose it. holds competitions and decides on the I do not believe it is worthwhile to champion. talk about the liabilities of these na- I was speaking of this one day to a tions in any great extent. I have al- woman who was unconvinced and asked, ready stated they are pretty closely re- "But how about the common people, do lated to the assets. That is true in they enjoy life?" In Japan the com- most life, but I do believe that we can mon person, the worker, does not work get a new perspective on this whole at the speed of the West. He works lei- question of race difference if we are will- surely and stops often and smokes his ing to accept it not as a danger or a pipe. necessary evil to put up with, but as a sphere for the discovery of new assets The farmer, the peasant trains vines for ourselves, because I believe after all around his barns and out-buildings and that self-preservation is the greatest in- plants beautiful flowering hedges. He stinct in life, and no amount of exhorta- takes pleasure in piling his wood in sym- tion because it is a good thing to do metrical form ; his vegetables are arrang- will get us very far in this field. But ed in colorful designs, he does things if we do get into our minds that there with an eye to the artistic effect, which are values in the Far East that we need is very dear to the hearts of the com- mon people. and without which we are in danger of running down and disintegrating as a I believe the West must study the at- race, if we have that attitude I believe titude toward life of the East, the love we can tremendously profit by this era of simplicity, the love of nature, the of close relationship with people who poise, the abstractions and quiet joys are very, very different from ourselves.

Canadians, Americans, and peoples of all Pacific races in Hawaii at the residence of the Governor on Pan-Pacific Day THE MID-PACIFIC 315

ILXIVIT71 IVIICNIC71771 • 0814... 1 Sister Organizations in the Pacific By K. YAINIA.S.‘KI Associate Secretary of the Institute of Pacific Relations

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I wish to tell you how glad I am to be back in Honolulu, after an absence of more than four years. I am very pleased to see the growth of the meeting of the Hon. Keichi Yamasaki, former Japanese Consul General in Hawaii, and a trustee of the Pan- Pan-Pacific Union. When I was here Pacific Union. last time the attendance was generally fifty to sixty. Now, I understand that the heartiest greetings of Prince Toku- you have a regular attendance of two gawa, who, by the way, invited me to hundred as I witness it today. I take a luncheon and had a talk with me on the this opportunity to congratulate you eve of my departure. upon the prosperity which the Union I think that the Pan-Pacific Union has attained, and desire to express my and the Institute of Pacific Relations, sincerest wishes for its bright future. with which I have associated myself, Before I left Japan I attended a regular are sister organizations which should be luncheon of the Pan-Pacific Club in and are very closely related to each Tokyo. The members of the Tokyo other. The difference in work between Club asked me to convey to you, mem- the two institutions is that, while the bers of the Pan-Pacific Union, their most Union does not handle political ques- cordial greetings. I am very happy to tions, the Institute does. I have been tell you that the Pan-Pacific Club in told that the Union expressed its strong Tokyo, of which our Ford is the founder, disapproval of the Japanese Exclusion is going strong. The Club has had Clause in the American Immigration recently its two hundred and fiftieth Act of 1924. But when it passed the Con- meeting, and there is always a regular gress the Union dropped the question. attendance of sixty to seventy. They The Institute would not drop it. The invite distinguished guests to speak at Institute of Pacific Relations took up their meetings, as you do here, and they the question and discussed it thoroughly are doing a great work in promoting in the last two conferences ; and why? good relations between the Japanese and Because the Institute can and does deal other peoples. with controversial political questions. Availing myself of this opportunity, I think this is the principal difference I also take much pleasure in conveying in work between the two institutions. to Mr. Ford and the Pan-Pacific Union However, in principle, our two organiza- 316 THE MID-PACIFIC tions have the same object in view, i. e., counters between the Chinese and Soviet the promotion of understanding and soldiers on the border. It is reported friendship between different nations and that the Powers reminded China and races in the Pacific area. I sincerely Russia of their being signatories to the hope that the Pan-Pacific Union and Anti-War Pact. This will certainly tend the Institute of Pacific Relations will to tranquilize the situation. I believe cooperate still closer to attain our com- I interpret correctly the will of the Jap- mon aim. anese people in general, when I say that I have been asked many times by my they desire to be absolutely neutral in American friends whether there will be the controversy so long as Japan's rights a war between the Chinese and Soviet and interests in South Manchuria are in Republics. I said, "No, there will be no no way threatened. I do not represent war between them." Of course, it is the Japanese Government, nor am I a very difficult to make a prophecy, but spokesman of the Tokyo Government, as far as my judgment goes, as both but I am sure that the present Japanese nations do not like to enter upon war, Cabinet will faithfully observe the gen- the dispute will be settled through nego- eral wishes of the Japanese people and tiations, without their resorting to arms, will adopt the attitude of strict neu- although there may be some minor en- trality.

'it the Pan-Pacific Club, Tokyo. THE MID-PACIFIC 317 •...... u_g_ ivuin Report of 1 Dr. Lawrence 1i E. Griffin on . the Pan- - Pacific Food Conservation 1 !„,,,,iConference Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chairman of the Conference, on the throne at lolani Palace • iffim-im---i,uni---niff4

The conference was held in Honolulu cated, legal and scientific representa- from the 31st of July to the 14th of tives. R. Masujima, foremost interna- August, 1924, and there were in attend- tional lawyer of Japan, who was re- ance about 150 delegates, of whom cently elected chairman of the Interna- something like a hundred came from tional Law Section of the conference. outside of the Islands. This attend- Ken Harada, who is one of the secre- ance, perhaps better than anything I taries of the League of Nations, was can say, will prove how serious an inter- there, representing the League of Na- est other countries and other parts of tions in an official way. Prof. Kishi- our own country took in the study of the general Pacific situation. There nouye and Dr. Oshima were included in being but one boat a month from New Japan's representatives. From Australia Zealand and Australia, delegates from came Dr. D. C. Stead, an eminent nat- these countries arrived a week or so uralist, and Sir Joseph Carruthers, before and remained nearly a month leader of the Upper HouSe of Parlia- after the close of the Conference. The ment of New South Wales. New Zea- early arrivals had put things in shape land sent Mark Cohen, a member of its for the development of the program be- General Assembly, and G. M. Thomson, fore later delegates landed. its Minister of Fisheries. Dr. P. J. S. This conference was taken seriously, Cramer, Director of the Agricultural Ex- both by the boards and governments periment Station of the Dutch East that sent delegates and by the delegates Indies, was chairman of the section on themselves. That was one of the things Food Crop Production. China sent a that impressed me at the beginning more strong delegation, including Koliang than almost anything else. I have at- Yih, Chinese Consulate General of San tended conventions where the program Francisco, and Dr. Lien-teh Wu, physi- and the formal work of the convention cian extraordinary to the President of was quite a minor matter, but that could China. The -United States included not be said here. Japan sent a delega- David Starr Jordan, B. W. Evermann, tion consisting of distinguished, edu- L. C. Howard, C. L. Marlatt and E. D. 318 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 319

Merrill. Hugh M. Smith, former Com- you come to Korea, Japan, China and missioner of Fisheries of the United the Philippines, Siam, Cochin-China, States, was the representative of Siam. where, at least in portions, there is The names mentioned are given because actual lack of important foods. They they are well known and illustrate the have enormous marine resources in the quality of the delegates. All countries East, yet people are actually starving for sent equally good men. lack of fish foods ; not because these Quite a number of years ago, when I are not there, but because the people was connected with the University of have not the means or metoods of ob- the Philippines, the Minister of the In- taining and distributing them. terior of Siam visited us and I had the In the southern >Pacific region you pleasure of showing him around the come to New Zealand and Australia, University. At that time the Siamese which, as the representative of Australia were organizing in their government de- said once or twice, are not interested in partments a very advanced program of many of these problems because they education in engineering and medicine. have so much land that conservation of Now they have reached the point where it is not of importance to them. They they realize that with the wonderful prefer to raise cattle and sheep and riches of their fisheries, they know noth- wheat for export and not trouble about ing about the full utilization of these the questions of raising more on any resources. Consequently, they sent for particular acre or of going into the pro- Dr. Smith, who is now organizing a sci- duction of those things which require entific study of the fisheries of Siam. an intensive cultivation, and they are not particularly interested in fisheries. A congress on food conservation pos- sibly arouses some question in one's So, we have some very different situa- mind, there being apparently food tions around the Pacific, but taking the enough. Food conservation, it is very population of the Pacific as a whole it quickly developed, can be looked at in is intensely interested in this problem of two different ways ; one, that in which getting more out of men's labor or an Mr. Hulse of Los Angeles looked at it, acre of land. That involves a good of saving of waste in food by utilizing many things and all of them, so far as I better methods of food preservation so could see, involved scientific research foods can be shipped and stored with as well as industrial organization. It less loss. Another, which is sometimes is a cooperative job. All such research described as food exploitation, is to try and cooperation ultimately will lead to a and get more food from the same amount better understanding among the peoples of land. Now, when you look at it in of Pacific lands, although an opportu- that way, the subject lends itself to con- nity for friction and for the interposi- siderable study. A considerable portion tion of official barriers to trade exchange might add difficulty for a time. of the West Coast of South America is never going to be able to support a large The Conference divided itself almost population from its own agricultural immediately into a number of sections. resources ; although rich in many raw The one on sugar production and refin- materials, it will be dependent upon ing was the largest one, naturally, be- other countries for food when its popu- cause of Hawaii's own interest in the lation becomes dense. A large portion subject. That section very quickly found of Central America and Mexico is like that its work was so important and the Canada and the United States, richly interest in it so widespread that its mem- endowed. Passing across the Pacific bers formed an international body, which 320 THE MID-PACIFIC

is going to meet every three years in to his station or to his country a consid- the future. erable fund of information which will be An interesting situation developed in helpful along the line he is interested in. regard to the section on International Few papers were read in full ; mostly Law and agreements. Col. F. M. Brown their important parts were reported so of the United States Army, Mr. W. H. H. as to give the largest amount of infor- Piatt of Kansas City, representing the mation in the shortest possible time, American Bar Association ; R. Masu- leaving plenty of time for discussion. jima and delegates from some other Hawaii itself offered the conference a countries were present to consider the valuable illustration of what can be done problems of international law. After by intelligent cooperation and research. trying to organize and develop a pro- Its principal crops are sugar and pine- gram they decided there was nothing apples. The former is a well-established, definite for them to do until other sec- the latter a new industry. In Cuba, the tions brought up questions involving production of sugar is from one to one international relations in a definite way ; and one-half tons per acre. The average so they resolved themselves into a com- production in Hawaii is from ten to mittee of general assistance to the other twelve tons per acre. On one plantation sections. You can't have international the crop this year produced more than law until you have facts to work with. eighteen and one-half tons to the acre. For example, there is not sufficient in- These figures are of refined sugar, not formation at hand in regard to the life cane. With sugar at $125.00 per ton, of fishes to form a basis for agreements the advantage in favor of Hawaii is for the protection of the fishery re- extraordinary. The difference in returns sources of the seas. International law is the result of intensive research. The is something which awaits a clear, defi- Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association nite understanding of facts in regard to raised a fund for research by a ton-tax the subjects which the law shall include. on its members, and employs a large An illustration of this came up in con- staff of competent scientists to investi- nection with the shore fisheries of China, gate. I was told that the fund for ex- which the Chinese delegation was very perimental work this year would amount anxious to have protected by interna- to about $600,000.00. Hawaiian labor is tional agreement. It developed that not not cheap. The planters pay about the enough is known as to the kind of fish same average price for day labor as we they have, their habits, the time when do in Portland. Yet Hawaiian sugar protection should be given, or the way plantations are able to compete success- in which protection should be given, to fully against countries where the day form a basis on which a body of sensible wage is only ten cents. As other coun- men could recommend legislation. tries around the Pacific pass out of the It is evident that very wide fields for cheap labor stage they are going to be both investigation and report are offered obliged to follow the example of Hawaii. by the problems of fisheries, oceanog- The Pineapple Association also is raphy, plant quarantine, the pests of finding- that research work pays. Its plants or of animals, future crop produc- pack this year exceeds 6,000,000 cases. tion and animal quarantine. Its appropriation for investigation was The papers that were presented in the $60,000.00. conference were along the lines of prac- Speaking to various persons of its tical investigation, and so far as I could being unusual for planters to undertake see every one who was there took back such an extensive research program, I THE MID-PACIFIC 321

Distinguished delegates, Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chairman; H. S. Palmer, Secretary; Dr. C. L. Alsberg, and Dr. P. J. S. Cramer.

was answered, "There is nothing strange which is taking place, it seems that in about that, they are doing it for their a comparatively short time English may own benefit." I claim that for them to become the international tongue of that see that it is for their own benefit is the area. part which is rather unusual ; that it is Another recommendation was that all exactly what makes the community re- ships report weather conditions by wire- markable compared to other communi- less, so that we may have an organized ties which are waiting for George to do weather service for those regions which it, that is, usually, the government. now find it so difficult to have reliable The official results of the conference weather forecasts. are contained in thirty-three resolutions One of the matters which was the which were adopted after careful study. basis for several resolutions was the One recommends that published statis- control of the introduction of pests of tics of the different countries be ex- various kinds. We have a very strict pressed in metric units in addition to the quarantine against bringing into our national system, or that conversion country plants and animals, and yet it is tables be published, in order that they practically impossible to enforce those may be universally understood. Another regulations perfectly. Immigrants will resolution recommends that these gov- bring in most unusual things. For in- ernments whose official language is not stance, a Filipino brought to Honolulu a English advise their scientific institu- coconut husk in which she had planted tions to add abstracts in English of three little banana sprouts. When this technical publications. A resolution rec- was confiscated and examined, the earth ommending the use of Esperanto as an around the plants was found to be alive -international language was offered, but with white ants of the most destructive not adopted. All the delegates but one variety in the Philippines. I haven't any spoke English, which, therefore, was the hope that we are permanently going to common language of the conference. be able to keep pests from traveling With the spread of English in the Pacific from country to country, as the corn- 322 THE MID-PACIFIC

Two events of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference: The feast of Hawaiian-grown fruit at the Federal Experiment Station and the first science meeting at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. THE MID-PACIFIC 323

munications of the world become better interests were the same, their problems and better. The best we can do is to were similar and expression of the prob- keep them out as long as possible, and lems was in about the same terms, and before we are overrun with the pests, to that much the same process of investiga- find out by exchange of information how tion would have to be taken in order to we can either overcome or get along carry out their interests fully. with them. So, plant and animal quar- I am not optimistic enough to believe antine were among the most important any one meeting of this kind is going to subjects of resolutions urging interna- go a long way toward international tional action by which we can have uni- peace, but I do believe that it will go form quarantine laws enforced by all some way ; and a good many meetings of countries. this nature would go a very much longer The preservation of sea turtles and way if we can only prevent the first their eggs was urged, because they have great difficulty or disagreement arising formed a valuable food resource in some on the Pacific ; and we shall be in posi- countries, and are now vanishing. These tion to develop around the Pacific very turtles are very interesting to the nat- much faster than would have been the uralist, but I can imagine things more case without these meetings. But if any important in the way of food conserva- of the nations should come to an open tion. In addition to recommending breach, it might destroy the opportunity cooperative investigation of problems of for international understanding for a fish distribution, capture and conserva- long time to come. tion, the fisheries section urged interna- There could not have been a better tional action to preserve the fast disap- city for this conference to meet in than pearing species of fur-seal, sea otters, Honolulu. On account of its position whales and other commercially valuable and its history it is, in a sense, as nearly marine mammals. There are over forty neutral territory as there is in the species of them along the western coast Pacific. Its population consists of a of the Americas, and if rehabilitated mixture of most of the nationalities of they should return an income of half a the Pacific, those of Oriental descent billion dollars per year. This would be being in a large majority. Racial prob- the initial income, and of course as the lems have here been faced squarely, and products spread out in industry it would settled on a basis of fair dealing and mean a much larger distribution of friendliness. Honolulu has long had the wealth. reputation of being a most hospitable To many minds the great thing city. It is rapidly becoming a very that has come out of this confer- wealthy city. Its citizens are contrib- ence has been the personal con- uting largely to education, science, and tact of men o f different nations. the promotion of international good-will. It was a peace conference in a very true I tried to keep my eyes open for com- sense of the word, and perhaps was the mercial matters in which the Chamber of more effective in that we were not the Commerce would be interested. The op- official representatives of governments. portunities for trade in the islands are Yet men who were there represented growing. Standards of living among their governments in every way except the laborers have risen rapidly. They officially. They were there to talk over are paid from $3.00 to $5.00 a day, and things which might later be taken up in of course they spend this. They are official conventions. Delegates found learning to spend for the comforts we that men from other countries were very ourselves enjoy, and are continually de- much the same as themselves, that their manding more of these comforts. There 324 THE MID-PACIFIC

is an increasing market for furniture, A thing which I particularly noticed office supplies, and all the ordinary is that the advantages of Oregon have things we use at home. Honolulu is not been advertised there. Honolulu is apparently in the process of taking on a splendid winter resort, but the Hono- more and more of an occidental luluans appreciate a change in the sum- character. mer. I found that little is known there The plantations use an enormous of the quality of Oregon's summer amount of lumber in addition to what climate, her fine roads or mountains or is used for building in the towns. Hawaii imports 60,000,000 feet of lum- beaches. Other Pacific coast cities are ber from Puget Sound mills, most of it advertising there but Portland is not, so through one importing firm. Shingles far as I could notice. and mill stuff are taken in large quanti- I cannot easily express how much 1 ties. It seemed to me that, with the appreciate the honor of being your rep- high prices of lumber in the Islands, resentative at the convention. While there is an opportunity for the sale of there in a representative capacity, I had ready-cut houses, especially for the plantation villages. Dairy products and a great deal of pleasure, and it afforded eggs are imported in large quantities, as me considerable opportunities to learn, are fresh fruits and vegetables. In spite and to meet men whom it is a great of the disadvantage of distance New privilege to know. I wish that others Zealand sells a good deal of butter and might have been in the delegation from fruit in the Hawaiian market. Portland and from Oregon.

Dr. David Starr Jordan and Dr. Barton Warren Evermann visiting a Honolulu fish market THE MID-PACIFIC 325

An idea of the possibilities of fruit beverages may be seen in this picture in western America of extensive orchards. IT7ripripounpr • %•/ ,•44 • TUTIVITUIIVIIVIICNIVITUITUTTRIVITUITMICATCYTIV131111VrIVI • U1my N

Possibilities in Fruit Beverages By H. B. FARLEY Of the Fruit Products Labratory of the University of California. < , ,, , ■ ,r,, ■ “cvrem ! IF, hal MCULCnflUCOLd • hnnitMI•a

The great possibilities for real fruit people who do not buy bottled drinks be- beverages is evident when it is realized cause they know that the majority of the that 12,000,000,000 bottles of soft drinks carbonated beverages are made from syn- or soda water are sold in the United States thetic flavors and colors. Many of this each year. At present these drinks are group would buy real fruit drinks for made primarily from imitation fruit fla- their healthful properties even if they vors and colors. Sugar and acid are were required to pay a higher price for added to make the drink palatable and the drink than for one made from syn- give it the sweetness and acidity of fruit thetic flavors and colors. juice. Fruit juices are not used because The many reasons for the popularity of it is much easier and cheaper to make soft drinks can probably be summed up the beverages out of imitation flavors and as follows. Because of the adoption of colors. In many cases the purchasers do prohibition, consumers have turned to not realize that the drink does not derive carbonated and other soft drinks as a sub- its color and flavor from the fruit after stitute for alcoholic beverages ; at many which it is named. There are also many resorts, picnic grounds, and even in some 32() TII E M ID-PACIFIC

Two pictures, upper, showing the fruit crusher and press cyclone, basket centrifuge, filler, press and other equipment used in the fruit products department of the University of California. Lower, small carbonating machine and bottling apparatus in the same laboratory. THE MID-PACIFIC 327 cities the water is not safe or satisfactory SYRUP MANUFACTURE for drinking. This causes people to turn Loganberry, Raspberry, Blackberry to bottled beverages as a source of drink- and Strawberry ing water ; also there is a certain stimu- Thoroughly ripe fruit must be used as lating or exhilarating effect from the bev- underripe fruit is light in color, excessive- erage due to the readily digested sugar it ly tart and astringent in flavor. The ber- contains ; lastly carbonated water is actu- ries are first crushed in a grape crusher ally more efficient in quenching thirst than but wooden or tinned rollers should be ordinary water. used because the acid of the juice attacks The University of California Fruit iron. The crushed fruit should be heated Products Laboratory took up fruit bev- in aluminum or glass lined kettles with erage investigations because it was real- constant stirring to 150 - 160° F. and ized that the use of fruit would greatly pressed at once. A common rack and improve the healthful qualities of soft cloth apple press is best suited for press- drinks since fruit beverages would be rich ing berry juice. in vitamins and fruit salts that are valu- The juice should now be strained to re- able because they have a dormant alka- move the seeds and other large material. linity and neutralize the harmful acid res- If fruit pulp is not objectionable in the idues of other foods. These properties final drink, the juice needs no further are not found in drinks made from im- filtration and is ready to be sweetened itation flavors and colors. A second rea- by the addition of sugar. However, if son for taking up this work was that if a clear drink is desired the juice should real fruit drinks were developed and man- be allowed to cool and then filtered ufactured on a large scale a new outlet through a pulp filter or a filter press. If would exist for many kinds of fruit. the latter is used one per cent filter cell or some similar filtering material should This fruit beverage work was started be added to the juice. in 1921. Since that time excellent bev- After filtration the juice should be erages have been developed from logan- sweetened to 45 - 50° B. (45 to 50 per berry, raspberry, blackberry, grapes, cent sugar) and preserved either by stor- pomegranate, cherry, apple and straw- age at temperatures below 30° F., treat- berry juices that kept very satisfactorily ment with one-tenth of one per cent ben- for four or more years at temperatures zoate of soda or by pasteurization. If ranging from 70-100° F. Citrus fruit quart or smaller containers are used beverages keep a few months satisfactor- 30 minutes at 175° F. is long enough but ily. However, their spoilage was not due if gallon containers are used the time of to fermentation by yeast or other micro- pasterurization must be increased to one organisms but rather due to chemical hour. changes that occur in citrus juices that One part of the above syrups added to give an unpleasant taste and dark color. 4 to 5 parts of water makes very good Since that time a few commercial fruit beverages. Further directions for mak- juice companies have perfected secret ing beverages will be given later. methods of preventing the above chemi- Cherry cal changes so now it is possible to make Black cherries have been found to pos- citrus drinks that will keep as well as any sess good possibilities for use in fruit other fruit beverages. beverages because their characteristic col- The methods developed for making or and flavor are not easily destroyed by these fruit drinks are given briefly as heat and light. A satisfactory method follows : of preparing the syrup is to crush the- 328 THE MID-PACIFIC

Two orchard product pictures; first, drying fruits in the sun, and an exhibit of orchard fruits of many kinds. THE MID-PACIFIC 329 cherries, in the same manner as berries through a filter press. However, if small are crushed, from which about seventy- quantities of juice are to be filtered a five per cent of the pits have been remov- small pulp filter is very satisfactory. ed. The crushed fruit should be heated If the cider is to be sold in bulk it is to 160 - 170° F., pressed and filtered in placed directly in barrels and preserved the same manner as that previously de- with one-tenth of one per cent of benzo- scribed for berries. ate of soda. The latter must be Apples thoroughly mixed through the juice in order to prevent fermentation. While The apple furnishes one of the most if it is sold as bottled cider it can be eith- popular fruit juices consumed in the er carbonated or the bottles filled with United States. It can be sold as unfer- still cider. If the cider is carbonated it mented juice in three forms. 1. As can be pasteurized at 150° F. while for barreled cider—in this case it must be still juice 175° F. is required for the pas- preserved with one-tenth of one per cent teurization process. The times are thir- of benzoate of soda. 2. As bottled ci- ty minutes for quart or smaller containers der, either still or carbonated. 3. As a and one hour for gallon containers. carbonated beverage or soda water. Still another method of making a low Cider varies considerably in quality as priced apple drink is to concentrate the many different varieties of apples are filtered cider in a vacuum pan to 50-55° used. Only ripe apples, possessing a Brix and use this as a bottlers syrup in sprightly acid and pleasing flavor, make a regular carbonating machine. If an good cider. Some of the best cider ap- ounce to an ounce and a half of this syrup ple varities are Yellow Newton, Wine- is used per six ounce soda water bottle a sap, Northern Spy, Baldwin, and Rox- very good beverage is produced. bury Russet. Undoubtedly many other varieties with similar characteristics are Pomegranate very good. Talman Sweet, Bell Flower, Pomegranate juice can be most suc- and Ben Davis are three varieties that cessfully extracted as discovered by J. H. do not make good cider. The first, be- Irish of this Laboratory if the whole cause it is too sweet and the latter var- fruit is placed in a rack and cloth or bas- ieties because they do not possess a dis- ket type press and pressed without pre- tinct flavor. vious crushing. Previous crushing causes In making cider the apples are first too much of the tannin and other bitter washed to remove the arsenical spray re- elements in the rag and skin of the fruit sidue. A modern apple washer contain- to be extracted with the juice. ing a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid The freshly pressed juice is heated to (one-fourth to two per cent actual acid) 150 - 165° F. and allowed to cool and is very effective. The fruit is next settle for twenty-four hours. The settled crushed and pressed. A rack and cloth juice can be racked from the sediment press has been found to give the best and can be filtered very successfully with yield of juice. a pulp filter. However, a filter press The juice is now ready for clarifica- and filter cell can be used as well. tion. It should first be heated to 165 - Sweetened promegranate juice is made 170° F. to precipitate proteins and other by adding sugar to bring it to 35 - 40° colloidal material. It is cooled immedi- Balling. If pomegranate juice is blended ately after which the most successful with sweet red grape juice and sweeten- method of filtering large quantities of ed a product of higher quality is produced juice is to add one-half of one per cent of than that of pomegranate alone. The refined filter cell and pass the juice syrup can be preserved in the same man- 330 THE MID-PACIFIC

ner as was previously described for berry can be preserved by bottling and pasteur- syrups. izing at 175° F. for 30 minutes. If the Grape juice is lightly carbonated the tempera- Grapes and grape products can be suc- ture can be reduced to 150° F. cessfully used in four different forms of A grape soda water can be made from beverages which are listed as follows. Muscat grape juice as a basis for flavor 1. Bottled grape juice—either still or car- and red grape syrup for color. Only bonated. 2. Grape soda water. 3. Muscat juice which has been heated to Punches. 4. Grape ales. For any of the 160° F. to precipitate the proteins and above beverages only materials of high other colloidal material and then filtered quality can be used. as previously described for grape juice In making any of these beverages the can be used. The Muscat juice is sweet- grapes are crushed and pressed. Red ened until it tests 40° B. - 40 per cent grapes should be heated, in an aluminum, sugar. One part of clear red grape con- glass or tin lined kettle, with constant centrate is then added to 4 - 10 parts of stirring up to 165° F. and pressed im- the sweetened Muscat juice. The amount mediately. The object of heating the of red concentrate used can be varied ac- crushed grapes is to kill the cells of the cording to the intensity of the red color grape skins and cause the color to flow desired. One and one-half to one and out into the juice. three-fourths ounces of this syrup is add- in making bottled grape juice cream ed to the standard soda water bottle. of tartar removal is the next problem The addition of one-fourth to one-half of importance. If the juice is to be used of one per cent citric acid from lemons for any other product, this step can to the syrup improves the flavor of the be omitted. The common commercial above drink. The amount of citric acid method of removing cream of tartar is to to be added depends upon the acidity of pasteurize the juice into large glass car- the ingredients used. boys or barrels and allow it to stand sev- Concord grape juice is also very well eral months at 30 - 40° F. During this suited for beverage manufacture. A bev- period the cream of tartar gradually crys- erage syrup can be made by sweetening tallizes out. However, preliminary trials the juice to 45 - 50° Balling. The flavor in the fruit products laboratory have of the final beverage would also probably shown that this process can be greatly be improved if one-fourth to one-half of simplified in that if the juice is frozen in one per cent or more of citric acid from barrels at 0 - 10° F. and allowed to thaw lemons was added to the syrup. slowly the cream of tartar crystallizes Red grape concentrate is also very well quickly. All juices should be clarified adapted for use as a fruit coloring mater- or filtered through a pulp filter or filter ial in punches or for giving other drinks press until they are perfectly clear. If a a better color. For instance if a small filter press is used one per cent refined amount of red grape concentrate is added filter cell must be added to the juice. If to strawberry or raspberry syrups bev- the juice is going to be concentrated in erages with much better color are pro- a vacuum pan any filter cell will do. One duced. part Alicante or some other red grape A very good punch can be made from juice blended with two parts Muscat orange, lemon and red grape concentrate juice produces a very pleasing product according to the following directions. One which can be improved if the acidity is to one and one-fourth ounces of syrup, increased by adding one-fourth of one per composed of one part orange syrup con- cent citric acid from lemons. This juice taining 50 per cent sugar, two parts lem- THE MID-PACIFIC 331 on syrup containing 60 per cent sugar mote the chemical change. A few com- and one part of red grape concentrate, mercial organizations claim to have per- is added to the standard soda pop bottle. fected secret processes whereby they can The orange and lemon syrups used in make citrus beverages that will keep in- the punch are made by the addition of definitely. It is much cheaper to make cane sugar to orange or lemon juice. the syrup at the source of supply of the Work on grape gingerales has shown fruit than it is to ship the fruit all over that grape concentrate can be substituted the country. For that reason it is prob- for cane sugar in gingerale to produce a able that good citrus syrups are destined product that many state is superior to to become more popular as the basis for gingerales now on the market. If red fountain beverages. grape concentrate is used a very delight- In making the syrup the fruit is cut ful red gingerale is produced. Certain- in half and the juice extracted by a re- ly grape gingerale would be superior to volving cone extractor like that seen at ordinary gingerale from the health stand- most soda fountains. The juice is then point in that it would contain the vita- given some special treatment to prevent mines of the grape and grape salts. its darkening and turning bitter after Citrus Beverages after which enough sugar is added to The great popularity of citrus beve- make a sweetened juice that tests 50 - 60 rages is evidenced at practically every per cent sugar. soda fountain where one may see fresh The flavor of sweetened orange juice oranges and lemons surrounding a small and the general character of the final bev- juice extractor. The orange, lemon, and erage is improved if the orange is acidu- grapefruit juice is extracted and allowed lated with 20 to 25 per cent of sweetened to run into a glass right before the cus- lemon juice. Most of the sweetened cit- tomer's eyes. A small amount of sugar rus juices are preserved with one-tenth syrup and carbonated water is added to of one per cent benzoate of soda. make the finished drink. It is estimated Several factories, among them the Ex- that over 6,000 carloads of oranges are change Orange Products Co., make con- consumed annually in this way. centrated citrus juices that are suitable for The general concensus of opinion is beverage manufacture. Briefly, the juice is that these extractors were adopted be- extracted in the same manner as for cause of the fact that people like to see sweetened juices, although in one or two the fresh citrus juice prepared as they are factories the juice is extracted by running served. However, a few years ago it the fruit between heavy rollers. was impossible to make a citrus syrup for This juice is centrifuged to remove oil fountain or bottlers use that would keep and is concentrated in a vacuum pan until satisfactorily. This spoilage was due to a density of about 70 - 75° Balling is some chemical change in the syrup that reached. Beverage syrups are made by caused it to darken and turn bitter. adding sugar syrups and emulsified citrus

However, J. H. Irish of the Fruit Pro- oils or other flavors to the concentrate. ducts Laboratory says in California Ex- Such concentrates are also in demand for periment Station Circular 313 that it is fountain use and for making ice cream possible to greatly prolong the life of cit- and ices. rus juice if it is flash-pasteurized to 190 - Pineapple 200° F. and cooled immediately. If the Pineapple juice can be purchased cheap- juice is then benzoated and put in cold ly from several of the Hawaiian Pineapple storage it can be kept several months Canneries. It is very suitable for bev- Heating destroys the enzymes that pro- erage manufacture. The juice is simply 332 THE MID -PACIFIC

sweetened to 45 - 50° Balling and used preserved with one twentieth of one per similarly to other fruit syrups. cent benzoate of soda. However, the Beverage Manufacture most satisfactory method of preservation The above syrups are all very well is to pasteurize the carbonated product at adapted for use in fountain beverages, 150° F. for 30 minutes. If the beverage bottled beverages or the making of fruit is not carbonated the temperature must beverages in the home. All that is nec- be raised to 175° F. essary is to mix one part of the syrup with three to five parts of still or car- The author believes that there is a good bonated water. opportunity for bottlers to enlarge their If the beverage is bottled the exper- business by adding a line of real fruit ience of the Fruit Products Laboratory drinks which would have a special appeal has shown that low carbonation at 10 - 20 to those who want healthful drinks. There pounds pressure produces the best bev- is a special opportunity to develop a home erage. However, if so-called "dry" trade and encourage families to obtain drinks, such as "orange" or "lemon dry" part of their fruit through the medium of are made the carbonation pressure should beverages. he as high as 60 to 90 pounds per square The author will be pleased to give inch. further information to or help, as far as Preliminary investigations have shown possible, anyone who is interested in any that bottled carbonated beverages can be of the above products.

The Hawaiian pineapple produces some of the finest fruit beverages in the world.

THE MID-PACIFIC 333

A bit of indigenous Hawaiian mountain forest back of Honolulu. wcN The Forests of the Hawaiian Islands By CHARLES S. JUDD rinThiffinMicalLarea'r Tr4

The indigenous forests in the wet springs and streams lower down the mountains of the Hawaiian Islands are mountain and into the artesian basins at semi-tropical in character and are valu- the shore. able not for the production of timber The Hawaiian trees are usually shal- but chiefly for the beneficial influence low-rooted and depend on the under- which they exert on the water supply. growth for the retention of proper Their chief product, therefore, is not moisture conditions. When this under- wood, but water. growth is removed the roots dry out and This forest is composed mainly of and the trees begin to show signs of de- low, bushy trees with an undergrowth cline and will eventually die. The forest of ferns, vines, and shrubs which com- is very delicate in this respect and for bine as an association of plants and this reason is very susceptible to dam- make an ideal cover to prevent erosion, retard the excessive runoff, and keep the age by grazing animals. To retain it in soil porous so that the rainwater may its most efficient condition as a conserver slowly percolate into the subsoil and of water, it is essential that the forest be from there gradually find its way out in given absolute protection against stock 334 THE MID-PACIFIC

t ha t ee tr d lue va a is THE MID-PACIFIC 335 and against rank-growing grasses which silvery, yellow foliage. This is found prevent natural reproduction. in the richer soils and up the slopes to The west forest extends nearer to the an elevation of about 2000 feet. Associ- shore on the windward side and was ated with it may often be found the originally much more widespread on the pandanus or lauhala and sometimes the Hawaiian mountains than at the present koa and other less known trees. time. The extensive grazing of cattle, The sandalwood tree was found in clearing for sugar cane cultivation, and abundance in this region but the avarice fire, to a small degree, have combined to of early chiefs caused it to be cut and push the forest back to its present area exported to China for barter in large which now amounts to about one quar- quantities. As a consequence, there are ter of the total land area of the islands. very few large sandalwood trees left to- Since the advent of the white man the clay but where the land is protected algaroba tree, or mesquite of the south- from stock young trees are growing up west, was brought in and has proved to in abundance. In the foothills of this be a great blessing to the islands. In same region many groves of the Aus- the 94 years since its introduction it has tralian eucalyptus trees have been been spread by stock, which are very planted to supply fuel and fence posts. fond of its beans, so that now it occupies This belt of forest acts as a buffer to about 100,000 acres on the dry, sheltered the wet or rain forest found just above lowlands which formerly were almost this and up to an elevation of about treeless. These algaroba forests are a 5,000 feet. This wet forest is the most boon to stockmen for the fattening of extensive and the most valuable from cattle, horses, and hogs and supply ex- the viewpoint of water supply of all for- cellent fuel to the wood dealer, and an est growth in the islands. It is com- abundance of blossoms for the bee hives. posed chiefly of the ohia lehua tree Along this coastal plain may also be which produces bright scarlet and some- found the native coconut, the pandanus times canary colored blossoms and a or lauhala and the mild, hau and ka- durable wood. With it are associated mani. other native trees such as the koa, ko- The kou, highly prized by the early piko, kolea and olapa, paper mulberry, Hawaiians for its shade and excellent and many others on which early Hawai- calabash wood is now almost extinct on ians depended to supply the particular account of a defoliating moth. In this needs for their bodily comfort in the some lowland region may now be found form of rafters and thatch poles, food scores of introduced trees from all parts dishes and paper clothing, for their de- of the semi-tropical world so that well fense in the form of spears, clubs, and planted places like Honolulu are veri- daggers, for their recreation in the form table botanical gardens. A large major- of surf boards and sleds, for their trans- ity of these introduced trees belong to portation in the form of dugout canoes the bean family and representatives such (from the larger koa trees) and for their as the jacaranda, royal poinciana, pink, religious rites in the form of idols and pink and white and golden showers, and drums. the monkey pod furnish not only a pleas- On the richer soils the trees in this ing shade but blossom in different type attain good size but on the exposed, months and give a vivid touch to the steep slopes where the soil is shallow the landscape. trees eke out a precarious existence and As one goes up the valleys in the is- are very much stunted. In the latter lands the most conspicuous native tree situations they are most valuable as a is the kukui or candle nut which has a soil cover but there they are the most 336 THE MID-PACIFIC

delicate and most easily damaged by any them to the great central plain for the outside influence. irrigation of sugar cane. Above this wet water-conserving for- The forests on the largest island, Ha- est and up to 10,000 feet, where the rain- waii, similarly occur where moisture fall is not so heavy, is found a forest conditions are most favorable for tree composed of the mamani tree which has growth. Along the windward side on yellow pea-like blossoms and curious, the northeast slopes of the Kohala rough constricted pods. This forest Mountains and of Mauna Kea and seems to like the higher elevations best Mauna Loa from the upper limits of and the widely spaced round-crowned the cane cultivation up to about 5,000 trees give it the resemblance of an ap- feet are fond extensive wet forests of ple orchard. The mamani tree produces mostly lehua trees. The only running a very hard, close-grained and durable streams on the island come from these wood which is highly prized by the forests and are of great economic im- ranchers for fence posts. portance for the fluming of sugar cane Niihau, at the northwest end of the to the mills. In these forests and par- group, was comparatively treeless be- ticularly in Olaa are found in abun- yond a few coconut trees but lately is dance the tree ferns and ie-ie vines, being covered with a forest of the in- and sparingly the native fan palm. troduced algaroba and prickly pear cac- These give a truly tropical aspect to the tus. forest. Kauai is the best forested island of Scattered throughout this forest on the the group and its many rivers supply well drained soils and particularly at power and irrigating waters for exten- its upper limits are found almost pure sive sugar plantations. These rivers stands of koa trees. They furnish a arise in the center of the island where beautiful cabinet wood and were used there is a vast forest and a huge upland by the early Hawaiians for dugout ca- swamp. noes and surf boards. Oahu has a variety of forest condi- In Kona there is a belt of ohia lehua tions depending upon the moisture. The forest on the slopes of Hualalai and forest on the Koolau Range is more ex- Mauna Loa induced by favorable mois- tensive because it is nearer to the mois- ture conditions where the soil is very ture laden trade winds which blow from rich and where coffee is grown to great off the Pacific Ocean. The forest on the advantage. Waianae Range is scantier clue to less The mamani forest is found mainly moisture but both have been sadly de- in a zone around Mauna Kea and on pleted mostly because of unrestricted parts of Mauna Loa at the higher eleva- cattle grazing. tions and this is the last tree found at Molokai and Lanai have a cap of wet timber line which exists at about 10,000 forest on their higher portions and the feet. algaroba forests on their protected As Hawaii is still in the process of shores are ever increasing. formation, there are vast areas, particu- The forests on Maui are similar to larly in the center of the island where those on Oahu and are found mostly the land is treeless on account of com- on the windward sides where the mois- paratively recent lava flows. Where ture is most abundant. The forests in these flows occur in the rainy districts the Koolau district on East Maui are of the ohia lehua forest quickly begins to particular importance for the conserva- assert itself from seeds blown in from tion of the water which is led out from afar. THE MID-PACIFIC 337

Even in Honolulu there is sometimes an oversupply.

'k.7 ,,,,,I,,anCJITYUCNT:31 ,v„vii",,,,,„ ii,„„„,,,7 . • ,,,,,,,,,n,7, • • p. • Do We Need More Farm Land? •!- ,,... 4. • By 0. E. BAKER • • Senior Agricultural Economist, University of Minnesota. l• • • tatinuniiniiniffinnirlireiiiInir cm tC]uuluni ```'.ucuipup Since the World War three new facts pansion. These facts suggest that not of the greatest importance have become only is there no need for more agricul- evident in American life which must be tural land at present, considering the given consideration in any proposals for nation as a whole, but also that it is un- agricultural expansion. The first fact, likely there will be as rapid increase of that of recent extraordinary increase in crop land in the next half century as agricultural production, relates to the that which occurred in the half century present and near future. The second preceding the World War. The needs tact, that of notable changes in con- of the less rapidly increasing popula- sumption of foods and fibers, also re- tion will be met mostly by other means. lates both to the present and the near fu- Let us consider briefly the evidence sup- ture. The third fact, that of decreasing porting these conclusions. birth rates and probable attainment of During the past two years the Di- a stationary population in about fifty vision of Land Economics in the Bureau years, perhaps sooner, relates solely to of Agricultural Economics has been the future, but bears directly on present working on an index of agricultural pro- -policy with reference to agricultural ex- duction and consumption since the be- 338 THE MID-PACIFIC

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O Ci THE MID-PACIFIC 339 ginning of the Twentieth Century. The with associated machinery, which has various crops and animal products caused a large decrease in horses and a (bushels, bales, pounds, etc.) are totaled smaller decrease in mules and has re- on the basis of average farm price dur- leased a large amount of feed for meat ing the decade 1917-1926. This nor- and milk animals ; together with the in- mal farm value of the crops through a fluences exerted by the various agencies series of years represents more closely for the promotion of agriculture—the than any other common denominator the agricultural press, the farm organiza- aggregate amount of labor, capital, and tions, the agricultural colleges, extension other factors involved in production ; services and experiment stations, the in fact, it is the only common denomina- state departments of agriculture, the U. tor that permits combining foodstuffs S. Department of Agriculture and other with fibers. The work is not yet com- organizations—and, finally, the pressure pleted, but is sufficiently complete to exerted by higher wages and probably show that at no time since 1900, and by higher taxes, have led to the adoption probably since 1890, has agricultural of improved agricultural practices more production increased at so rapid a rate rapidly than in any previous period of as in the years since the World War. our history. In particular, there has This is remarkable in view of the de- been a strong tendency to sell the poorer crease between 1919 and 1924 in farm livestock and secure a larger product land, in crop land, in number of farm from smaller or stationary numbers. animals (animal units), in number of This rapid technical progress in agri- farms and in farm population, as shown culture has been attributed to the World by the census. Never before have cen- War, just as the rapid progress after sus statistics shown a contraction in the the Civil War was attributed to that agricultural area of the nation, nor in war. But the fact that the tractor and the number of farms and farm popula- automobile were rapidly coming into use tion. The decrease in farm animals and prior to the World War, just as haying farm population has continued since and harvesting machinery were coming 1925, according to the annual estimates into use prior to the Civil War, indi- of the U. S. Department of Agriculture ; cates that the conditions arising from but there was an appreciable increase in the war were not the cause of the prog- crop area harvested in 1926 and again ress. However, the reduction in avail- in 1928. able labor and the rise in prices of farm Even more remarkable is the fact that products during war time, as well as this increase in production since the War patriotic impulse and greater openness occurred despite an unprecedented de- of mind, undoubtedly hastened t h e cline in the level of prices of many farm adoption of improved farm practices and products. Up to and including the war methods. years the general trend of prices of ag- Comparing the five-year period 1917- ricultural products was upward, as com- 1921 with the period 1922-1926 (these pared with prices of commodities farm- two periods being centered on the cen- ers buy. On the other hand, this aver- sus years, 1919 and 1924, which are five age purchasing power price of farm pro- years apart), the production of animal ducts in the United States declined 24 products (mostly meat and milk) in- per cent between 1920 and 1921, and creased nearly 16 per cent, although since 1922 has remained about station- there was no appreciable increase in the ary at 85 to 90 per cent of the pre-war amount of feed available for farm ani- (1909-1914) purchasing power price. mals other than that released by the de- Apparently, the introduction of the crease in horses and mules ; the aggre- automobile, the truck, and the tractor, gate production of crops for industrial 340 THE MID-PACIFIC d n a inery h mac by are ds lan t ea THE MID-PACIFIC 341 uses (mostly cotton, flaxseed and tobac- ing a rising acreage since 1924, with an co) increased in the aggregate nearly 17 area in crops in 1928 almost as large as per cent, (but was little larger than in in 1919. Likewise, acre-yields of the the period 1912-1916) ; while the pro- crops have increased, in the aggregate, duction of foodstuffs f rom plants very slightly, if at all, since the World (mostly wheat flour, potatoes, vege- War. The acre-yields of the feed crops tables and fruits) increased over 7 per (fed to farm animals) decreased slightly, cent. Agricultural production as a but the larger acre-yields of the food whole increased about 13.5 per cent, crops (consumed by man) accounts for whereas population increased about 8 about one-tenth of the increase in agri- per cent ; in other words, the increase cultural production, and is the smallest of agricultural production was over 50 influence of all the factors. Clearly oth- per cent greater than of population. In- er methods of increasing agricultural complete data for the years 1927 and production are now in operation. 1928 indicate that agricultural produc- These other means of increasing agri- tion is still increasing more rapidly than cultural production which suddenly have population. become of great importance, are princi- The principal means by which agri- pally four : cultural production in the United States 1. The rapid increase in automobiles has been increased in the past has been and tractors, which has resulted in a de- by expansion of the crop area. The ex- crease in horses and mules, and released, pansion of agriculture across the Atlan- as a consequence, a large amount of feed tic slope, then over the Appalachian for meat and milk animals. This has Mountains into the eastern Mississippi been, apparently, one of the major fac- Valley, followed by the settlement of tors in accounting for the increase in California and Oregon and an eastward agricultural production. Fully two- movement of settlement from the Pacific thirds of the increase in agricultural pro- Coast into the Rocky Mountain region, duction consists of animal products led largely by miners ; and, finally, the (mostly meat, milk and eggs), and pos- occupation of the semi-arid Great sibly two-fifths of this increase in animal Plains region and the Upper Lakes area products is attributable directly to the during the past quarter century or more, tractor and automobile, that is, this fac- has caused most people to assume that tor accounts directly for about a fourth the needs of the increasing population of the total increase in agricultural pro- can be met only by expansion of the crop duction. Indirectly, by inducing geo- area. A few people realize the possibili- graphic shifts in production, it accounts ties of increasing production by securing for, probably, a tenth more. higher yields per acre of the crops and 2. An equally important factor is the pastures. These two means, the horizon- increasing production of meat and milk tal expansion of crop area and the per- per unit of feed consumed by each class pendicular, so to speak, increase in acre of livestock, except, possibly, in the pro- yields, are commonly assumed to be the duction of beef. This factor also ac- only methods of increasing agricultural counts for about two-fifths of the in- production. crease in production of animal products, But after the World War expansion of and is in part owing to the geographic the crop area ceased, the census of 1924 shifts promoted primarily by the tractor showing a decrease of thirteen million and automobile. acres as compared with 1919. However, 3. Closely associated with this factor the acreage in 1924 was the lowest since is a shift from the less efficient classes of the war, the annual estimates of the farm animals in the transformation of U. S. Department of Agriculture show- feed into food toward the more efficient, 342 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 343

(principally from beef cattle and sheep for other farm animals, has promoted toward dairy cattle and hogs). It re- geographic shifts in crop and livestock quires much less feed to produce equiva- production, which have resulted for the lent values of milk and pork than of beef nation as a whole in increased produc- and mutton. tion per acre and increased production 4. Similarly, there has been a shift per animal as well as increased produc- since the World War from the less pro- tion per man. ductive crops per acre toward the more Moreover, the increasing use of the productive, notably from wheat toward tractor may cause not only a continua- corn in the Great Plains region ; from tion of this shift in livestock production, corn toward cotton in the Cotton Belt ; but also further expansion of agriculture and from the cereals and hay crops to- into the semi-arid grazing area of the ward fruits and vegetables in parts of Great Plains ; and, furthermore, will California and Florida, and in other fruit probably stimulate the production of and vegetable producing areas. crops at the expense of pasture in many Let us consider these four factors established farming areas. In other briefly, and fifth, that of increase in acre words, continued progress in tractor cul- yields of the crops. tivation seems likely to cause a still fur- One of the peculiar characteristics of ther concentration of milk and meat pro- the present agricultural situation is the duction on the more fertile or more level manifold influence of the tractor and lands of the North and West, and accord automobile. little, if any, help to the farmers in hilly Between January 1, 1920, and Janu- or sandy areas or on sub-marginal lands ary 1, 1925, the decline in horses and in general ; indeed, is likely to make mules, consequent upon the coming of their situation even more difficult, except the tractor and automobile, released be- those along the semi-arid margin of the tween five and ten million acres of crop Great Plains region. land for other uses or non-use ; and be- The increase in production of meat tween 1918, when the decline began, and and milk per unit of feed consumed, like 1928, the crop land thus released was the increase assignable to the automo- probably about 15 million acres. Since bile and tractor, appears to be a recent all horses and mules required about 80 development in the United States. Prob- million acres of crop land for their sus- ably the production of milk per unit of tenance in 1919, it appears that nearly feed consumed, and possibly of meat one-fifth of this total amount has already also, has been increasing irregularly for been released. Nearly all of these 15 a century, but in the statistical data million acres of crop land are now used compiled for the period since 1900 this to feed meat and milk animals or to grow increasing efficiency in transforming cotton. The portion used to feed meat feed into human food first becomes evi- and milk animals constitutes an addition dent, except for sheep, near the close of of 5 or 6 per cent to the land so used in the World War (Figs. 17, 18, and 19). 1919. As population increased about 16 A rough estimate of the magnitude of per cent during this past decade, it ap- this factor in increasing production can pears that this percentage increase in be reached only indirectly, through data crop acreage available to produce feed on production per animal. for meat and milk animals is about a The estimates of the U. S. Depart- third as great as the percentage increase ment of Agriculture indicate about 4 in population. per cent more dairy cows and heifers Thus the tractor and automobile, by on farms in the United States January reducing the number of horses and mules first in the period 1922-1926 than in the in the North and West and releasing feed period 1917-1921, but that abount 22 per 344 THE MID-PACIFIC

In West Ilustralia camels help till the soil.

cent more milk was produced ; about 8 hogs has constituted a larger propor- per cent fewer cattle but that nearly 9 tion of the total slaughter in recent per cent more beef and veal was pro- years, so that the increase in total pro- duced. But after allowance is made for duction of pork and lard has been some- the decline in number of cattle on farms, what less—about 20 per cent, according there is indicated only 9 per cent in- to the estimates of the Bureau of Ani- crease in production of beef and veal mal Industry. There were somewhat per head on farms. Apparently, the in- more sheep on farms and ranges at the crease in dairy animals slaughtered, end than at the beginning of the period which are inefficient as producers of 1922-1926, and after allowance is made beef, partially balances the increased ef- for this increase of stock, the increase ficiency resulting from slaughter of beef in production of mutton and lamb per animals at an earlier age and improve- head on farms January 1 becomes about ment in quality. With hogs, however, 19 per cent. as with dairy cows, the increase in pro- Increase in production per animal is, duction per head has been very large. of course, greater than increase in pro- There was about the same average num- duction per unit of feed consumed, but, ber of hogs on farms January 1 in the after including the feed released by the period 1922-1926 as in the period 1917- decrease in horses and mules, it ap- 1921, but the increase in pork and lard pears that the production of animal pro- under Federally inspected slaughter ducts in relation to feed consumed by the (which is nearly two-thirds of the total animals increased in the neighborhood slaughtered) was 25 per cent. Un- of 7 per cent between these two periods doubtedly the inspected slaughter of five years apart. This does not include THE MID-PACIFIC 345 the increase caused by shifts from less Then came the work of Dublin and efficient toward more efficient classes of Lotka, statisticians of the Metropolitan animals in transforming feed into hu- Life Insurance Company, who showed man food, that is from beef cattle and that after the present natural increase sheep toward dairy cattle and hogs. rate in the United States (excess of The increase in animal products per births over deaths) is corrected for the unit of feed consumed is caused by im- larger proportion of young people in provement in the animals in the princi- the population at present than there pal areas and by geographic shifts in the will be in the future, resulting from the several enterprises. As these causes fact that the birth rate, both rural and differ in relative importance for the sev- urban, is falling, and that the large eral animal products, and regionally for number of immigrants till recently were each product. mostly young people, also because of the decreasing proportion of the popu- However great the increase in agri- lation which is rural (whose birth rate cultural production, however great the is greater than that of the urban pop- changes in diet, if population continues ulation), this natural increase rate would to increase it must sooner or later press be reduced to one-half the 1920 rate, or with increasing severity upon the lim- to about 5.5 per thousand population. itations of the land. This fact which When these corrections were made, the Malthus pointed out over a century ago, birth rate in 1920 would be reduced and which he showed was characteristic from 23.4 to 20.9 per thousand popula- of the history of almost all civilizations, tion, and the death rate would be raised colored the conclusions of the writer from 11.0 to 15.4 per thousand. It is until five or six years ago, not only with significant that the decline in the birth reference to the Orient and Europe but rate since 1920 has been so rapid that with reference to the United States also, it is now (1927) only 20.4. A rise in and it appears to color the thoughts of the death rate may be expected soon. many persons interested in the relation- This will not mean that the average life ship of land to population even today. of people will be shorter, but merely But during the past few years evid- that the young people will be growing ence has been accumulating that both older and will not be replaced by as the United States and the countries of large a proportionate number of young northwestern Europe are rapidly ap- people as in the past. proaching a stationary population. First Pearl and Reed in 1921 applied the lo- The latest study in this field of pre- gistic curve to the census data on the dicting the population of the United population of the United States since States is that by Whelpton of the 1790 and reached the conclusion that the Scripps Foundation for Population Re- increase of population would soon be- search in Miami University. This study gin to taper off, the rate of increase be- starts with the census population of coming progressively less until a prac- 1920, corrected for the under-enumera- tically stationary population was at- tion of children under five years of age, tained about the year 2020. These and applies to this base the trend of figures suggested that the population in death rates and birth rates in the Regis- the United States would not attain the tration Area for rural and urban by high ratio to agricultural resources color and age groups. The death rates which exist in western Europe ; never- in two low death-rate countries, Aus- theless, that much more crop land would tralia and New Zealand, are consid- be needed to feed and clothe the 100 ered on the assumption that a situation million more people in the United as favorable as that in New Zealand States 100 years hence. would be reached in the United States 346 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 347 in fifty years. Future immigration was Let us assume, first, that our present assumed to be 1,000,000 every 5 years, diet, very high in animal products, which is similar to that at present, and fruits, vegetables and sugar, will con- migration from farms to cities was also tinue ; that no further progress will be taken into account, because of the great made in substitution of tractors and difference in birth rates in these environ- automobiles for horses and mules, nor ments. The resulting estimate is 175 in production of meat and milk per unit million population in the year 1975 and of feed consumption, nor in crop yields about 186 million in the year 2000 A. D. per acre, nor will any shifts occur be- These figures are practically the same as tween the less productive and more pro- those of Pearl and Reed, which were ductive crops and classes of farm ani- based merely on a mathematical projec- mals ; finally, that agricultural exports tion of the trend of population. since and imports will increase proportionally 1790. to the increase in population—in brief, A startling confirmation of these sta- that all the factors affecting the situa- tiscal estimates came to light in No- tion, except that of crop area, remain vember 1928. A bulletin of the U. S. as at present. At present there are Bureau of Education on enrollment in three acres of crops per person. On the public schools showed that the en- the assumption of a status quo for all rollment in the first grade had been de- other factors, it is obvious that the 17 creasing since 1918, or for nearly a dec- million more people in 1940 will require ade. Much of this decrease is to be as- about 50 million acres more crop land, signed to more rapid promotion, but it the 30 million more people in 1950 will is the opinion of Dr. Phillips, the require 90 million acres more crop land, author, that the number of children six and the 53 million more people in 1975 year old is no greater now than in 1920. will require 160 million more acres of crops. Such amounts of land could he Mr. Phillips associates the declining provided for out of the 973 million acres, birth rate in the United States, and ap- more or less, of land in the United States proximately stationary number of chil- that is physically available for crop pro- dren six years old, with the increasing duction, of which less than half is in prosperity and per capita wealth. crops or plowable pasture at present. It appears probable that within a few But clearly this assumption that all decades the United States will be de- the factors of production, except that of pendent largely upon immigration for crop area, will remain as they are, and its increase in population and that in that the diet will not change, is wholly 50 to 75 years a stationary population wrong—in spite of the fact that most will be attained, also that this stationary people assume it to be true. It is cer- population will be somewhere between tain that tractors and automobiles will 175 and 200 million people. The pop- continue to replace horses for a few ulation of the United States today (1929) yeears at least, for there are not half is probably between 120 and 121 million ; enough colts on farms to replace the in 1940 the population will be about 138 horses that die or become useless each million, in 1950 about 152 million and year. in 1975 about 200 million. How much more agricultural land are we likely to Need for Land Ten Years Hence. need to meet the needs of these added If this substitution of tractors, trucks, millions ? This can be estimated for and automobiles for horses and mules the next decade, but beyond this period continues for another decade at the same prediction becomes hazardous, particu- rate as during the past decade, about 15 larly because of the uncertainty as to million more acres of crops will be re- exports and imports. leased to feed meat and milk animals. 348 THE MID-PACIFIC

Canada has for many years sent abroad traveling exhibits of her farm products.

This replacement of horses and mules by appears unsafe to estimate this increas- tractors may be more or less rapid than ing production per unit of feed con- during the past decade, but it is unlikely sumed at more than one per cent a year that less than 10, nor more than 20 mil- during the next decade, or about ten per lion acres of crops will be released for cent gain in all. This would mean a meat and milk animals, which is an in- saving of about 18 million more acres in crease of between 6 and 12 per cent in the extent of land that would be needed the acreage so used at present. This is to produce the crops required by the 50 to 100 per cent as great increase as nation's meat and milk animals a de- that which will probably occur in pop- cade hence. ulation. Let us assume the smaller In other words, these two factors of figure. the decrease in horses and mules and The remaining half of the increase in increase in production of meat and milk animal products necessary to maintain per unit of feed consumed appear suf- the present per capita consumption will ficient to supply the 15 million more likely be provided by a continuation of people a decade hence with the present the increase in production of meat and per capita consumption of animal pro- milk per unit of feed consumed. This ducts without any increase in total acre- amounted to about one and one-half age of crops fed to livestock. This is per cent a year between the 5-year per- probably true also of pasture land, for iod 1917-1921 and the period 1922-1926, although there are no data on the acreage but as the geographic shifts in cattle of pasture required to feed horses and and hog production from regions of less mules, it appears probable that pas- efficient utilization of feed toward re- turage is being released by the decline gions of more efficient utilization will in horses and mules at much the same probably be less rapid in the future, it rate as crop land. THE MID-PACIFIC 349

This conclusion with regard to the increase that may occur in the per capita next decade involves no change in acre consumption of fruits and vegetables, yields of the feed crops, which consti- if it involves a decrease in consump- tute about 70 per cent of the total crop tion of other foodstuffs, will result in acreage. It is not unlikely that with the a decrease in crop acreage, since fruits spread of the corn borer the acre-yields and vegetables have very high yields of corn for grain will decline somewhat, per acre. For plant foodstuffs as a but it also appears likely that the in- whole it appears that if the nation con- creasing use of the entire corn plant for tinues to export the present quantity of silage and fodder will partly, perhaps wheat and rye, the increase in acreage fully, balance this decrease in grain is likely to be about as rapid as the in- yield. It also seems likely that with crease in population, which is estimated the increasing use of fartilizers the at 12 per cent ; but if exports of these acre-yields of oats and barley will grains continue to decline at the same slowly rise, while the trend from non- rate as during the past decade, no in- leguminous toward leguminous hays, crease, but rather a contraction in the notably alfalfa, will result not only in a acreage devoted to plant foodstuffs is greater acre-yield of the hay crop, but indicated. It is probable that in 1940 in a still greater feed yield (since le- the acreage producing plant foodstuffs guminous hays are fully 50 per cent will he somewhere between 3 million more nutritious than other hays). It acres less and 8 million acres more than appears probable, therefore, that the at present. production of feed per acre will increase For the crops other than those grown rather than decrease during the next for feed or food, principally cotton, flax, decade. and tobacco, the prospect is still more With reference to plant foodstuffs uncertain. Cotton acreage has fluctu- the situation is less clear. In view of ated greatly since the war, and even if the probable' further expansion of both the 5-year periods 1919-1923 and 1924- wheat and rye production along the 1928 be compared, the acreage increased semi-arid margin of the Great Plains, nearly 30 per cent and production over it is unlikely that the acre-yields of 40 per cent. Likewise with flax, com- these crops for the nation as a whole paring the two 5-year periods, acreage will increase, and they may decrease. increased 100 per cent and production In other words, an increase in acreage 122 per cent. For tobacco, on the con- fully equal to the increase in population trary, there was a decrease in acreage appears likely, provided no change oc- of 3 per cent and in production of 5 per curs in the proportion of these crops cent. For the three crops the increase exported. If, on the other hand, to in area was over 10 million acres, or 6 make an extreme assumption, the ex- per cent a year on the average. It is ports of these grains should decrease unlikely that such a rate of increase will 6 per cent a year on the average, as they persist through the coming decade, but did between the periods 1919-1923 and if it should there will be nearly 30 mil- 1924-1928, it would provide more wheat lion more acres devoted to these three and rye than would be needed by the 15 crops than at present. On the other million more people in 1940 than in hand, it is as likely that the acreage de- 1930. The acreage of these bread voted to these crops will be no greater grains ten years hence is almost certain than now. To split the difference and to fall between these limits, and will allow 15 million acres increase for these probably be as near the latter (2 mil- three crops is probably as good a guess lion acres decrease) as the former (7 as can be made. million acres increase). Moreover any If the acreage devoted to producing 350 THE MID-PACIFIC

Hawaiian sugar cane now grows splendidly in the Philippines, adding to the sugar problem.

feed remains stationary, while that de- plowable pasture and a smaller part from voted to food-production increases about clearing of forest land. It is evident, 3 million acres, and that devoted to other therefore, that there remains enough idle crops becomes 15 million acres greater, crop land in farms to provide for nearly we reach the conclusion that there will all the probable increase in crop acre- be probably 15 to 20 million more acres age by 1939, and, in addition, there are in crops a decade hence than at present. over 100 million acres of plowable pas- This is an increase of 4 to 6 per cent, ture in farms, not to speak of the large as compared with a practically station- areas in farms that may be utilized for ary acreage during the past decade. crops by clearing or draining the land. Where will these 15 to 20 million acres Certainly there will be no need to ex- of land be found ? pand the net farm area of the nation In 1924, according to the census, there during the next decade. were about 34 million acres of "crop But there will just as certainly be ex- land lying idle or fallow," of which fully pansion in some regions and contraction 25 million were lying idle. The esti- in other regions. Between 1920 and mates of the Bureau of Agricultural 1925 the number of farms decreased Economics indicate that there were 329,404 in 1.649 counties and increased about 10 million more acres in harvested 252,770 in 1,383 counties ; while the area crops in 1928 than in 1924 (thus partly of crop land harvested decreased 28,- balancing the decrease between 1919 658,000 acres in 2,091 counties and in- and 1924). Part of this increase came creased 15,162,000 acres in 950 counties. from this idle crop land, part from It seems reasonable to expect that THE MID-PACIFIC 351 this trend toward the less intensive util- foods and fibers for foreign nations. ization of the less fertile, less smooth or Rather it seems more probable that the less favorably located land will continue United States will, in the future, ex- during the next decade ; and, further- change more and more manufactured more, that a trend may set in toward the products for foods and raw materials. more intensive utilization of the more But whether the United States re- fertile, smooth, or favorably located sumes its role of bread basket for West- land. In addition to an increasing pro- ern Europe, or, on the other hand, be- duction per animal and per unit of feed comes increasingly dependent on other consumed, there may also develop a sig- parts of the world for food, these 500 nificant increase in crop production per million acres of land that may be used acre. for crops or pasture or, in part, for for- This uncertainty with regard to the est, or even left to lie idle, constitute a trend in crop yields and the equally great national, as well as local, problem, great uncertainty with regard to the whose so!ution is of the utmost impor- trend of exports and imports, renders tance to the farmers of the nation. hazardous prediction of the acreage The tendency will be, as it has been needed for crops beyond the next de- in the past, to bring more land into use cade, as already noted. But it appears for crops than is needed. Even during safe to assume that there will be some the years 1921-1924, despite the most expansion in the crop acreage in cer- severe agricultural depression in the his- tain portions of the United States and tory of the nation, when 20 to 30 mil- some contraction in other portions, con- lion acres of crop land lay idle, over 4 sequently that selection of land for million acres of forest and cut-over land crops, pasture and forest will be neces- were reported cleared and made suitable sary. For there will be available for for crops. Moreover, miscalculation by crops in 1950 doubtless a few million settlers as to the need for more crop land acres of crop land lying idle, probably is likely to be more common in the fu- over 100 million acres of plowable pas- ture than in the past, because the in- ture in farms, 25 to 30 million acres of crease of population gradually will be- irrigable land yet unirrigated, in the come less, while progress in agricultural neighborhood of 75 million acres of technique may become more rapid. Ris- drainable land yet undrained, between ing values of land can not be counted on 100 and 150 million acres of semi-arid with that assurance which existed prior land appropriate for dry-farming, and to the war. from 200 to 250 million acres of humid One of the most fundamental ques- unimproved land mostly in forest or tions relative to the future of agriculture brush or pasture—in all, an aggregate of in the United States, which must be about 500 million acres, of which only faced, is, how will the selection of land about a fourth would be needed for for settlement be made? Will it be de- crops to supply a population of 200,000,- pendent, as in the past, on individual 000, even if crop acreage expanded as experience and knowledge, or rather ig- rapidly as population, which has not oc- norance, guided often by the selfish and curred since 1900 and is not likely to oc- sometimes short-sighted interests of cur because of the improvements in agri- land dealers ; or will there be afforded cultural technique. It is more likely that not over 15 per cent of this land the aid of an official land classification physically available for crops will ever based on the best knowledge that the need to be used for crops—unless the government can provide—not only with United States should be called on to regard to the quality of the land, but contribute increasingly to the supply of also with relation to the economic pros- 352 THE MID -PACIFIC pect and the need for greater crop acre- tury to the beginning of the War indi- age. cated an increasing pressure of popula- On the answer to this question will de- tion on the food supply. pend the woe or the weal of millions of But now anyone can see that new men and their families—not alone those forces are abroad in the world. The who will settle on new farms, but of application of science and invention to many already engaged in farming. The agriculture appears to be advancing at artificial stimulation of agricultural set- an accelerating rate. Nearly all of tlement during the past quarter century, these improvements promote agricul- and consequent excess of land put into tural production. During the past de- crops, has been one of the fundamental cade they have provided more food and causes of the present agricultural de- better food for the increasing popula- pression. This, however, was excusable. tion without any increase in crop acre- No one could foresee the coming of the age. They may continue to do so, but automobile and the tractor and the agri- it is probable that the net result of de- cultural consequences, nor the increasing creases of crop land in some regions and production of meat and milk per unit of increases in other regions will be a slow feed consumed, nor did anyone realize and irregular increase for the nation as the influence of shifts from less pro- a whole. Such an increase will give re- ductive to more productive crops per newed hope to the owners of idle land acre, and from less production to more productive classes of f arm and stimulate many land agents into ac- animals, upon the area of agricul- tivity. Unless control over the guid- tural land needed. Moreover, prior ance of agricultural settlement is provid- to the World War no adequate evidence ed for, there is grave danger of recur- existed of the rapid approach of a sta- ring periods of agricultural depression, tionary population ; and the downward such as that which has now continued trend in per capita consumption of meat for eight years—indeed, the condition and milk from the beginning of the cen- might become chronic.

Picturesque ancient methods of tilling the soil still prevail even in Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 353

How cattle were gotten to the steamer in the early days of water transportation in Hawaii.

)8/41,M9/1.11,11. 1.1), PliVILkli tVt71 • • r:70711‘71 11511gIAMMMIVM • • 41,. • • • • 99 45..• Animal Industry and Forest Crops in Hawaii By PROFESSOR L. A. HENKE University of Hawaii At the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu.

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I have been engaged for about one year 000,000 a year, varying according to the in the process of trying to work up the price of sugar ; the pineapple pack is cer- story of livestock in the Territory of tainly worth $35,000,000 ; and live stock Hawaii, and what I have here is part of productions actually marketed each year my manuscript not yet published. in Hawaii are worth about $5,000,000. We are prone to think of Hawaii as a There are many people who don't realize land of sugar and pineapples and, of that live stock products are worth that course, that is true, and the tourists have much, and that is a conservative figure ; been told that they were the third largest the value is rather in excess of that figure industry. That may be so but live stock than below it. The value of the live stock comes very close to being third. The runs about $12,000,000, so $5,000,000 sugar crop of Hawaii is worth about $70,- may be considered a fair return on $12,- 354 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 355

In early days the breeding of oxen, for work on the sugar plantation, was quite an industry.

000,000 although the lands will have to of fact, we produce something like 14,- be included in that valuation. 000,000 pounds a year and we import about 4,000,000. Of course, the army You may be interested to know that largely buys the frozen beef of New Zea- particular animals are the source of this land. $5,000,000. Beef cattle are by far the Then the second commodity of greatest most important. On the island of Oahu value in this live stock situation is milk. we don't realize that because we have The milk produced in 1928 was worth only a few scattered ranches. The Oahu about $1,400,000, according to the con- Railway & Land Company have ranches servative value of 10 cents a quart. along their right of way but most people don't see them. But on the islands of The lowly hog comes in third with a Maui and Hawaii we have some tremen- total valuation of about $1,000,000. dously big ranches, some of the largest in That totals up to something over the world, and the beef marketed in 1928 84.000,000 and we have a variety of other was worth probably about two and one- things which bring the total up to over third million dollars. $5,000,000. The total value of all live stock products imported in 1928 amounted Most of you are probably familiar with to about $4,500,000, so, taking the whole the fact that a great deal of our beef situation, we imported almost as much as comes from New Zealand and Australia, we produced, the figures being $5,225,000 and we are prone to think that perhaps produced and $4,500,000 imported. more beef comes from there than we pro- duce ourselves, which is wholly wrong. Our largest single import is butter. The An Army man, a few days ago, was butter imported in 1928 ran well into amazed to find that was true. As a matter 8,000,000 pounds and about 45 per cent 356 THE MID-PACIFIC

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Horses are raised in Hawaii, and some of the finest po lo ponies in the world are bred in the islands. comes from New Zealand and 55 per cent The average in the Territory of Hawaii from California. appears to be from 9 to 9Y2 acres re- There are in the Territory about eighty quired for each animal we have. This beef ranches, as we call them, and of means we have an area in ranches here these about forty-five have over five hun- which is six times as great as the area dred animals each. The total beef popula- of sugar cane and constitutes about one- tion of Hawaii is probably about 130,000. third of the whole islands. Some of the It is hard to express these things except ranches are mostly poor ranches ; this in figures, arid I know figures can become figure of 9Y2 acres per animal is an aver- very confusing. The largest ranch is, of age figure. There are f our other ranches course, the Parker ranch on Hawaii, on Hawaii and Maui which average one which has an area of a quarter of a mil- head to six acres, and there are some lion acres. It has something like 26,000 which average one head to fifty acres. Herefords alone, which accounts for The Hawaii ranches usually market practically one-fifth of all the beef cattle about 20 to 25 per cent of their total in the Territory. The Parker Ranch is animals each year. That is a pretty fair foremost among livestock the world over. average for beef ranches any place. There It is not the largest ranch but among the are individual ranches which market as largest. much as 30 per cent, which is an ab- normally high figure. In talking about cattle we have to re- duce them to some sort of an unit basis I was interested in trying to find out and it is interesting to note how many how much beef is produced per acre per cattle can be kept on one acre and how year because that is something we can many acres it takes to keep one animal. compare to other places. We know the 358 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 359 sugar planters expect an average yield of has excellent milk, as good as you can from six to seven tons per acre per year. find in any progressive city. I was trying to get the dressed beef You would be interested in the report situation down on an acre per year basis of milk production in the Territory. In. because that represents something of the 1909 there were 8,000,000 pounds of milk efficient management, something of the produced; in 1928, 30,000,000. It seems quality of grasses, something of the almost inconceivable that it has increased character of the steer. I say dressed so much in ten years. We are not drink- beet because that means after the animal ing all of that ; a great deal of it is going is slaughtered and most animals will dress into ice cream, which used to be made, at about 50 to 55 per cent. The average out of skimmed milk powder. We make for Hawaii may appear ridiculously low practically no butter in the Territory, to you. It appears to be 7-7/10ths pounds There is a small amount made on' the of dressed beef per acre per year. Dressed Parker Ranch ; they make butter and beef in Hawaii to the producer is worth cheese because they cannot sell the milk. about 17 cents per pound, so $1.70 is There is no market for milk there. The about the average gross return the ranch- reason for butter not being produced is ers get from one acre. There is an area because you cannot take milk that sells on Maui planted to pidgeon peas where at 25 cents a quart and make butter,— they foster one animal to 21/2 acres and you would have to get $3 per pound for that 1500 acre area is producing 100 the butter. Butter can easily be shipped pounds of dressed beef per acre per year. over here and that is what is being done. There is a Parker Ranch area producing Now something about the sheep situa- 130 pounds per acre per year. Those are tion. Unfortunately the sheep industry of exceptionally good fields ; in some places Hawaii has declined and has declined the production could be as low as five continuously since 1880. In 1884 we had pounds. the maximum number of sheep,-121,- 000 ; this year we have 27,000. There are Now I shall tell you something about only two sheep ranches in the islands how much milk is being consumed in Ha- now ; one on the island of Niihau where waii now as compared to ten years ago. there are 12,000, and the other on the In 1920 the average per capita consump- Parker Ranch. There are a few scattered tion of milk was 12/100ths of a pint per here and there,—Molokai ranch still has person a clay. That is, one-eighth of a about 200 sheep, but the sheep industry is pint ; a pint is about two glasses so one- declining and becoming of minor im- eighth of a pint would be one-quarter of portance. a glass. That was the situation in 1920. As to our hogs : All of our hams are Last year the average for the Territory imported. Practically all pork produced was 23/100ths per pint. The average here is sold as fresh pork. That means fresh milk consumption is about 23/100, that the Honolulu market objects to a or one-fourth of a pint per person per large hog. The most popular weight in day, or about half a glass, and for the Honolulu is 150 pounds, compared to the City of Honolulu it was about one-third mainland markets that would be very low ; of a pint. The people of Honolulu con- they prefer about 200 pounds. If the sume more milk than the people of the pigs are more than 175 pounds a lower Territory as a whole. The reason is very price is paid per pound. Pork produc- obvious when you consider the popula- tion is worth about $1,000,000 per year. tion. The Oriental population has not We have a new problem,—the importa- yet adopted the milk drinking habit. Milk tion of live hogs from California. Last is rather expensive in Hawaii but it is year about 5200 hogs were shipped in low compared to soda water. Honolulu from California. Whether that is good 360 THE MID-PACIFIC

or bad depends on whether you are a con- was started about 1782. There used to sumer or a producer. It brings clown the be a quite a race track in Waimanalo. price. Now about the cows and how the first There are some interesting accounts cows came here : I am reading again that can be found about some of the early from the Archives. "The first cattle were live stock history here. The first horses brought in in 1793. They were committed were brought here in 1803 by a ship cap- to the care of Kamehameha I and were tain. He got them in California and un- put to a strict tabu for a long time. They loaded at I,ahaina and some at Kealake- were first turned loose on the slopes of kua Bay during the time of Kamehameha the mountains. They rapidly increased I. Here is an account from the Archives, and became a flock and spread inland and "The king viewed the horse but could not wandered off among the hills and valleys be betrayed into surprise. This want of of Maunakea and became so numerous appreciation was naturally a disappoint- that in 1830 the plains were full of ment to the donor." Later on it tells of them." how one of the sailors rode the horse and Those cattle were Longhorns, a Spanish Kamehameha is supposed to have said that type of cattle picked up either in Cali- he could not see why any one wanted to fornia or Mexico. Up to 1900 there were go as fast as the horse did, that there ample Longhorns in the Territory. There was no hurry about things, and that it used to be a large cattle ranch in the was a beast that must eat a lot. Waianai section about 1840. Here is an interesting comment on The Emperor of France presented four horses about 1854, found in the transac- picked brands to the King of Hawaii in tions of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural about 1852. They are now in care of Society, which society existed from 1850 the Spencers. The King must have es- to 1855 and apparently went out of busi- tablished a large flock in order to en- ness at that time. It is the only place courage others. The beef industry reached we can find records of facts : "In making its height in about 1884. up a report on horses the first thing we Hogs were so abundant in 1853 that particularly wish to call attention to is the they were shipped to California. Again increase of the miserable creatures to be reading from the Archives, "Hardly a seen every day on the streets of Hono- vessel leaves for San Francisco that lulu and in the horse breeding districts. doesn't carry a deck load of grounders." Horses are fast becoming a curse to the That was in 1853. country ; they are of no advantage and do Mexican cowboys were brought to Ha- not serve anyone." Apparently everyone waii in about 1832. had a horse and allowed it to run wild. Here is an interesting comment, in the Some of you perhaps know Mr. Wil- Polynesian of 1852: "Grazers estimate liam Hyde Rice, who presented a the cattle population of the islands at thoroughbred horse to the Emperor of 40,700. The natural increase should be Japan and in return was given a couple 12,000 annually ; only 3,000 were slaugh- of beautiful vases. tered, leaving an increase of 9,000. He Arabian horses were brought into Ha- estimates that cattle will soon override waii in 1884 and landed on Niihau and the islands and put an end to the cultiva- they are still there. tion of the soil." Cattle in 1853 were There is an interesting account of a worth about $5 each. horse race which took place in 1870. The The cattle in those days were raised for race track was located some place near their tallow ; it was valued much higher where Central Union Church now than beef. The hides had value as well. stands. They raced between the furrows. These will serve as general statements The Kapiolani track near Diamond Head about the animal industry in Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 361

Focational Education in Hawaii.

1 IIM0/1KKAOMMIMMAMMIP8AMMIM M TOZ711C7r1K71C7 ig gi "What is Education?" .pj By ROGER T. T \\ ITCHELL E Acting-President Punahou Academy, Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu iy Aiisnirminmnimanirt=nonninunSC] • • • • •iy•vr. • riarsayo,-,

It is a great event to come to these the United States. Inasmuch as we have meetings. I enjoy speaking to you today a great democracy our educational in- because there is a certain informality stitutions have kept in step by providing which makes for a free and friendly dis- in general education for the average cussion. man, a democracy of education as op- I said I would talk on the subject, posed to what is sometimes called an "What Is Education ?" ; I didn't realize aristocracy of learning as evidenced by until I started to outline a brief talk the training received in European what I was in for. However, I was schools, for example, where education is buoyed up somewhat by the fact that open primarily to those who can receive one of my colleagues had remarked the greatest good from it. "You know Massachusetts people think This democracy of education in the they know everything." I felt that was United States is due, of course, to two a good answer to my attempt to talk main causes ; in the first place, to our here on such a very broad topic. Massa- equality of opportunity that opens the chusetts seems to have grown distinctly highest position to those of lowest rank unpopular because of having thrown its and makes it possible for any man to support to the wet Mr. Smith, but after move up to the very top of the scale so all, when I began to worry about it and far as educational and social and econ- wondered if I hadn't better go back to omic opportunities are concerned. In the the iniquitous people of my birthplace second place, our high standard of liv- I consoled myself with the thought that ing is largely responsible for that, mak- Massachusetts was indirectly responsible for the most of the trustees of my ing possible education for a number of young men and women who might not school. If Massachusetts went Democratic it otherwise have an opportunity to take did no more than education has done in advantage of it. 362 THE MID-PACIFIC

The democracy of education in Hawaii. Two cuts from school annuals showing the proud par- ticipation of the Oriental. THE MID-PACIFIC 363

I do not wish to bemoan that situation. Punahou, said "Educate the whole man; Certainly we would not resign for one fit the pupil for the life he is likely to instant that equality of opportunity or lead." Coming closer home, Frank that high standard of living that we Midkiff, at the head of the Kamehameha possess. But I would like to point out Schools, (Honolulu) said "The real pur- just what it has brought upon us. Gen- pose of educating a boy is that he may erally speaking, we are hurrying great become willing and able to do to the herds of young people through institu- best of his capacity those things which tions only partially organized, are cram- a full grown man is expected to do in ming them with facts in the hope that this modern and strenuous age." And some will stick, and labeling them, finally, quoting from a great English- checking up and classifying and turning man not now living, who said, "Creative them out tagged as having received an education demands that schools should be education. brought into harmony with the com- That, of course, is a broad statement munity life and should take part in in- and possibly somewhat satirical but, cer- dustrial and economic life." tainly, to an European, we will say, That, then, sums up the vocational where the process of education is con- side and you will see there is certainly sidered as a serious business, this situa- a concensus of opinion to which we will tion as it exists in the United States all agree, that the schools should at- might well cause a quiet smile. It is easy tempt to meet the vocational needs of enough to criticize, to poke fun at any the community. institution, but it does not get us very As to the cultural side, it is a little far unless we try to do something about bit more difficult to come down to defi- it, try to offer some constructive critcism. nitions and we all have to sense the cul- As to what education is. I have out- tural value of education through a sort lined briefly the situation in the United of intuition rather than be able to ex- States so that we may discuss the broad press it in so many facts or in dollars topic, What Is Education? I would point and cents. The cultural side is the side out, first of all, that education is vari- of education that soothes a man after able, varying with time and with place. he has spent the day in practising what As civilization has changed so the de- vocational education has taught him. mands of civilization have changed and If we look in the dictionary we find education has grown in that way. As that education is further divided into we move from one part of the earth to general purposes, etc. Webster defines another, and from one part of one na- education as "the impartation or acqui- tion to another, we may expect logically sition of knowledge, skill, or discipline to find different demands in the way of of character ; also, act or process of education and we must remember that training by a prescribed or customary after all education is only the meeting, course of study or discipline." Notice in a certain sense, of the minds of the that "Discipline" is in there in both community. The educational policy of cases. the community should be shaped by the Times change and definitions change. demands of that community. Let us see what is in that. First of all, Broadly speaking, education divides the question of imparting knowledge. I itself further into two types,—vocational have spoken of this system in vogue in or practical education and cultural or the United States of what we might call esthetic education. Armstrong, (born in shot gun education, shooting at the stu- Hawaii) who organized Hampton Insti- dent with a number of shots in the hope tute, a negro school in Virginia and who that you will hit him with one. That, of course has a close connection with of course, has the merit of always hit- 364 THE MID-PACIFIC

ting the board but is not necessarily as tory book some afternoon and musing effective as we would like to have it and for a while, he might reflect that not frequently we forget that it is not an for nothing does the college trace its accummulation of facts that does us any lineage back to the philosophers and the great good but the ability to make use churches, whose concern was not so of those facts. much with a man's job as with his soul." That brings us to the question of That, then, expresses the concern of skill. The definition pointed out knowl- the school so far as character building edge, skill, and discipline of character. is concerned, and although that is a "Skill," I take it, as meaning not neces- large order for any school it should be sarily manual skill but mental skill, the considered the first order. ability to deduce from facts, to reason, to think a subject through from be- I did not declare to attempt to tell ginning to end. I was once told by a you what education is in fifteen minutes ; president of a bank whom I had asked I wanted to talk with the possibility of what he considered the prime essential opening up the question to you and try in education, that it should aim and in my humble capacity to point out a teach the child to think straight. There few ways in which we might better is a good deal in that but it is not all understand the needs of education. because to my mind this dictionary We are concerned, then, in this coun- definition has placed the various re- try with a democratic situation in edu- sponsibilities of education in the reverse cation that has distinct weaknesses. We order and has put last what should have must face that fact relatively. The teach- been first, i.e., discipline of character. ers are not responsible for the situation ; On that question of discipline of char- they are doing their best to remedy it. I acter and the part the school should play can see some signs of hope for the fu- in it, I would like to quote first of all ture. It is only natural that in a country what President Coolidge said in his ad- that has a standard mass production dress at the 150th anniversary of Phil- economically, there should be the same lips Academy at Andover, Mass., "For type of production in education, but just our chartered institutions of learning to as economically. We are seeing signs of turn back to the material and neglect an attempt to put quality ahead of the spiritual would be treason not only quantity in spite of factory methods, so to the cause for which they were founded in education I think that there is a ten- but to man and God," and I take it that dency to put quality again ahead of he meant the spiritual as it affected the quantity and in the not far distant fu- development of the character of youth. ture I expect to see the United States In the Code of Ethics of our Hawai- borrowing more and more from the ian Educational Association I find the methods of other and older countries following, "We believe that the primary who have tried education through the essential of education is character build- centuries, and borrowing from them the ing." Nothing could be plainer than best of their methods in an attempt to that. establish at least a partial aristocracy of Quoting again, from Mr. Warren learning, although doubtless in our naïve Beck, writing in "Education" of Spo- way we shall call it by some other term kane, he says, "Looking up from his his- and claim it as our own child. VOLUME IV OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1929 No. 4 JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

INDEX

A CHECK-LIST OF THE FISHES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND LOWER CALIFORNIA - - By Albert B. Ulrey, Professor of Zoology, University of Southern California

THE DISCOVERY OF A REMARKABLE TYPE OF MUD-MINNOW IN WESTERN WASHINGTON - - 12 By Leonard P. Schultz, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE . PAN-PACIFIC UNION

More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION A Check-List of the Fishes. of Southern California and Lower California By ALBERT B. ULREY Professor of Zoology, University of Southern California

This Check-List includes the fresh- Family IV. water and marine fishes recorded from HETERODONTID/E. The Bullhead Sharks. the streams and off shores of southern 5. Heterodontus francisci Girard. SC. * $ California and Lower California. Family V The area included in this region ex- HEXANCHID/E. The Cow Sharks. tends from Point Conception on the 6. Notorhynchus maculatus Ayres. SC. north to Cape San Lucas on the south Family VI and includes the Channel Islands on the SCYLLIORHINID2E. The Cat Sharks. west. 7. Parmaturus xaniurus Gilbert. SC. * 8. Apristurus brunneus Gilbert. $ Some data concerning the distribution 9. Scylliorhinus cephalus Gilbert. * $ of the species are indicated by the fol- 10. Cephaloscyllium uter Jordan & Gilbert. SC. lowing symbols placed after the au- Family VII. thority for the species : *, Lower Cali- RHINEODONTIDIE. fornia ; t, Cape San Lucas ; $, Gulf of 11. Rhineodon typicus Smith. Lower California ; arabic numerals, Family VIII. number in "List of Marine fishes (Tele- LAMNID2E. The Mackerel Sharks : Man- ostei) of southern California with their Eaters. Distribution" by Albert B. Ulrey and 12. Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus. SC. Paul 0. Greeley, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Henle. SC. Sci., xxviii, Jan.-Apr. 1928, No. 1 ; SC. Family IX. Southern California (chiefly exclusive ALOPIDIE. The Thresher Sharks. of Teleostei). 13. Alopius vulpinus Bonnaterre. SC. The abbreviation Fr. indicates fresh- Family X. water forms and In. introduced species. CETORHINID2E. The Basking Sharks. The author is indebted to several 14. Cetorhinus maximus Gunner. SC. friends who have rendered valuable Family XI. assistance in the preparation of the CARCHARIID2E. The Gray Sharks. 15. Carcharhias wthalorus Jordan & Gilbert. $ check-list. Among these should be men- 16. Carcharhias lamiella Jordan & Gilbert. SC. * tioned Chancellor Emeritus David Starr 17. Cynias lunulatus Jordan & Gilbert. SC. * Jordan, Stanford University, Dr. Bar- 18. Mustelus californicus Gill. SC. 19. Mustelus dorsalis Gill. $ ton Warren Evermann, Director, Mu- 20. Rhinotriacis henlei Gill. SC. seum California Academy of Sciences, 21. Triakis semifasciatum Girard. SC. and Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, Museum of Zoo- 22. Galeorhinus zyopterus Jordan & Gilbert SC. logy, University of Michigan. 23. Galeocerdo tigrinus Muller & Henle. SC. * 24. Family I. Prionace glauca Linnaeus. SC. $ BRANCHIOSTOMID2E. The Lancelets. Family XII. 1. Branchiostoma californiense Gill. SC. t $ SPHYRNID2E. The Hammerhead Sharks. 25. Sphyrna zygwna Linnmus. SC. Family II 26. Platysqualus tudes Cuvier. $ EPT ATRETI D2E. 2. Polistotrema stoutii Lockington. SC. Family XIII. 3. Polistotrema deani Evermann & Golds- SQUALID/E. The Dog-fishes. borough. SC. 27. Squalus suckleyi Girard. SC. Family III Family XIV. PETROMYZONID2E. The Lampreys. SQUATINIDX. The Angel Sharks. 4. Entosphenus tridentatus Gairdner. SC. 28. Squatina californica Ayres. SC. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3

Family XV. Family XXVI. RHINOBATID/E. CLUPEID2E. The Herrings. 29. Rhinobatos productus Ayres. SC. * 61. Clupea pallasii Cuvier & Valenciennes 55. 30. Rhinobatos glaucostigma Jordan & Gilbert. $ 62. Sardinops czerulea Girard 57. * t $ 31. Zapteryx exasperatus Jordan & Gilbert. SC. 63. Alosa sapidissima Wilson 54. In. 64. Harengula thrissina Jordan & Gilbert. Family XVI. 65. bile stolifera Jordan & Gilbert. $ PLATYRHINID2E. 66. Opisthonema libertate Gunther. * $ 32. Platvrhinoidis triseriatus Jordan & Gilbert. SC. Family XXVII. DUSSUMIERIIDIE. The Round Herrings. Family XVII. 67. Jenkinsia acuminata Gilbert. $ RAJID2E. Rays : Skates. 68. Etrumeus micropus Temminck & Schlegel. 33. Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert. SC. Sc. 34. Raja binoculata Girard. SC. 35. Raja inornata Jordan & Gilbert. SC. Family XXVIII 36. Raja montereyensis Gilbert. SC. ENGRAULID2E. The Anchovies. 37. Raja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert. SC. 38. Raja trachura Gilbert. SC. 69. Anchoviella ischanus Jordan & Gilbert. $ 39. Raja microtrachys Osburn & Nichols. 70. Anchoviella cultrata Gilbert. * 71. Anchoviella delicatissima Girard 108. Family XVIII. 72. Anchoviella helleri Hubbs. $ 73. Anchoviella compressa Girard 107. TORPEDINID2E. 74. Anchoviella mundeoloides Breder. $ The Torpedos ; Numb-fishes. Cetengraulis mysticetus Giinther. $ 40. Tetronarce californica Ayres. SC. 75. 41. Narcine entemador Jordan & Starks. 76. Engraulis mordax Girard 109. * 42. Discopyge ommata Jordan & Gilbert. Family XXIX. Family XIX. ALEPOCEPHALIDIE. DASYATID2E. 77. Alepocephalus tenebrosus Gilbert 11. * 43. Urotrygon mundus Gill. * 78. Bajacalifornia burragei Townsend & Nich- 44. Urotrygon binghami Breder. $ ols. * 45. Urobatis halleri Cooper. SC. $ 79. Xenognathus profundorum Gilbert 12. 46. Urobatis nebulosus Garman. $ 80. Narcetes stomias Gilbert. * 47. Urobatis concentricus Osburn & Nichols. Family XXX. 48. Urobatis marmoratus Garman. $ 49. Dasyatis dipterura Jordan & Gilbert. SC. SALMONID2E. The Salmon: Trout. 50. Pteroplatea cerebripunctata Peters. $ 81. Salmo nelsoni Evermann. * Fr. 51. Pteroplatea marmorata Cooper. SC. * 82. Salmo irideus Gibbons. SC. Fr. 83. Salmo evermanni Jordan & Grinnell. SC. Fr. Family XX. 84. Salim henshawi Gill & Jordan. Fr. MYLIOBATID2E. 85. Salmo pleuriticus Cope. SC. Fr. 52. Myliobatis californica Gill. SC. * 86. Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill. SC. In. Fr. 53. Aetobatus narinari Euphrasen. $ 87. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha Walbaum. SC. 54. Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann & Jen- Fr. kins. $ Family XXXI. 55. Rhinoptera encenadx Rosa Smith (Mrs. Eigenmann.) ARGENTINID/E. The Smelts. 88. Argentina sialis Gilbert 16. Family XXI. 89. Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert 16a. MOBULIDIE. 56. Manta birostris Walbaum. SC. Family XXXII. STOMIATID/E. Family XXII. 90. Zastomias scintillans Gilbert 276. CHIM/ERID/E. 57. Hydrolagus colliei Lay & Bennett. SC. Family XXXIII. STYLOPHTHALMID2E. Family XXIII. 91. Stylophthalmus paradoxus Brauer 278. RHINOCHIM/ERID/E. 58. Harriotta curtiss-jamesi Townsend & Nich- Family XXXIV. ols. * CHAULIODONTID2E. Family XXIV. 92. Cyclothone acclividens Garman. SC. * ALBULID/E. The Lady-fishes. 93. Chauliodus macouni Bean 53. 59. Albula vulpes Lint- rem. 10 $ Family XXXV. • Family XXV. STERNOPTYCHID/E. CHANID/E 94. Argyropelecus lichnus Garman. t 60. Chanos chanos Forskal. $ 95. Argyropelecus affinis Garman. * 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family XX X VI. Family XLVII. IDIACANTHIDX. CATOSTOMID2E. Suckers ; Buffalo Fishes. 96. Idiacanthus anostromus Gilbert 136. 127. Notolepidomyzon santa-anw Snyder. SC. Fr. Family XXXVII. 128. Xyrauchen texanus Abbott. SC. * Fr. HALOSAURIDX. 97. Halosaurus attenuatus Garman. Family XLVIII. CYPRINID/E. Carps ; Minnows, etc. Family XXXVIII. 129. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. SC. Fr. MURiENESOCID2E. 130. Tigoma orcutti Eigenmann & Eigenmann. 98. Mumnesox coniceps Jordan & Gilbert. t 131. Gila elegans Baird & Girard. SC. * Fr. Family X XXIX. 132. Ptychocheilus lucius Girard. SC. * Fr. 133. Apocope oscula Girard subsp. CONGRIDIE. 134. Siphateles mohavensis Snyder. SC. Fr. 99. Ariosoma gilberti Ogilby. 100. Anago macrurus Gilbero Family XLIX. 101. Neoconger vermiformis Gilbert. ARIIDIE. The Sea Cat-fishes. Family XL. 135. Netuma platypogon Gunther. t NETTASTOMID/E. The Duck-bill Eels. 136. Arius melanopus GUnther. * 102. Chlopsis gilberti Garman 175. 103. Venefica procera Goode & Bean 175a. Family L. 104. Venefica tentaculata Garman 176. * SYNODONTID/E. The Lizard Fishes. 137. Synodus lacertinus Gilbert. t Family XLI. 138. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert. t ECHELID2E. The Myridx. 139. Synodus jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman. 105. Myrophis vafer Jordan & Gilbert. t 140. Synodus lucioceps Ayres 286. 141. Bathysaurus mollis Gunther. * Family XLII. NEMICHTHYID2E. The Thread Eels. Family LI. 106. Serrivomer sector Garman. * PARALEPID2E. 107. Nemichthys fronto Garman. * 142. Sudis ringens Jordan & Gilbert 182. 143. Lestidiops sphymnopsis Hubbs 181. Family XLIII. CYEMID2E. Family LII. 108. Cyema atrum Gunther. * MYCTOPHID2E. The Lantern Fishes. Family XLIV. 144. Scopelengys dispar Garman. * 145 Macrostoma angustidens Risso 168. MYRID2E. 146. Lampanyctus townsendi Eigenmann & 109. Myrophis vafer Jordan & Gilbert. Eigenmann 172. 147. Lampanyctus regalis Gilbert 166. Family XLV. 148. Lampanyctus ritteri Gilbert 167. OPHICHTHYID2E. The Snake Eels. 149. Nannobrachium leucopsarum Eigenmann & 110. Letharchus pacificus Osburn & Nichols. Eigenmann 171. 111. Sphagebranchus selachops Jordan & Gil- 150. Nannobrachium nannochir Gilbert. SC. bert. t 151 Nannobrachium mexicanum Gilbert. * 112. Myrichthys tigrinus Girard. 152. Nannobrachium regale Gilbert. SC. 113. Bascanichthys peninsulae Gilbert. 153. Diaphus theta Eigenmann & Eigenmann 114. Bascanichthys bascanoides Osburn & 165. Nichols. 154. Myctophum affine Laken 169. 115. Bascanichthys panamensis Meek & Hilde- 155. Myctophum calif orniense Eigenmann & brand. Eigenmann 170. 116. Quassiremus notochir Gilbert. t 156. Tarletonbeania crenularis Jordan & Gil- 117. Ophichthus triseralis Kaup 177. t bert 173. 118. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan & Gilbert 157. Tarletonbeania tenua Eigenmann & Eigen- 178. mann 174. 119. Scytalichthys miurus Jordan & Gilbert. t Family LIII. Family XLVI. CYPRINODONTID2E. The Killifishes. MUR/EID/E. The Morays. 158. Fundulus vinctus Jordan and Gilbert. * 120. Gymnothorax mordax Ayres 163. 159. Fundulus parvipinnis Girard 200. * 121. Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani. 160. Fundulus lima Vaillant. * 122. Gymnothorax dovii Gunther. 161. Fundulus extensus Jordan & Gilbert. f 123. Gymnothorax caudilimbatus Poeyu. 162. Cyprinondon macularius Baird & Girard. 124. Alumna lentiginosa Jenyns. SC. * Fr. 125. Echidna nocturna Cope. 163. Cyprinodon californiensis Girard--Lucania, 126. Uropterygius necturus Jordan & Gilbert. t. brownf Jordan & Richardson. Fr. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

Family LIV. Family LXVI. EMPETRICHTHYID/E. LAMPRID/E. The Opah : Moon-fish. 164. Empetrichthys merriami Gilbert. SC. Fr. 190. Lampris regius Bonnaterre 143. Family LV. Family LXVII. CHARACODONTIDZE. BOTHIDIE. 165. Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert. t 191. Platophrys leopardinus Gunther. t $ 192. Perissias teniopterus Gilbert. * $ Family LVI. 193. Syacium ovale Gunther. $ BELONID2E. The Needle-fishes. 194. Orthopsetta sordida Girard 190. * 166. Strongylura stolzmanni Steindachner. 195. Orthopsetta f ragilis Gilbert. $ 167. Strongylura exilis Girard 26. 196. Orthopsetta xanthostigma Gilbert 192. * $ 168. Strongylura petrura Osburn & Nichols. 197. Orthopsetta stigmata Jordan & Gilbert 191. 169. Tyleosurus fodiator Jordan & Gilbert. t 198. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Ever- mann. t Family LVII. 199. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert. * SCOMBRESOCID2E. The Sauries. 170. Cololabis saira Brevoort 216. Family LXVIII. PARALICHTHYIDIE. The Bastard Halibuts. Family LVIII. 200. Hippoglossina stomata Eigenmann & HEMIRAMPHID2E. The Half-beaks. Eigenmann 185. 171. Hyporhamphus rosx Jordan & Gilbert 201. Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner. 132. $ 202. Lioglossina tetrophthalma Gilbert. $ 172. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Ranza'ni. t 203. Xystreurys liolepis Jordan & Gilbert 199. 173. Hemirhamphus balao Le Sueur. $ 204. Paralichthys maculosus Girard 193. * 205. Paralichthys estuarius Gilbert & Sco- Family LIX field. $ EXOCCETID2E. The Flying-Fishes. 206. Paralichthys magdalen2e Abbott * 174. Fodiator acutus Cuvier & Valenciennes. * $ 207. Paralichthys adspersus Steindachner. 175. Cypselurus californicus Cooper 111. 208. Ramularia dendritica Gilbert. $ 176. Exonautes rondelettii Cuvier & Valen- ciennes 112. Family LXIX. HIPPOGLOSSID/E. The Halibuts. Family LX. 209. Lyopsetta exilis Jordan & Gilbert 188. CORYPH/ENOIDIDIE. The Grenadiers : 210. Eopsetta jordani Lockington 183. Rat-tails. 177. Coryphxnoides acrolepis Bean 156. * Family LXX. 178. Coryphwnoides abyssorum Gilbert 158. 179. Coryphzenoides albatrossus Townsend & PLEURONECTID/E. Nichols. 211. Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan & Gil- 180. Lionurus stelgidolepis Gilbert 157. * bert 196. 181. Lionurus liolepis Gilbert 155. * t 212. Pleuronichthys ritteri Starks & Morris 197. 182. C2elorhynchus scaphopsis Gilbert. SC. 213. Pleuronichthys ocellatus Starks & Thomp- son. $ Family LXI. 214. Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan & Gil- GADIDX. The Cod-Fishes. - bert 198. * 215. Pleuronichthys ccenosus Girard 195. 183. Physiculus nematopus Gilbert 113. 216. Hypsopsetta guttulata Girard 186. * $ 184. Physiculus rastrelliger Gilbert. SC. 217. Parophrys vetulus Girard 194. 185. Antimora microlepis Bean. SC. * 218. Lepidopsetta bilineata Ayres 187. Family LXII. 219. Embassichthys bathybius Gilbert SC. 220. Microstomus pacificus Lockington 189. MERLUCHWE. The Hakes. 221. Errex zachirus Lockington 184. 186. Merluccius productus Ayres 160. 1' Family LXIII. Family LXXI. LOPHOTID/E. CYNOGLOSSID/E. The Tongue-Fishes. 187. Lophotes cepedianus Giorna 150. 222. Symphurus fasciolaris Gilbert. * $ 223. Symphurus atricaudus Jordan & Gilbert Family LXIV. 274. * REGALECID/E. The Oar-Fishes : Sea-Ser- 224. Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver. t pents. 188. Regalecus russelli Shaw 205. Family LXXII. MELAMPHARDX. Family LXV. 225. Melamphaes maxillaris Garman. SC. TRACHIPTERIDIE. The King-of-the-Her- 226. Melamphaes cristiceps Gilbert 28. * rings. 227. Melamphaes bispinosus Gilbert 27. 189. Trachypterus rex-salmonorum Jordan & 228. Melamphaes nycterinus Gilbert 29. Gilbert 289. 229. Melamphaes lugubris Gilbert. t 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family LXXIII. Family LXXXII. . HOLOCENTRID2E. The Soldier-Fishes. POLYNEMID2E. The Thread-fins. 230. Myripristis pcecilopus Gill. t 263. Polynemus approximans Lay & Bennett 231. Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill. 201. t Family LXXIV. Family LXXXIII. GASTEROSTEIDZE. The Sticklebacks. SCOMBRID2E. The Mackerels. 232. Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus. 264. Pneumatophorus diego Ayres 222. Girard. SC. Fr. * 233. Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Girard. Family LXXXIV. SC. Fr. CYBIID/E. Family LXXV. 265. Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks 224. t AULORHYNCHID2E. 266. Sarda chilensis Cuvier & Valenciennes 223. 234. Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill 21. Family LXXXV. Family LXXVI. THUNNID2E. The Tunnies : Albacores. SYNGNATHIDX. The Pipe-Fishes : Sea- Horses. 267. Thunnus thynnus Linnxus 225. 235. Syngnathus carinatus Gilbert. t 268. Germo alalunga Gmelin 218. * 236. Syngnathus californiensis Storer 283. 269. Parathunnus sibi Temminck & Schlegel 237. Syngnathus exilis Osburn & Nichols. 221. 238. Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard 284. 270. Neothunnus macropterus Temminck & 239. Syngnathus auliscus Swain 281. * Schlegel 220. 240. Syngnathus arctus Jenkins & Evermann Neothunnus catalinw Jordan & Evermann. 280. * 271. Thunnus saliens Jordan & Evermann. 241. Doryrhamphus californiensis Gill. t Family LXXXVI. 242. Hippocampus ingens Girard 279. * KATSUWONID2E. Famly LXXVII. 272. Katsuwonus pelamis Linnxus 219. FISTULARIID2E. The Cornet-Fishes. 273. Auxis thazard Lacepede 217. 243. Fistularia corneta Gilbert & Starks. Family LXXXVII. 244. Fistularia depressa Gunther. t TRICHIURID/E. The Hair-tails. Family LXXVIII. 274. Trichiurus lepturus Linnxus 290. MACRORHAMPHOSID2E. 275. Lepidopus xantusi Goode & Bean 144. t 245. Macrorhamphosus hawaiiensis Gilbert 154. Family LXXXVIII. Family LXXIX. ISTIOPHORID2E The Sail-Fishes ; Spear- ATHERINIDIE. The Silversides. Fishes. 246. Menidia clara Evermann & Jenkins. 276. Makaira mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder 127. 247. Leuresthes tenuis crameri Jordan & Ever- 277. Makaira holei Jordan & Evermann. mann. 278. Makaira marlina Jordan & Hill. 248. Leuresthes tenuis Ayres 20. 249. Atherinops is californiensis californiensis Family LXXXIX. Girard 19. XIPHIID2E. The Sword-Fishes. 250. Atherinopsis californiensis sonorm Osburn 279. Xiphias gladius Linnxus 291. & Nichols. * 251. Atherinops affinis insularum Gilbert 18. Family XC. 252. Atherinops affinis cedroscensis Hubbs. LUVARIDIE. SC. * 253. Atherinops affinis littoralis Hubbs 17. 280. Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque 152. 254. Atherinops affinis guadalupw Hubbs. * Family XCI. 255. Colpichthys regis Jordan & Evermann. 256. Eurystole eriarcha Jordan & Gilbert. t CORYPH2ENID2E The Dolphins ; Dorados. 281. Coryphmna hippurus Linnxus 58. Family LXXX. Family XCII. MUGILID2E. The Mullets. BRAMID2E. The Sea Breams. 257. Mugil cephalus Linnxus 162. 282. Brama raii Bloch 45. 258. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes. 259. Cfm-lomugil proboscideus Gunther. t Family XCIII. 260. Agonostomus nasutus Gunther.. * Fr. 207. STROMATEID2E. 283. Palometa simillimus Ayres 277. Family LXX XI. SPHYRZENID.X. The Barracudas. Family XCIV. 261. Sphyrna ensis Jordan & Gilbert. t TETRAGONURID2E. 262. Sphyr2ena argentea Girard 275. * 284. Tetragonurus cuvieri Risso 287. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

Family XCV. Family CHI. CENTROLOPHID/E. SERRANID/E. The Sea Bass. 285. Schedophilus heathii Gilbert 135. 325. Paralabrax nebulifer Girard 272. * 326. Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Steindach- Family XCVI. ner 271. t ACROTIDIE. 327. Paralabrax clathratus Girard 270. * 286. Acrotus willoughbyi Bean 1. 328. Diplectrum radiale Quoy & Gaimard. * $ 329. Diplectrum sciurus Gilbert. * $ Family XCVII. 330. Prionodes aequidens Gilbert. $ CARANGID2E. The Cavallas. 331. Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns. 287. Oligoplites saurus Bloch & Schneider. t 332. Paranthias furcifer Cuvier & Valencien- 288. Oligoplites mundus Jordan & Starks. t nes. t 289. Naucrates ductor Linnaeus 49. * 333. Hemianthias peruanus Steindachner. * 290. Seriola dorsalis Gill 50. * $ 334. Pronotogrammus multifasciatus Gill. t 291. Seriola colburni Evermann & Clark. 292. Decapterus hypodus Gill. t Family CIV. 293. Trachurus symmetricus Ayres 51. * 294. Trachurus trachurus Linnaeus. HOPLOPAGRID2E. 295. Trachurops crumenophthalma Bloch. t 335. Hoplopagrus giintheri Gill. $ 296. Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert. $ 297. Caranx hippos Linnaeus. $ Family CV. 298. Caranx caballus Gunther. * t 299. Gnathanodon speciosus Forsk51. t $ LUTIANID2E. The Snappers. 300. Citula dorsalis Gill. $ 336. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill. $ 301. Vomer setipinnis Mitchell. t 337. Lutianus argentiventris Peters. $ 302. Selene vomer Linnaeus. * $ 338. Lutianus colorado Jordan & Gilbert. $ 303. Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan & Gil- 339. Lutianus guttatus Steindachner. $ bert. * 304. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill. * Family CVI. 305. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner. * XENICHTHYID2E. 306. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks. * t 340. Xenistius calif orniensis Steindachner 151. * 341. Xenichthys xanti Gill. t Family XCVIII. NEMATISTIID2E. The Peacock-Fishes. Family CVII. 307. Nematistius pectoralis Gill. $ JORDANICHTHYIDZE. Family XCIX. 342. Jordanichthys holei Evermann & Clark. $ APOGONIDIE. The Cardinal-Fishes. 308. Apogon retrosella Gill. f CVIII. 309. Apogon guadalupensis Osburn & Nichols. * II/EMULID/E. The Pomadasidae; Grunts. Family C. 343. Hxmulon sexfasciatum Gill. $ CENTROPOMID2E. The Robalos. 344. Hwmulon scudderi Gill. $ 345. Hemulon steindachneri Jordan & Gilbert. $ 310, Centropomus viridis Lockington. 346. Lythrulon flaviguttatum Gill. $ Family CI. 347. Orthostcechus maculicauda Gill. $ 348. Anisotremus interruptus Gill. * $ MORONIDIE. The White Bass. 349. Anisotremus davidsoni Steindachner 131. * 311. Roccus saxatilis Walbaum. SC. 350. Anisotromus twniatus Gill. * 351. Conodon serrifer Jordan & Gilbert. * Family CII. 352. Brachydeuterus nitidus Steindachner. $ EPINEPHELIDIE. The Sea Bass ; Groupers ; 353. Brachydeuterus leuciscus Gunther. t $ Gar rupas. 354. Brachydeuterus axillaris Steindachner. $ 312. Petrometopon panamensis Steindachner. 355. Orthopristis reddingi Jordan & Richard- 313. Stereolepis gigas Ayres 273. son. $ 314. Bodianus acanthistius Gilbert. $ 356. Orthopristis chalcius Gunther. t $ 315. Epinephelus labriformis Jenyns. t 357. Isaciella brevipinnis Steindachner. $ 316. Epinephelus niphobles Gilbert & Starks. 358. Microlepidotus inornatus Gill. $ 317. Promicrops guttata Linnaeus. $ Family CIX. 318. Dermatolepis punctatus Gill. t $ 319. Mycteroperca jordani Jenkins & Ever- SPARIDIE. The Pargos. mann. $ 359. Calamus brachysomus Lockington. 320. Mycteroperca pardalis Gilbert. $ 321. Mycteroperca rosacea Streets. $ Family CX. Mycteroperca venadorum Jordan & 322. GIRELLID2E. Starks. $ 323. Rypticus xanti Gill. t 360 Girella nigricans Ayres 138. * 324. Rypticus nigripinnis Gill. t 361. Girella simplicidens Osburn & Nichols. $ 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family CXI. Family CXXI. KYPHOSID2E. The Pilot Fishes. ACANTHURID2E. TEUTHIDIE. 362. Hermosilla azurea Jenkins & Ever- 397. Xesurus punctatus Gill. t mann. * 363. Hermosilla robusta Osburn & Nichols. t Family CXXII. 364. Kyphosus analogus Gill. $ SCORIVENIDIE. The Scorpion Fishes ; Rock 365. Kyphosus elegans Peters. Cod. Family CXII. 398. Sebastolobus alascanus Bean 226. * GERRIDIE. The Mojarras ; Silver Perch. 399. Sebastolobus altivelis Gilbert 227. * t 400. Sebastodes goodei Eigenmann & Eigen- 366. Eucinostomus californiensis Gill 114. * t t mann 244. 367. Gerres cinereus Walbaum. * t 401. Sebastodes paucispinis Ayres 253. 368. Diapterus peruvianus Cuvier & Valen- 402. Sebastodes flavidus Ayres 241. ciennes. 403. Sebastodes serranoides Eigenmann & Eig- 369. Diapterus lineatus Humboldt. enmann 265. Family CXIII. 404. Sebastodes mystinus Jordan & Gilbert 251. 405. Sebastodes rufus Eigenmann and Eigen- MULLIDIE. The Surmullets. mann 261. 370. Mulloides rathbuni Evermann & Jenkins. t 406. Sebastodes macdonaldi Eigenmann & Bee- 371. Upeneus dentatus Gill. t son 247. 372. Upeneus xanthogrammus Gilbert. * 407. Sebastodes ovalis Ayres 252. 408. Sebastodes alutus Gilbert 229. Family CXIV. 409. Sebastodes proriger Jordan & Gilbert 255 SCLENIME. The Croakers ; Roncadores. 410. Sebastodes pinniger Gill 254. 373. Ophioscion strabo Gilbert. 411. Sebastodes miniatus Jordan & Gilbert 250. 374. Corvina saturna Girard 206. 412. Sebastodes atrovirens Jordan & Gilbert 230. 375. Corvina thompsoni Hubbs 207. 413. Sebastodes saxicola Gilbert 263. 376. Roncador stearnsi Steindachner 212. 414. Sebastodes semicinctus Gilbert 264. 377. Genyonemus lineatus Ayres 210. * 415. Sebastodes diploproa Gilbert 238. 378. Micropogon megalops Girard. 416. Sebastodes aurora Gilbert 232. 379. Umbrina roncador Jordan & Gilbert 417. Sebastodes melanostomus Eigenmann & 214. * Eigenmann 248. 380. Umbrina xanti Gill. * t 418. Sebastodes introniger Gilbert 245. 381. Umbrina dorsalis Gill. t 419. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer 259. 382. Menticirrhus undulatus Girard 211. * 420. Sebastodes constellatus Jordan & Gilbert 383. Equetus viola Gilbert. t 237. 421. Sebastodes Family CXV. umbrosus Jordan & Gilbert 267. 422. Sebastodes rosaceous Girard 258. OTOLITHID2E. 423. Sebastodes ayresii Gilbert & Cramer 233. 384. Seriphus politus Ayres 213. * 424. Sebastodes rhodochloris Jordan & Gilbert 385. Cynoscion othonopterus Jordan & Gilbert. :1 257. 386. Cynoscion parvipinnis Ayres 209. 425. Sebastodes eos Eigenmann & Eigenmann 387. Cynoscion macdonaldi Gilbert. 1.- 240. 388. Atractoscion nobilis Ayres 208. 426. Sebastodes gilli Eigenmann & Eigenmann 243. Family CXVI. 427. Sebastodes chlorostictus Jordan & Gil- BRANCHIOSTEGID2E• bert 235. 389. Caulolatilus princeps Jenyns 159. 428. Sebastodes rupestris Gilbert 262. 429. Family CXVII. Sebastodes sinensis Gilbert. 430. Sebastodes zacentrus Gilbert 269. CIRRHITID2E. 431. Sebastodes elongatus Ayres 239. 390. Cirrhites rivulatus Valenciennes. t 432. Sebastodes levis Eigenmann & Eigen- 391. Cirrhites betaurus Gill. t mann 246. 433. Sebastodes rubrivinctus Jordan & Gilbert Family CXVIII. 260. SCORPID2E. The Half-moon Fishes. 434. Sebastodes auriculatus Girard 231. 392. Medialuna californiensis Steindachner 435. Sebastodes rastrelliger Jordan & Gilbert 139. * 256. Family CXIX. 436. Sebastodes vexillaris Jordan & Gilbert 268. EPHIPPID2E. 437. Sebastodes carnatus Jordan & Gilbert 234. 393. Chvetodipterus zonatus Girard. SC. * 438. Sebastodes chrysomelas Jordan & Gilbert 236. Family CXX. 439. Sebastodes serriceps Jordan & Gilbert 266. CH2ETODONTIDZE. The Butterfly Fishes; 440. Soorpxnodes xyris Jordan & Gilbert. t Coral Fishes. 441. Scorpena guttata Girard 228. * 394. Chxtodon nigrirostris Gill. t 442. Scorpzena mystes Jordan & Starks. 395. Chwtodon 'humeralis Gunther. t 443. Scorpena sonora Jenkins & Evermann. * t 396. Holacanthus passer Valenciennes. t 444. Pontinus sierra Gilbert. t JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9

Family CXXIII. Family CXXX. ANOPLOPOMID2E. The Skil Fishes; Sable LIPARID1E. The Sea-Snails. Fishes. 487. Neoliparis mucosus Ayres 148. 445. Anoplopoma fimbria Pallas 14. 488. Careproctus melanurus Gilbert 145. 489. Paraliparis cephalus Gilbert 149. Family CXXIV. 490. Paraliparis rosaceus Gilbert. SC. HEXAGRAMMIDIE. The Greenlings. 491. Lipariscus nanus Gilbert 146. 446. Hexagrammos superciliosus Pallas 134. Family CXXXI. Family CXXV. TRIGLIDiE. 492. Prionotus gymnostethus Gilbert. SC. t OPHIODONTID2E. The Cultus Cods. 493. Prionotus stephanophrys Lockington. 447. Ophiodon elongatus Girard 133. 494. Prionotus albirostris Jordan & Bollman. 495. Prionotus horrens Richardson. * Family CXXVI. OXYLEBIIDIE. Family CXXXII. 448. Oxylebius pictus Gill 180. EMBIOTOCIDIE. 496. Amphigonopterus aurora Jordan & Gil- Family CXXVII. bert 91. 497. Micrometrus minimus Gibbons 101. * ZANIOLEPIDiE. 498. Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons 93. * 449. Xantocles frenatus Eigenmann 292. 499. Brachyistius f renatus Gill 92. * 500. Zalembius rosaceus Jordan & Gilbert 106. Family CXXVIII. 501. Hypocritichthys analis A. Agassiz 99. COTTID2E. 502. Hyperprosopon argenteus Gibbons 98. 450. Paricelinus hopliticus Eigenmann & Eigen- 503. Tocichthys ellipticus Gibbons. mann 76. 504. Crossochir koelzi Hubbs. SC. 451. Chitonotus pugetensis Steindachner 62. 505. Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz 90. 452. Tarandichthys cavifrons Gilbert 82. 506. Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz 95. * 453. Tarandichthys filamentosis Gilbert 83. 507. neniotoca lateralis Agassiz 105. 454. Tarandichthys tenuis Gilbert 84. 508. Phanerodon furcatus Girard 103. 455. Icelinus fimbriatus Gilbert 69. 509. Phanerodon atripes Jordan & Gilbert 102. 456. Icelinus oculatus Gilbert. SC. 510. Rhacochilus toxotes Agassiz 104. 457. Icelinus quadriseriatus Lockington 71. * 511. Hypsurus caryi Agassiz 100. 458. Icelinus fuscescens Gilbert 70. 512. Damalichthys vacca Girard 94. • 459. Astrolytes notospilotus Girard 59. Family CXXXIII. 460. Paratedius hankinsoni Hubbs. SC. Orthonopias triacis Starks & Mann 74a. POMACENTRIDZE. 461. 513. Ayresia punctipinnis Cooper 203. * 462. Ruscariops creaseri Hubbs 79. Icelus australis Eigenmann & Eigenmann 514. Chromis atrilobatus Gill. t $ 463. 515. Pomacentrus rectifrenum Gill. t 72. Pomacentrus flavilatus Gill. t Radulinus boleoides Gilbert 78. 516. 464. 517. Abudefduf marginatus Bloch. t 465. Radulinus asprellus Gilbert 77. Hypsypops rubicundus Girard 204. * Calycilepidotus spinosus Ayres 61. 518. 466. 519. Microspathadon bairdii Gill. t 467. Aspicottus bison Girard 67. 520. Microspathadon dorsalis Gill. t 468. Scorpmnichthys marmoratus Ayres 81. 469. Cottus asper Richardson. SC. Fr. Family CXXXIV. 470. Zesticelus profundorum Gilbert 85. LABRID2E. 471. Leiocottus hirundo Girard 73. 521. Harpe diplotenia Gill. t 472. Leptocottus armatus australis Hubbs 74. 522. Pimelometopon pulcher Ayres 142. * t 473. Clinocottus analis analis Girard 64. 474. Clinocottus analis australis Hubbs 65. Family CXXXV. 475. Blennicottus globiceps Girard. SC. CORIDIE. 476. Montereya recalva Greeley 60. 523. Halichceres semicinctus Ayres 140. * 477. Dialarchus snyderi Greeley 66. 524. Halichceres dispilus Gunther. t 478. Greeleya rubellio Greeley 68. 525. Oxyjulis calif ornica Gunther 141. 526. Emmeekia venusta Jenkins & Evermann. *t Family CXXIX. 527. Pseudojulis melanotus Gilbert. AGONID2E. The Sea-Poachers ; Aligator- 528. Chlorichthys leucosanus Gill. t Fishes. 529. Xyrichthys mundiceps Gill. t 479. Averruncus sterletus Gilbert 4. 530. Iniistius mundicorpus Gill. t 480. Averruncus emmelane Jordan & Starks 3. 481. Asterotheca pentacantha Gilbert 2. Family CXXXVI. 482. Xeneretmus latifrons Gilbert 6. SCARID/E. 483. Xeneretmus leiops Gilbert 7. 531. Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert. t Xeneretmus ritteri Gilbert 8. 532. Seamus microps Osburn & Nichols. t 484. Scarus noyesi Heller & Snodgrass. t 485. Xeneretmus triacanthus Gilbert 9. 533. 486. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington 5. 534. Scarus compressus Osburn & Nichols. t 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family CXXXVII. Family CXLIV. ELEOTRIDIE. The Sleepers. DACTYLOSCOPIME. 535. Philypnus lateralis Gill. t 574. Gillellus semicinctus Gilbert. $ 536. Dormitator latif rons Richardson. t $ 575. Gillellus arenicola Gilbert. t 537. Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner. t 576. Gillellus ornatus Gilbert. $ 538. Alexurus armiger Jordan & Richardson. * 577. Dactyloscopus pectoralis Gill. t 539. Chriolepis minutillus Gilbert. * 578. Dactyloscopus lunaticus Gilbert. t $ 579. Dactyloscopus cinctus Osburn & Nichols. Family CXXXVIII. 580. Dactylagnus mundus Gilbert. * $ GOBIID2E. The Gobies. 581. Myxodagnus opercularis Gill. t 540. Bathygobius soporator Cuvier & Valencien- Family CXLV. nes. $ CLINIME. The Scaly Blennies. 541. Rhinogobiops nicholsii Bean 128. 542. Zonogobius zebra Gilbert 130. 582. Heterostichus rostratus Girard 35. 543. Gobionellus sagittula Gunther 123. 583. Gibbonsia metzi Hubbs 34. * 544. Lythrypnus dalli Gilbert 126. 584. Gibbonsia elegans elegans Cooper 33. * 545. Awaous taiasica Lichtenstein. * t 585. Neoclinus blanchardi Girard 38. 546. Bollmannia ocellata Gilbert. $ 586. Pterognathus satiricus Girard 41. 547. Bollmannia macropoma Gilbert. $ 587. Malacoctenus delalandi Cuvier & Valen- 548. Bollmannia stigmatura Gilbert. $ ciennes. * 549. Aboma chiquita Jenkins & Evermann. 588. Labrisomus xanti Gill. * $ 550. Zalypnus cyclolepis Gilbert. $ 589. Alloclinus holderi Lauderbach 42. 551. Zalypnus emblamaticus Jordan & Gilbert. $ 590. Starksia cremnobates Gilbert. 552. Eucyclogobius newberryi Girard 120. 591. Cryptotrema corallinum Gilbert 32. 553. Lepidogobius lepidus Girard 125. 592. Exerpes asper 'Jenkins & Evermann. 554. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper 122. 593. Cremnobates ativelis Lockington. $ 555. Gillichthys detrusus Gilbert & Scofield. $ 594. Cremnobates monophthalmus Gunther. $ 556. Quietula y-cauda Jenkins & Evermann 127. 595. Cremnobates integripinnis Rosa Smith 30. 557. Ilypnus gilberti Eigenmann & Eigenmann SC. * 124. 558. Clevelandia ios Jordan & Gilbert 119. Family CXLVI. 559. Gobiosoma histrio Jordan. $ BLENNIIME. The Naked Blennies. 560. Gobiosoma crescentale Gilbert. * $ 596. Hypsoblennius gilberti Jordan 37. 561. Evermannia longipinnis Steindachner 121. 597. Hypsoblennius gentilis Girard 36. * $ 562. Typhlogobius calif orniensis Steindachner 598. Chasmodes jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. $ 129. 599. Runula azalea Jordan & Bollman. t 563. Lethops connectens Hubbs 125a. 600. Atopoclinus ringens Vaillant $ Young of Runula? Family CXXXIX. GOBIOIDIME. Family CXLIII. 564. Tyntlastes sagitta Gunther 289a. * EMBLEMARIID/E. 601. Emblemaria oculocirris Jordan. $ Family CXL. ECHENEIME. The Remoras ; Shark-Pilots. Family CXLVIII. 565. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 88. CH2ENOPSIME. 566. Remora remora Linnwus 89. 602. Chwnopsis alepidota Gilbert 31. t $ 567 Remorina albescens Temminck & Schlegel 603. Chnnopsis lucius Osburn & Nichols. $ 291a. $ 604. Pholidichthys anguilliformis Lockington. $ 605. Psednoblennius hypacanthus Jenkins & Family CXLI. Evermann. $ BATHYMASTERIDIE. The Ronquils. Family CXLIX. 568. Rathbunella hypoplecta Gilbert 24. CEBIDICHTHYID2E. 606. Cebidichthys violaceus Ayres 30a. SC. Family CXLII. OPISTHOGNATHIME. The Jaw-Fishes. Family CL. 569. Opisthognathus ommatus Jenkins & Ever- PHOLID2E mann. $ 607. Apodichthys flavidus Girard. SC. 570. Gnathypops scops Jenkins & Evermann. $ 608. Xererpes fucorum Jordan & Gilbert 44. 571. Gnathypops rhomalea Jordan & Gilbert. $ 609. Ulvicola sancta-roses Gilbert & Starks 572. Gnathypops snyderi Jordan & Evermann. 43. * Family CLI. CXLIII. STICH/RIME. URANOSCOPID2E. The Star-gazers. 610. Plectobranchus evides Gilbert 39. 573. Astroscopus zephyreus Gilbert & Starks. * 611. Poroclinus rothrocki Bean 40. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PAC IFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

Family CLII. 640. Gobiesox funebris Gilbert. t ANARRHICHTHYIDIE. 641. Gobiesox papillifer Gilbert 116. * 642. Rimicola eigenmanni Gilbert 117. 612. Anarrhichthys ocellatus Ayres 13. 643. Arbaciosa rhessodon Smith 115. Family CLIII. 644. Arbaciosa humeralis Gilbert. ZOARCIDIE. 645. Arbaciosa eos Jordan & Gilbert. t 613. Embryx crassilabris Gilbert 295. Family CLIX. 614. Embryx crotalinus Gilbert SC. BALISTID2E. 615. Lycodopsis pacificus Collett 297. 646. Verrunculus polylepis Steindachner. * 616. Aprodon cortezianus Gilbert 293. 647. Suffiamen capistratum Shaw. t 617. Lychenchelys porifer Gilbert. * 648. Xanthichthys mento Jordan & Gilbert. SC. 618. Furcimanus diapterus Gilbert 296. 619. Lyconema barbatum Gilbert 301. Family CLX. 620. Bothrocara remigera Gilbert 294. TETRAODONTID2E. 621. Melanostigma pammelas Gilbert 300. 622. Maynea calif ornica Gilbert 299. 649. Spheroides politus Girard 288. * 623. Lycogramma brunnea Bean 298. 650. Spheroides lobatus Steindachner. # t 651. Ovoides setosus R. Smith. t Family CLIV. Family CLXI. INCODAPODIDIE. CANTHIGASTERID2E Sharp-nosed Puffers. Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert 153. 624. 652. Canthigaster punctatissimus Gunther. Family CLV. BROTULID2E. Family CLXII. DIODONTID2E. 625. Catmtyx rubrirostris Gilbert 47. 626. Brosmophysis marginatus Ayres 46. 653. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus 87. t 627. Ogilbia ventralis Gill. t 654. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. * 628. Mcebia promelas Gilbert. * 655. Chilomycterus affinis Gunther 86. 629. Bassogigas stelliferoides Gilbert. * Family CLXIII. Family CLVI. MOLIDIE. 656. Mola mola Linnaeus 161. 630. Lepophidium emmelas Gilbert. * 631. Lepophidium stigmatistium Gilbert. * Family CLXIV. 632. Lepophidium pardale Gilbert. * ANTENNARIIDIE. 633. Lepophidium microlepis Gilbert. t 657. Antennarius avalonis Jordan & Starks 15. 634. Otophidium galeoides Gilbert. t 658. Antennarius reticularis Gilbert. t 635. Otophidium taylori Girard 179. 659. Antennarius sanguineus Gill. t 636. Otophidium scrippsi Hubbs 179a. * Family CLVII. Family CLXV. BATRACHOIDID/E. OGCOCEPHALIDIE. Porichthys notatus Girard 25. 660. Malthopsis erinacea Garman. * 637. 661. Dibranchus hystrix Garman. 1' Family CLVIII. GOBIESOCIDIE. Family CLXVI. CERATIID2E. 638. Bryssetaeres pinniger Gilbert. t 639. Gobiesox adustus Jordan & Gilbert. t 662. Monoceratias acanthias Gilbert 52. 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION The Discovery of a Remarkable Type of Mud- Minnow in Western Washington By Leonard P. Schultz, College of Fisheries University of Washington, Seattle

Dr. Theodore Gill wrote in 1902, "The published at the University of Washing- umbrids or mud-minnows are a feeble ton.1 family represented by a single genus The new fish, Novumbra hubbsi whose species are distributed in a notable Schultz, may be identified by the paired manner. A single one, Umbra garmeri, oc- proethmoids, and the simple coracoid, ap- curs in central and southeastern Europe, parently undivided by a suture into hyper- Hungary, and neighboring countries, and hypocoracoid. There are four pectoral two others are inhabitants of the eastern radials, to which the 18 to 23 pectoral fin slope of the American continent and rays are attached. This fin is peduncu- Mississippi valley, while all the interven- late and asymmetrical, the lowermost rays ing countries are deprived of them." are almost rudimentary. The dorsal fin "It is really remarkable that, with such of 12 to 15 rays, and the anal of 11 to 13 adaptability and such power of endurance rays are about the same length. The or- as they possess, the range of the genus igin of the dorsal is inserted only a trifle should be now so restricted. Restricted in advance of the anal. The ventral fin it undoubtedly is, for the European and has 7 rays (occasionally 6), and is in- American species must be relics of a once serted a little in advance of the dorsal, widely dispersed group." the rays reaching a little past the origin However, in 1921 Mr. John H. Wins- of the anal fin. There are 7 branchios- low, Game Warden of Grays Harbor tegals. The cycloid scales are in about County, Washington, sent the College of 52 to 58 rows along the side of the body, Fisheries, University of Washington, a all of which show radii. The teeth occur number of specimens of a fish (all less on the premaxillaries, palatines, vomers, than 37 mm. in length), found in a drain- dentaries and tongue. age ditch near Satsop, one mile north of The color of these fishes is very sim- the Chehalis River in the same county. ilar to that found on young pike, as well Through some mishap these specimens as on the mud-minnow, Umbra limi of the were mislaid until late in 1928 when they middlewestern United States. The black were carefully studied by the author and bar on the caudal fin of Umbra limi is found to be a type of mud-minnow. lacking in this species. The breeding A thorough search of the region be- colors of the males and females of Nov- tween Elma and Satsop, Washington, was umbra hubbsi, the Washington mud-min- made on February 24, 1929, by the writer now, are beautiful, not unlike some of in an attempt to locate living specimens the highly colored darters of the eastern of this new fish. After three hours of North America. The following descrip- intensive work eleven specimens, (all tion was made from specimens of the adults), two females and nine males in February 24 collection as they were tak- breeding colors, between 55 and 70 mm. en from the water : in length were collected from the type The females resemble the males close- locality, a drainage ditch about a mile ly but are duller. The ground color pat- east of Satsop. The fishes of the 1921 (') The Description of a new type of mud-minnow from collection were made the type of a new Southwestern Washington, with notes on related spe- species, new genus, and family in a paper cies. By Leonard P. Schultz, University of Wash- ington Publications in Fisheries. Vol. II, No. 5, 1929. . JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13 tern of the male is of black vertical bars, ences found between the pectoral girdles with alternating narrow bright areas of of the three genera under discussion. pea green, (this color changed to silvery Novumbra hubbsi has a • cleithrum yellow and greenish irridescence when (clavivle) fully ossified which overlaps placed in an aquarium). The black fad- and partly conceals the coracoidal ele- ed to a chocolate brown very soon after ment fused directly .to the cleithrum removing from the water. The anal and by sutures throughout it s greater dorsal fins are colored similarly by two or length, except for a small foramen three blackish broken bars or blotches, in the hypocoracoid. The radial s rather irregular except the outer which (I find four in each of four dissections), is very black and followed at the edge of are smaller than the coracoid, and these the fin by a narrow beautiful light grass coupled with the great elongation of the green margin, highly contrasted with the coracoid element give the pectoral fin its black below it. This edge changed to an pedunculate appearance. The coracoids electric blue in different lights. The pec- are perforated by the coracoidal foramen, toral fins are very dark, almost black as which does not join a larger opening next are the ventrals and the caudal, their col- to the cleithrum as sometimes found in or is due to pigment on the membranes Umbra limi. Only one center of ossifica- between the fin rays which is intensified tion can be found in the coracoid, though near the margins. The bases of these the entire pectoral girdle is a hard type fins are marked with dull ochre. The of bone. side of the body had numerous very nar- Umbra limi shows more differentiation row longitudinal faint streaks as is found than the new mud-minnow or Delia pec- on Umbra limi when the males are spawn- toralis, the Alaskan blackfish. The clei- ing. Through the eye is a vertical black thrum of Umbra limi is a large ossified bar, slightly narrower than the pupil, but bone partly covering the hypercoracoid obsolete in preserved specimens. From and the hypocoracoid which are well sep- the back of the eye to the top of the op- arated by a suture and a large perfora- erculum extends a brownish band, below tion. They are joined to the cleithrum at which are two shorter obsolete irregular each end but not in the middle because hands or blotches. The tip of the opercu- the whole central portion is cut out by a lum has a black bar, the lower half of triangular emargination. This same which is emerald green (but changed to emargination is present in Novumbra a peacock green in the aquarium). This hubbsi but is very small. All of the cora- bar on the opercular flap continued as a coid is fairly well ossified. The number bluish black band on the branchiostegal of radials is either three or four, consid- membranes grading into emerald green erable variation apparently occurs. antehiorly. The branchiostegals them- The pectoral girdle of Dania pectoralis selves were dull yellowish orange. The is represented by an ossified cleithrum operculum is irridescent brassy gold be- which partly overlaps a cartilaginous plate, tween the dusky horizontal blotches. The the coracoid, overlooked by Gilbert (Jor- tip of the jaws is dark colored. The re- dan and Evermann, Fishes of North and gion anterior to the dorsal fin on the back Middle America, Part 1, 1896, p. 620 is uniformly colored dark or dark brown. footnote). This coracoid is attached to The belly is dusky and unspotted. the cleithrum by sutures at its base. Dis- The discovery of this mud-minnow tally the coracoid is expanded and joins stimulated a review of other related spe- the two greatly enlarged radials (acti- cies, which has resulted in a major change nosts) previously interpreted as coracoids in the classification of the Alaskan black- to which the fins rays are directly attach- fish. This change is based on the differ- ed. My dissections show no perforations 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

of the coracoid, but Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, tion far back on the body, almost direct- University of Michigan, who was inform- ly below the beginning of the dorsal fin. ed about the presence of the coracoid in The ventrals are inserted farther for- this fish, checked my observations by two ward than in the Umbras. There are a dissections in which he found a perfora- greater number of fin rays in all the fins, tion of the coracoid of one girdle, which and about 55 rows of scales on the side was entirely lacking in both of my speci- of the body. mens. Evidently there is considerable The Dalliidae is easily recognized from variation in the coracoidal element of the Novumbridae by the rounded caudal Dallia pectoralis. The two radials were fin, the greater number of pectoral rays separated mesially and fused at their dis- (about 36), and only three rays in the tal ends. The pedunculate appearance ventral fins. There is a greater number of the pectoral fin is due to the enlarged of scale rows (about 77) on the side of radials, instead of the combined coracoids the body. The pectoral girdle which was and radials as in Novumbra hubbsi. discussed in detail is one of the best char- It becomes very evident after carefully acters by which the Novumbridae and studying the coracoid elements, as well Umbridae are separated from the Dallii- as the pectoral radials in the three typi- dae. cal species, that they possess homologous My observations on the specimens gath- structures which are anatomically very ered February 24 indicate the selection of similar in shape and sizes. There is a a very restricted habitat, because none degeneracy, or perhaps less specialization, at least a decrease in the size of the cora- of the fish were found in the creeks of coid elements through Umbra limi, No- the region, all of which are characterized vumbra hubbsi, to Dania pectoralis, and by a moderate to rapid current with sand an increase in size of the pectoral radials or gravel bottoms and mud with weeds in in the same order through the three spe- the eddies. The eleven specimens were cies. These facts among others clearly taken from a drainage ditch filled with indicate the intermediate position of the about two or three feet of clear quiet new species, between that of Dallia and water. The bottom was composed of Umbra. Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Gill who about three inches of mud, dead vegeta- overlooked the coracoid (which is easily tion, with living water, celery and consid- understood from its small size (in Dania erable algae to a height of four inches. A pectoralis, naturally misinterpreted the careful examination of the ditch prior pectoral radials, and placed Dallia in the tb fishing indicated their absence, but by order Xenomi. It is very obvious after seining and stirring the bottom with my the present analysis that Dallia pectoralis boots, eleven fish were slowly found one belongs to the Order Haplomi, along with at a time. It is not known how these the mud-minnows and the pikes, its near- fish became established in this ditch or est relatives. The Xenomi can no longer the extent of their present range. Mr. be recognized as a distinct order, and Winslow in a letter dated March 14, 1929, must be placed as a synonym of Haplomi. found this new species in the Murray The new family Novumbridae may be sloughs east of Elma during the low wat- distinguished from the Umbridae by the er of summer in 1926. He states they presence of the following characters : have never been found directly in the Caudal fins slightly concave in most spec- Chehalis River or any of the creeks. imens; scales with radii ; lower jaw pro- The specimens which were collected by jecting; teeth on vomer, palatines, pre- the writer were brought alive to the Col- maxillaries and the lower jaw and tongue. lege of Fisheries and placed in a large The origin of the anal fin has its inser- aquarium and carefully observed. The JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15 habits of the new mud-minnow are much elevation of the Rockies. Fossil remains like those of Umbra limi and those de- of this fauna are found in the Eocene scribed for Umbra krameri of Europe. If Green River Shales of Wyoming. Two frightened the fish often hides in the de- other living faunal relics, probably of bris on the bottom and escapes observa- this same ancient distribution have been tion. They dart at times from their found on the west coast of North Amer- place of seclusion to the surface or among ica ; they are Columbia transmontana the weeds, coming to rest on a stem or Eigenmann and Eigenmann, a percopsid, leaf, or are suspended obliquely in the and Archoplites interruptus Girard, of the water. It is not uncommon to find them family Centrarchida.e. It is likely that upright resting on their tail. Very sel- the mud-minnows and the Alaskan black- dom are they found to be in a horizontal fish were more widely distributed in ar- position. A characteristic pose is one in chaic times (as suggested by Dr. Gill), which the caudal region and tail fin are than the North American Fauna just curved to one side, while the pectoral fins cited, because living representatives occur and the margins of the dorsal and anal in the continents of both old and new fins wave rapidly. At other times one worlds. One species is found in central pectoral fin will wave rapidly while the Europe, two in the eastern United States, other is motionless. The fish spends con- and another in the Chehalis river valley siderable time at the surface gulping air of western Washington. The Alaskan and quickly ejecting it, so that numerous blackfish, a closely related species, occurs bubbles remain in the vicinity. in the Tundra of Alaska and Siberia. All of these species of fish are separated from is very excitable, Novumbra hubbsi each other by extensive barriers. sudden movements by the observer cause them to dart with great speed, often Presumably the reason why this mud- jumping clear of the water. It usually minnow should be found in such a re- hides on the bottom after such behavior, stricted area in southwestern Washington, lying motionless, often on its side for lies in the fact that it selects a restricted many minutes. The new mud-minnow habitat of quiet, almost stagnant water, is a sluggish' fish except for these sudden which when correlated with the topog- bursts of great speed. It eats live food raphy and the past glaciation of the state, and has not been induced to take prepar- will undoubtedly help explain the pre- ed foods. Small earthworms are cut up sence of a mud-minnow on the west coast, and dropped into the aquarium near the a thousand miles or more from any known fish which swallows them whole. If the related species, and separated by salt wa- worms do not move the fish refuse to eat ter, high mountains, or semi-deserts. them. One fish out of the three now Breetz (1911) and Landes (1913) stu- living, has not been induced to eat, though died the glaciation of western Washing- the other two eat greedily. There is no ton and reported that during the last ice question but this new species will make age, the great Vashon Glacier, at least a very desirable aquarium fish, because 4000 feet deep over Seattle, poured down of its beautiful colors and interesting hab- the Puget Sound plain from the north its. terminating in the moraines of the region The occurrence of a mud-minnow in just south of Tacoma and Olympia, western Washington is unique, as well northwestward to the area just north of as very important, both from a biological Elma and Satsop, to Lake Cushman, and geological standpoint. Presumably Washington. As this glacier retreated it this fish is a representative of the an- left a gravel outwash plain and the rough, cient fauna which extended across the hilly moraine containing numerous bog North American Continent prior to the lakes and kettle holes, not drained. Dur- 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

ing the .retreat of the Vashon Glacier a of the Chehalis valley to the eastward great freshwater inland sea covered the and southward are not suitable habitats territory at the southern end of the glacier for this fish. This would cause the fish between the Cascades and Olympic Moun- to be isolated in the driftless area of the tains. This great sea had its outlet by Chehalis river valley and southward dur- way of the Gate Pathway, near Gate, ing the glacier period. Washington, down the present Black Riv- During the retreat of the glacier, the er, a tributary of the Chehalis River, great freshwater lake at the southern end thence to the ocean. of the ice might furnish the means for The Washington mud-minnow prob- an extension of range from the driftless ably evolved from a stock which gave rise area. After the lake disappeared the to the Alaskan Blackfish (one of its near mud-minnow might again be able to make relatives) and occupied the land north- its way up the Black River to Black Lake ward. During the glaciation of the and from there, during high water of Northwest it was possible for the fish to spring, into the Puget Sound drainage. be forced before the glaciers, which ori- However, these Puget Sound streams are ginated in the mountains of British Co- swift and not suitable habitats. Puget lumbia, and become deposited in its pre- Sound would limit its range northward. sent location. This case may parallel the The waters of the streams coming down grayling, which, it is thought, was carried off the terminal moraine (the Black River southward during the glacier periods, and included) are swift throughout their deposited in Montana and Michigan courses and not well suited for Novumbra where it is found today. hubbsi. These conditions probably would The topography, it is thought, has had cause the extension of range to occur a direct influence on the present range of slowly or not at all from the driftless area. Novumbra hubbsi, the Washington mud- Judging from the habitat requirements minnow. There is no record that the and the glaciation of western Washington, Olympic peninsula was recently covered we might expect to find the mud-minnow by sea. The land at the headwaters of in the driftless area of the Chehalis val- the Chehalis River, known as the Bald ley, the terminal moraine, and the country and Black Hills, has been above the sea westward to the ocean, in which occur from Pliocene or before. During the marshes, bog lakes, and kettle holes, all Pleistocene, when the Vashon Glacier fill- of which are excellent habitats. How- ed the Puget Sound plain, the Black and ever, if the Washington mud-minnow had Bald Hills stopped its southward flow a wide range prior to the Vashon Glacier and remained above it. Terminal mo- it may occur in other sections of western raines were left northward and westward. Washington, west of the Cascades, and A driftless area occurs south of these perhaps in the sloughs of the lower Co- moraines from the headwaters of the Til- lumbia River. ton River to Centralia, by the Gate Path- way, thence northwestward to Lake Cush- We may conclude that this mud-min- man and westward to the ocean. The now is remarkable because of its struc- tributaries of the Chehalis River on the tural relationship, habitat requirements, east and south arise in mountainous hills, and restricted range as now known to oc- sharply cut by raging mountain streams, cupy only southwestern Washington. Also which have rock bottoms, entirely un- the study of Novumbra hubbsi has result- suited to the mud-minnow. The glacier ed in a clearer interpretation of the pec- would exclude this fish from the region toral girdle of Dallia pectoralis with con- between the Olympic and Cascade Moun- siderable change in the classification of tains covered by the ice. The tributaries that species. --

1,■,e)_ ;tkc!..oy,vxy_ ■ ,:pytt;m,s,yv,•2_2,,,eAp•Atv,fm_;p•ApaVV.VWV.PADSJVV.Vt/VPAACtkttiVIAMZ,VtrMf'VZ,,P1kt1/4PLWIr ,VV'AMM'. BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

•

New Series No. 116, October, 1929

A Pan-Pacific Medical Conference 3 Children and Peace - 4 D The Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference— Women in Government Section 5 Project VIII., Government Study (Australia) - 9 1 Project VIII., Government Study (General) - 10 Project III., Standards of Living and Dietary Studies - 11 Project VI., Standards of Living and Wages Studies 12 Project I., Education - 13 The Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference 15 :*1 A Letter of Explanation from the Director of ?.1 the Pan-Pacific Union. Visitors from China and India - 16 ) OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS ?,1 Herbert Hoover President of the United States : S. M. Bruce Prime Minister, Australia Sir Joseph G. Ward Prime Minister, New Zealand • Chiang Kai Shell. President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies W. L. Mackenzie King Prime Minister of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prachatipok King of Siam Emilio Portes Gil President of Mexico 5 Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru 4 Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT H. L. Stimson Governor of the Philippines ) OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu ) HONOLULU ) Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1929 ,,,,taiiartotarsil,avitisitrecto. • reuriornretra aaaaa 4144 MIS • AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area,—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 A Pan-Pacific Medical Conference

Now that the Pan-Pacific Surgical chairman, so that the Pan-Pacific Medi- Congress body is born as a permanent cal Congress is likely to have four at- organization, the Pan-Pacific Union will tending chairmen, a precedent set in a proceed in the calling together of the way by Red Cross conferences in Japan. medical men of the Pacific, to form their "The Pan-Pacific Surgical Congress, organization. Steps have been taken to- having drawn up a constitution for ward this, and from an article in the lo- permanent organization, it will soon be cal press of Honolulu, published during arranged as to whether the two confer- the sessions of the first Pan-Pacific Sur- ences will meet jointly or during sep- gical Congress, we quote as follows : arate years. It was brought out further "In August, 1933, it is planned to at the meeting last night that the Far make Honolulu the meeting place of a Eastern Tropical Medical Association Pan-Pacific Medical Congress, in which will meet in Bangkok next year ; delega- the Far Eastern Tropical Medical Asso- tions from the Pan-Pacific Union will ciation, the Pan-American Medical Asso- attend to bring about the joint meeting ciation and the Australasian branches of in Honolulu, which has been under con- the British Medical Association will take sideration for some years. part. Such were the plans outlined at a "The Pan-Pacific Medical Congress dinner given by Alexander Hume Ford, was planned some years ago, and pre- director of the Pan-Pacific Union, at its liminary invitations issued. However, Research Institution in Manoa Valley. at the request of Dr. George W. Swift "Several delegates from each Pacific and others, its date of meeting was post- country attended the dinner meeting, the poned and the Union called the meeting Oriental delegations in full. Resolutions of the Pacific surgeons now in session, were passed and Dr. Fred H. Albee, preliminary to the larger meet three or founder and past president of the Pan- four years hence. American Medical Association was asked "At the meeting last night the direc- to be American Chairman and to secure tor of the Pan-Pacific Union addressed the cooperation of the medical societies the gathering. He said : 'The Director in Canada, the United States and Latin of the Pan-Pacific Union, having been America. Dr. Wu Lien-Teh, represent- approached repeatedly by delegates who ing the Far Eastern Tropical Medical express a wish that future medical con- Association, was asked to serve as chair- ferences be held in Honolulu, has asked man in the Orient, Dr. Iga Mori, Dr. a number of these delegates from each F. C. Yen and others assuring support of Pacific land to meet with him to dis- the Chinese, Japanese, and other Orien- cover if this is an unanimous wish of tal medical associations. Sir James Bar- the visiting delegates. Further, the di- rett was asked to act as chairman rep- rector of the Pan-Pacific Union wishes resenting Australasia, the New Zealand to put before you the fact that for four and Australian delegates giving asssur- years the Union has been working to- ances of the cooperation of their societies ward the calling of a Pan-Pacific Medi- if the conference be called during August cal Congress to convene in Honolulu. 1933 or 1934, so as not to conflict with The Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference, it their own meetings. At the suggestion was agreed, should precede the Medical of Dr. George W. Swift, Dr. F. J. Pin- Congress by one or more years. kerton, president of the Hawaii Medi- " 'Do the surgeons wish to meet again cal Association, was asked to act as in Honolulu as a part of the Pan-Pacific 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Medical Congress, or do they wish to the Far Eastern Tropical Medical Asso- meet in future entirely independently of ciation and the Australasian branch of any other affiliation. Either plan is quite the British Medical Association to coop- acceptable to the Pan-Pacific Union. The erate in a joint Pan-Pacific Medical Con- Union would help either project to the gress. best of its ability. Be it .further resolved that the Pan- "`It has been suggested to the ditrec- Pacific Surgical Conference be re- tor by Dr. Fred H. Albee, the president- quested to cooperate with the Pan-Pa- founder of the. Pan:American Medical cific Union. Association., that the Union call- a joint It is recommended that if possible gathering of that association with the the buildings and grounds at Punahou Far Eastern Tropical Medical Associa- be secured for the use of the Pan-Pa- tion, also'inviting the Australasian Med-. cific Medical Congress sessions and that ical Associations to meet in Honolulu all delegates be requested to live for the in 1933. period of the conference in the buildings " 'The Pan-Pacific Medical Conference on the grounds. will be called by the Pan-Pacific Union and the aid of the Surgical Conference It is suggegted that perhaps once in body would be gladly welcomed. The ten years (or even oftener) the three president of the Hawaii Territorial Med- Regional International Medical Associa- ical Association gives assurance of the tions about our greatest-of oceans be in- cooperation of `that organization. • vited by the Pan-Pacific Union to hold ".The Union will gladly invite for a a joint conference in Honolulu, at the month's stay as house guests at the Pan- center of the Pacific. These three asso- Pacific Research Institution some two or ciations might meet each a session for a three leading medical men from each week, then hold a week or ten days joint Pacific land to remain for a month if session as a Pan-Pacific Medical body. they wish to perfect plans and program It is recommended that if it is possible for a Pan-Pacific Medical Congress ; any the Pan-Pacific Union with the assist- month of the year and any year will be ance and cooperation of medical men of agreeable to the Union for such a pre- the Pacific secure the services of one or liminary gathering.' more outstanding medical men on its The following resolutions brought be- staff and create at the Pan-Pacific Re- fore the meeting by Dr. Wu Lien-Teh search Institution a Health Section that were unanimously adopted: would serve the Pan-Pacific area. Be it resolved that the Pan-Pacific The recommendation of Dr. Malcolm Union be urged to call a Pan-Pacific T. MacEachern that the Pan-Pacific Medical Congress to convene in Hono- Union call a conference on Health, Hos- lulu during the summer of 1933, inviting pital Standardization and Hygiene was the Pan-American Medical Association, earnestly supported. Children and Peace (From the Bulletin of the International Bureau of Education, Geneva) In the small review, Pan-Pacific Youth, tional exhibition of children's books or- published by the Pan-Pacific Union, there ganized by our Bureau (Geneva, July 25- is a good article on international educa- August 25) should partly satisfy Miss tion, by Etsu Kurosaki, Japanese dele- Kurosaki. gate to the Pan-Pacific Conference of A pamphlet of 10 pages has recently Women. She expresses sixteen wishes, appeared in French on the teaching given among them that an international library to young people and children in Japan of children's books should be created, as on the Existence and Aims of the. League well as one for educators. The interna- of Nations. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 The Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

GOVERNMENT SECTION pleased with the interest taken in the sub- ject by delegates. It was a matter of con- The Second Pan-Pacific Women's Con- gratulation, I think, that these resolutions ference to be held in Honolulu in 1930, were seconded by Madame Furiyhelm, under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific member of parliament of Finland, the first woman in the world to enter any parlia- Union,'for approximately two weeks, be- ment. She was most interested to hear of ginning August 9th, will again consider what was taking place amongst the women as the main topics of its program the five of the Pacific and I gave her the address divisions of Education, Government, . of headquarters in Honolulu as she wanted Health, Industry, Social Service. Eight to write for literature. Madame Furiyhelm had the honor of study projects with international directors speaking at the public session in Berlin are also being carried out in accordance on the 'Twenty-five Years Suffrage Vic- with the resolutions and recommenda- tories' since the foundation of the Interna- tions of the 1928 meeting. They are as tional Women Suffrage Alliance in 1904 in Berlin when no Austrian or German women follows : Education, Cinema, Standards of were allowed to join political organizations. Living and Diet, the Effect of Diet on Today there are thirty-four women mem- Teeth, Industrial Hygiene, Standards of bers of the Reichstag and many, many Living and Wages, Social Service, and members of State Parliaments. Government. A distinct feature of the Congress was the desire of continents other than Europe Mrs. B. M. Rischbieth, of Perth, West to have direct representation on the Inter- Australia, who was appointed Project national Board. Also a direct appeal to the Director of the Government Study, is women voters in all countries to participate more effectively in governmental affairs. spending a year in Europe. As a member "World Peace" was really the key note of the Executive Council of the Interna- and the alliance encouraged women to ob- tional Suffrage Council, Mrs. Rischbieth tain World Peace by government action. attended the twenty-fifth anniversary of Dame Rachel Crowdy and Princess Rad- the founding of the Alliance in 1904. ziwill officially represented the League of Nations and the International Labor Office. She has just sent the following letters to I expect to see something of Dame Mr. Alexander Hume Ford, Director of Rachel here in Geneva, both publicly and the Pan-Pacific Union, and to Mrs. privately. Francis M. Swanzy, Chairman of the Jane Addams is expected to arrive this week and will be present during the As- Executive Committee of the Second Pan- sembly of the League of Nations. Pacific Women's Conference : About the films you have sent me, I in- Geneva, August 8, 1929 tend having a talk with Professor Duncan Dear Mr. Ford: Hall who is in Dame Rachel Crowdy's de- partment. It may be possible to borrow a The films of the Pan-Pacific Women's machine here, and speak on the Pacific Conference arrived safely but too late for area. Anyway, you may rest assured that I the International Suffrage Alliance in Ber- will interest all sections I meet in the Pa- lin. However, some very good work was cific development. done at that magnificent gathering of women to interest them in the new and International Educational Cinematogra- important developments taking place in the phic Institute at Rome. Many thanks for Pacific area. copies of correspondence forwarded to Dr. Mrs. Corbett-Ashby, t h e international Ethel Osborne re the above. I will look president, invited me to speak on the work these people up if their representatives are of the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, both here. in the committee and in the great Kroll World's Educational Conference, Geneva. Hall where the public sessions were con- I came too late to attend the actual ses- ducted. As a result the attached resolu- sions, but the exhibition is still open and tions were unanimously carried. I think is a fine synthesised demonstration of world you and Mrs. Swanzy would have felt very activities in education. It is really wonder- 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

ful to actually see in 'Exhapit' form what is Alliance from the Southern Hemisphere, being done. .Pictorial posters can teach so South America, and Asia. much. There is one very valuable exhibit Moved by Mrs. B. M. Rischbieth, J.P., demonstrating the international dependence Australia. of the whole world. This has been brought Seconded by Madame Furiyhelm, M.P., out by an American woman with the help Finland. of a committee. Carried unanimously. I must obtain her address for you and Note: The reference in the above resolutions to a permanent organization undoubtedly ap- you might like to communicate. It is the plies to the appointment, by the Executive most telling thing in the whole exhibition Committee of the 1928 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, or a committee of three to act as and we might persuade her to go to Hono- the executive in furthering the interests of the lulu. Anyway, I will try to get an inter- 1930 Conference. A permanent organization of view with her. I shall write you later re Pacific women has not yet been perfected, al- though it is hoped this will be accomplished at the educational exhibit and other matters the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference to here. be held under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union in Honolulu, August 9, 1930. I have written to Mrs. Swanzy about the international questionnaire on the "Women Geneva, August 8, 1929. in Government Study" and have asked her Dear Mrs. Swanzy: to kindly keep me informed as to any re- Many thanks for your kind letter dated plies received. More definite Political Edu- June 12th with copies of correspondence cation is needed by both men and women with Miss Belle Sherwin, President of the voters. National League of Women Voters, Wash- I expect to be in Europe for the next few ington, and also copy of the preliminary months. My permanent address is: C/o questionnaire prepared by your committee The Union Bank of Australia, 71 Cornhill, for the "Women in Government Study Sec- London. tion" and sent to all Pacific countries (on With very warmest regards and remem- my behalf I take it as international project brances to you and my friends at Honolulu. director). Yours sincerely, Miss Belle Sherwin was at the Congress in (Sgd.) BESSIE M. RISCHBIETH. Berlin and we had a talk over Pan-Pacific matters but in the terrible rush of work did GENERAL RESOLUTIONS REGARDING not finalize, but I am gathering information THE PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S for the study "Women in Government" CONFERENCE Section. This questionnaire should make a good Berlin Congress, June, 1929, of the Interna- basis of study with the additional sugges- tional Alliance of Women for Suffrage tions made by Miss Gladys Harrison and Equal Citizenship (U.S.A.) re the importance of considering educational methods which will enable Resolution No. 1.—That this Congress women to participate more effectively in views with extreme satisfaction the fact government affairs. that a permanent regional grouping of wom- No doubt you have arranged for the re- en has been established in the Pacific, plies to be forwarded to Honolulu. Will you known as "Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- please forward me duplicates to my per- ence," believing that it will provide a manent address in London which I will en- "Pacific Focus" through which the interna- close, and the correspondence will then tional organizations with headquarters in reach me wherever I am. Europe can function. The Inter-Congress in Berlin was a bril- That this Congress congratulates the Pan- liant and significant gathering of women of Pacific Women's Conference Committee on forty-five nations come to pay homage to this success of the first conference held in the twenty-five years' foundation of the Honolulu, August, 1928, under the auspices Inter-Women Suffrage Alliance. There were of the Pan-Pacific Union, and offers its women pioneers in all avenues of work, suf- whole hearted cooperation with the perma- frage professions, industry, Parliament, in nent organization which has been formed in fact there were so many women of note the Pacific area with headquarters at Hono- lulu. they were almost lost in the teeming crowd. Two Japanese women delegates were pre- Resolution No. 2.—That in view of the sent who had been at Honolulu last August, establishment of a permanent grouping of Mrs. Ai Kawaguchi, headmistress of a high the women of the Pacific area, and the im- school at Tokyo, and Miss Kaneko Kita- portant developments likely to take place, mura (a lawyer, Osaka), the Editor of the consideration be given to the advisability of Women's Daily News. We were delighted to having a representative on the Board of the meet. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7

The German Republic Government ex- played in the work and progress of the tended the warmest official reception both publicly and privately. The meetings of international organization. women M.P.'s (international in the Reichs- In their capacities as president and tag was something to be remembered. third vice-president of the National I got a resolution passed following a re- League of Women Voters, Miss Sherwin port presented on the work of the Pan- and Miss Morgan were leaders in the Pacific Conference in which many interna- American delegation to the Berlin meet- tional women were most interested. ing. The League is the only organization Dame Rachel Crowdy was present, repre- senting the League of Nations. in the United States affiliated with the Miss Jane Addams is expected in Geneva International Suffrage Alliance. As presi- tomorrow and will be here, I understand, dent, Miss Sherwin headed the American during the League Assembly. delegation to the 1926 meeting in Paris, I am going to do some work to interest and it was at that meeting that Miss Mor- people in the importance of the Pacific area gan was made a member of the board and while I am here, and am going to look up also chairman of the Alliance's new and the Cinematographic Institute Section of the League of Nations if they are here in important peace committee. Geneva during the Assembly. Miss Sherwin, Miss Morgan, Miss I do not expect to return to Australia for Julia Lathrop, former chief of the U. S. some months ahead but Mrs. Carlile McDon- Children's Bureau, Mrs. Maud Wood nell is very well able to deal with any busi- ness during my absence. Park, former president of the League of I will look up people and departments of Women Voters, Mrs. F. Louis Slade and interest to our Pan-Pacific work in Geneva Miss Dorothy Straus of New York City, and if you receive this note in time I would and Dr. Mollie Ray Carroll of Goucher be glad of an official letter to any of in- College, assumed important parts in the terest at Geneva. deliberations in the Berlin Congress. Miss By the bye, I am going to meet Professor Duncan Hall. He is in Dame Rachel Morgan presided at the peace meeting, Crowdy's Section. Dame Rachel is dining which was said to be one of the most im- with my friend Miss Eaton and me in this pressive staged in connection with any flat on Monday evening and we will have recent woman's convention. Delegates to talk about the possibilities of her visit from 43 nations participated. Mrs. Slade to Honolulu in 1930. of New York spoke for the United I am sure you will all be pleased with what was done at Congress re. Pan-Pacific States. Women's Conference and its significance. Miss Lathrop was a speaker at an Yours sincerely, evening mass-meeting devoted to consid- (Sgd.) BESSIE M. RISCIISIETII. eration of the woman police movement. One of the features of American partici- A MESSAGE FROM THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, pation was the presentation of flags to WASHINGTON, D. C. 45 national groups in the Alliance by Mrs. Slade of New York on behalf of Two American women, Miss Belle the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission. Sherwin of Cleveland and Miss Ruth Miss Straus, a talented young New York Morgan of New York City, are now City lawyer, addressed the Alliance in members of the board of the International French, German and English. Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, which has just con- The American delegation was received cluded its twenty-fifth anniversary meet- at the American embassy by Dr. Jacob ing in Berlin. The reelection of Miss Gould Schurman, and was entertained at Morgan, who has been a board member luncheon at the American Club, Mrs. since 1926, and the election of Miss Sher- Walbridge Taft, club president, greeting win, is regarded as a marked tribute to the guests, and Miss Sherwin responding the part the American delegation has for the American delegation. 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

A Penetrating Treatise on Equal Rights tions if substantial equality is to be at- (This article was sent originally to "Jus," the tained. Property laws (particularly the organ of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, by the Na- division of property and income after tional League of Women Voters in Washington.) marriage), mothers' allowances, support "The woman movement comes of age" laws, age of marriage, penalties for sex might be the title of the latest publica- offenses, naturalization requirements tion of the National League of Women and labor laws are among those dealt Voters of the United States. Actually it with, and the questions presented in each is entitled "Toward Equal Rights for case are deeply thought-provoking. Men and Women" and is the work of Readers in other -countries are likely Miss Ethel M. Smith, a writer whose to be impressed with the additional com- background has been equally in the plexity of these questions under the fed- suffrage campaign and in women's trade eral system of government in the United union organizations in the United States. States where they are the subject of In her treatise Miss Smith has examined legislation in forty-eight states. Natural- the woman movement of today in a ization laws are an exception, being modern spirit. She has viewed it not as enacted by the federal Congress. Even a movement self-contained and complete more complicating is the fact that all in itself, but in relation to inescapable legislation, state or federal, is subject to social and economic problems which the test of being "constitutional," this confront women ever more pressingly as decision resting with the supreme court. they assume the responsibilities which Hence labor laws of a protective char- come with the ballot. acter for women have been upheld by Miss Smith is a feminist in the larger the courts in cases where similar legisla- sense. "There is no boundary, I take it, tion for men has not been held to rest to which we would limit constructive upon the same "public welfare" neces- feminism if we could." Her feminism sity. Undoubtedly this has had some envisages the woman voter, possessing effect in determining the differing meth- in the ballot the power of protecting her ods by which men and women industrial own status in the law, turning to the so- workers in the United States have lution of the more complex problems of sought similar goals of limitation of a society in which henceforth' she is to hours and adequate wage. Certainly they be a participating member with the re- illustrate how different governmental sponsibilities to the whole group which systems must affect the pursuit of such that implies. Where discriminations goals and show the force of the con- against her persist they are in the course tention of the National League of of speedy removal. Accepting "equality Women Voters and other large organiza- of right" as a principle, the feminist to- tions of women in the United States that day will find that very often her problem no magic "50-50" rule of equality can lies in determining what constitutes be practically or universally applied. equality in given situations. For the attainment of equal rights for "Wherein lies equality ?" Taking up men and women generally, Miss Smith various classifications of law which are contends, a pragmatic, not a dogmatic, not identical in their application to men approach is necessary. "The final end is and women, this is the question which not equality, but justice and human Miss Smith submits for analysis. Some happiness, to which equality is a means." of these laws in the United States she Another publication of unusual inter- finds definitely adverse to women, some est is a recent volume of the American beneficial, and some not easily to be as- Academy of Political Science. Miss Viva signed to either category. Many of them Booth is the editor of this compilation defy "equalizing" by any arbitrary rule which, under the title "Women in the but compel careful adaptation to condi- Modern World," presents contributions PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 from many writers showing the progress Second Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- made by women in numerous fields of ence. Mrs. McDonnell has just sent the activity and public responsibility. Executive Committee in Hogolulu the Victory in Porto Rico. When the following questionnaire prepared by Mrs. legislature of Porto Rico recently passed Rischbieth for the six Australian States : a bill extending the vote to women, its Questionnaire action removed one item from the legis- lative program of the National League Quotation from the report of the Wo- of Women Voters in the United States. men in Government Section of the first The vote is extended with a literacy Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, Hono- qualification which will apply to all new lulu, 1928: voters men and women alike. "That in the enfranchised countries If the Organic Act which provides a there is a great deal of latent political form of government for Porto Rico had power which women have not yet fully been passed by the Congress of the learned to use. Political consciousness United States after the ratification of needs to be fostered so as to arouse a the Suffrage Amendment, instead of sense of public responsibility both in na- three years earlier, the women of Porto tional and world affairs. We stress the Rico would have been spared the need need for educative means of bringing this of separate agitation for the vote. As about." it was, women of Porto Rico were con- The basis of the present survey to sidered not to have been enfranchised cover : The development of the political by the Amendment. Therefore Porto power of Australian women—their Par- Rican women have campaigned, intro- liamentary representation within present ducing bills regularly into the sessions electoral systems obtaining in State and of the legislature of the Island and, later, Commonwealth—the effect of compulsory as their efforts met with discouragement, voting, etc. appealing to the Congress of the United 1. Give the population of your State States to amend the Organic Act to give and the Commonwealth— them the ballot. a Male. The League of Women Voters aided b Female. these efforts in the last Congress and, c Total. although it urged concentration of ef- 2. Give the qualifications for Parlia- fort on getting a measure through the mentary and Municipal Franchise, State local assembly, was prepared to give in- and Federal, including— creased assistance in the present Con- a Age. gress if necessary. b Eligibility. Women everywhere will congratulate c Whether same for men and women. the suffragists of Porto Rico on a brave fight, a deserved victory and a new re- 3. Give the exact name of the Act or sponsibility ! Acts, date and if possible words en- franchising women. 4. How many women are enrolled as PROJECT VIII—GOVERNMENT Parliamentary electors for State and STUDY Federal Parliament. • (Australian Group) 5. How many men voted and how many During the absence of Mrs. Rischbieth women— in Europe, Mrs. Carlile McDonnell, Ade- a At the first election. laide, South Australia, is Acting Inter- b At the last election. national Project Director for the Gov- c Proportion of men to women vot- ernment Study being prepared for the ers. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

6. Give the main political parties, in- 17. Name any Government positions dicating briefly the trend of their policy held by women in civil service, on boards, (Conservative, Socialistic, etc.) etc. 7. Name Women's Political Organiza- 18. What educative measures have been tions in your State. initiated in your State "that women may 8. Has the Women's Vote affected the more fully learn to use the latent power political parties to any degree ? in the political machinery and that poli- 9. Is women's place in political parties tical consciousness may be fostered so of equal importance with men's place? that a sense of public responsibility may 10. What steps have women taken to be aroused both in national and world af- bring pressure to bear on the Govern- fairs." ment to improve their legal and social 19. List legislative measures according status ? to age divisions as shown in sample pro- 11. Give brief history of all efforts gram Page 5 of the May Pan-Pacific, made to date to return women candidates Bulletin. for Parliament. If women have stood for a Pre-natal and Infancy — Mother Parliament, state— and Child Welfare. a Whether endorsed by party or as b Pre-school — Protective Legisla- independents. tion. b Which party. c School — Legislation along other c Whether candidates receiving lines. party endorsement must submit d Adolescent—Suffrage—Marriage. their names to a Selection ballot. e Adult—Women in Government. d What kind of constituency has With regard to enactments improving been allotted to them, one already the legal and social status of women will held by the party. you give if possible the particular party e Have any been returned. in power and the date ? 12. States— a What you consider to be the main PROJECT VIII—GOVERNMENT reasons why more women candi- STUDY dates have not been returned. (Proposed Questionnaire Prepared by b Whether you think that women Hawaii Executive Committee) have taken a sufficient stand inside (Insert Name of Country) parties to secure a reasonable per- 1. Are women enfranchised ? centage of nominations. 2. If not, what measures are being 13. Give a brief outline of the electoral taken to insure voting rights for women? system, State and Federal, e.g., compul- 3. Is voting compulsory ? If so, what sory enrollment, compulsory voting, pref- is the effect? erential voting or proportional repre- 4. How are elections conducted ? sentation, etc. 5. Do women serve on juries ? 14. Have there been any amendments 6. With regard to women's place in to Electoral Acts of recent years that political parties, is it of equal importance may have affected the position of women with men's place ? (Enlarge on this sub- candidates, e.g., compulsory voting? ject.) 15. Obtain the • figures giving the re- 7. Name government positions held by sults of Federal Elections in your State women. in 1922, also for 1925 and 1928, under 8. What educative measures have been compulsory voting. initiated that women may more fully 16. Are women eligible for Jury serv- learn to use the latent power in the ice? Is it compulsory? Are they often political machinery of your country? called upon to act ? 9. How is political consciousness being PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 fostered that a sense of public responsi- a Pre-natal and Infancy — Mother bility may be aroused both in national and Child Welfare. and world affairs? b Pre-school — Protective Legisla- 10. Name the women's political or- tion. ganizations in your country. c School—Legislation along other 11. List legislative measures according to age divisions as shown in sample pro- lines. gram on page 5 of the May Pan-Pacific d Adolescent—Suffrage ; Marriage. Bulletin: c Adult—Women in Government.

PROJECT III.—STANDARDS OF LIVING AND DIETARY STUDIES Questionnaire A, prepared by Dr. (h) Information collected : Louise Stanley, Chief, Bureau of Home 1. Did it include data on all items Economics, U. S. Department of Agri- of consumption or expenditure? If culture, Washington, D. C., who is Pro- not, what items were included (such ject Director (international) of the as food, clothing, housing, etc.) ? Standards of Living and Diet Study be- 2. Did it include total costs? ing compiled for the Second Pan-Pacific 3. Detailed costs? Women's Conference. Collaborating with 4. Did it include quantities of dif- Dr. Stanley were Dr. Edith Hawley, ferent articles consumed? Food Economist, Bureau of Home Eco- (i) Methods used : nomics, and Miss Hildegarde Kneeland, 1. Questionnaire filled in by persons Head of the Division of Economics, U. studied. S. Department of Agriculture ; Miss 2. Schedule filled in by investigator. Carey Miller, Assistant Professor of 3. Accounts kept by persons stud- Nutrition, University of Hawaii, and Dr. ied. Ethel Osborne, of ,the University of (j) Comments. Melbourne, Australia, Honorary Com- missioner of the Pan-Pacific Union. Send copies of all publications or re- Correspondents in the various Pacific ports referred to above and of all ques- countries are asked to summarize their tionnaires, schedules, or account forms own national material and forward as used. soon as possible to Dr. Stanley in order II. Are other studies proposed or un- that a monograph may be printed and der way at the present time? Give, in so sent in advance to the 1930 delegates. far as you can, information asked for I. Have any cost or standards-of-liv- under I in regard to these. ing studies already been made? If so, III. What types of studies do you give following information for each: consider would be most helpful in your country at the present time and why? (a) Person or organization making study. IV. What facilities are available for (b) Sources of information : if pub- such studies? lished, give references ; otherwise state (a) Governmental. where information may be obtained. (b) University and other educa- (c) Date of study and period covered. tional agencies. (d) Locality. (c) Other organizations. (e) Type of families or groups stud- V. What suggestions have you to- ied (occupational, economic, or other ward desirable coordination of studies in basis of selection). Pan-Pacific countries, and to what ends? (f) Number of families or other units The Central Committee will appreciate studied. any further suggestions and plans for (g) Purpose of study. future work and cooperation. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

PROJECT VI—STANDARDS OF LIVING AND WAGES STUDIES The following questionnaire and letter of instruction which goes with it were prepared by Miss Mary Anderson, Director of the Women's Bureau, U. S. De- partment of Labor, Washington, D. C., and Project Director (international) for the study on Standards of Living and Wages which is being compiled for the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. Correspondents in the various Pacific countries are asked to summarize their own national material and forward as soon as possible to Miss Anderson in order that a monograph on the subject may be printed and sent in advance to the 1930 delegates. Questionnaire on Prevailing Wage Standards for Women in Countries • that are Members of the Pan-Pacific Union 1. What are the leading woman-employing industries in

(Insert name of country) List them with an estimate of the number of women employed. Industry Number of Women

2. What are the usual weekly earnings for the women in each of the industries listed? Industry Weekly Earnings (State amount in dollars, gold)

INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING QUESTIONNAIRE Nevertheless there may be important in- dustries developing which still employ The purpose of this questionnaire is only a few women. If the wages in such to secure some general estimates of industries seem to be setting a standard women's wages in manufacturing indus- which is different and significant, these tries in the countries that are members industries and wages should be entered of the Pan-Pacific Union. It is realized on the questionnaire, together with a that definite wage figures will be diffi- note showing their significance. A choice cult to get. The questions, therefore, of the number of leading industries to are very general in the hope that what- be listed will have to be left with each ever information or estimates can be country. The more extensive the mater- made will be entered on the question- ial is the more valuable it will be. naire. In giving the usual weekly earnings In the first question the phrase "lead- it will probably be necessary to state a range of earnings rather than one ing woman-employing industries" means amount. For instance, from $6 to $15 the industry or industries that em- might well be given as the usual weekly ploy the largest numbers of women. earnings for women in certain industries PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13

in the United States. The estimate should be added of the number of hours should be based as nearly as possible on usually worked per week. a full week's work. If short time is usual In an industry where there is consid- in the industry . mentioned note should erable difference in the range of earn- ings, according to the type of work per- be made to that effect. If no estimate is formed, the different types and their re- available of weekly earnings, an hourly spective earnings should be indicated, or daily rate. or estimate of rates will be if possible. acceptable. When the hourly or daily In order to make the material com- rate is given, however„ note should be parable the figures on earnings should made of that fact and some estimate be computed in dollars and cents.

PROJECT I—EDUCATION

The study project in Education as Most of this year up to now, has been recommended by the First Pan-Pacific taken up in travelling under the auspices of Women's Conference is as follows : the Ne'w Zealand Women Teachers' Associa- tion to various centers where I have made 1. To list educational agencies, for- known the aims and ideals of the Pan-Pacific mal and informal, and indicate their Union, and I have given hundreds of people function. an insight into the doings of the first Pan- Pacific Women's Conference. On this work I 2. To pool information as to national have travelled some fifteen hundred miles or problems and methods in education. more in this country, and have found very 3. keen interest displayed everywhere. So little To suggest problems for research was previously known about this great move- in order of urgency in relation to Pacific ment that it is only by carrying the news to countries ; e.g., training by life activities the people that one can expect good resits in in character formation and in leader- succeeding conferences. ship ; economics ; vocational education As chairman of the Education Section, at and guidance ; leisure-time activities ; the first conference, my activities have been chiefly in promoting the projects and aims of and to promote international exchange that section, and in order not to make this of teachers and educational leaders. letter unduly lengthy, I will briefly summer- Mrs. A. H. Reeve, President of the the people that one can expect good results in International Federation of Home and of the conference. School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and 1. With regard to the Enquiry into Costs and Standards of Living in Pacific Countries, Project Director (international) of Edu- the first project which came from our section cation, will shortly return from Europe in consequence of the special interest on where she attended the meeting of the Home Economics taken by Mrs. Inouye and World Federation of Education Associa- Dr. Louise Stanley, I have seen Professor Strong, Dean of the Faculty of Home Science tions at Geneva, and the New Education in the University of Otago, who was most Conference at Elsinore, Denmark. Mrs. sympathetic and undertook to help to provide Reeve will attend the Second Pan-Paci- the necessary data for New Zealand. One of fic Women's Conference in Honolulu. A her most brilliant students is at work on it questionnaire on Education will appear now, and I have obtained for her the coopera- tion, in collecting budgets, etc., of the Christ- in a later issue of this bulletin. church Home Economics Association. The re- The Secretary of the Pan-Pacific sults we hope to be able to send you in time Union has received the following inter- for the next conference, and perhaps there may be, too, a direct representative in this in- esting report from Miss Emily A. Chap- terest. lin, Christchurch, New Zealand, who 2. The other recommendations of the Edu- was chairman of the Education Section cation Section are also being taken in hand, at the 1928 meeting : and material will be prepared chiefly by 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN means of the New Zealand Women Teachers' In this connection, the Honolulu friends Association, in time for consideration by the who did so much for the comfort of their next conference. guests stand out as a bright beacon. I can 3. Wherever I have been I have made never forget the hospitable kindness of Mrs. known the value of the Proceedings (Women Swanzy, Miss Lawrence, Miss Wilcox, Miss of the Pacific) being studied by all who are Erwin, Mrs., Castle, Mrs. Andrews, and many interested in Pacific questions, and also the more whose names will always be kept bright very great value in that connection of the in my memory. Mr. Ford's geniality will Mid-Pacific Magazine, and I have been in- never be forgotten. strumental in getting both into several libra- May I say that my position in this country ries. In one town I visited, the Mayor said in educational circles will enable me to get he would send for 4 copies of the "Proceed- information for you along those lines, and I ings," and he would also order the "Mid- shall be always pleased to help in that way at Pacific" for the library. The perusal of these any time. As a member of the General Coun- will certainly help to spread knowledge on cil of Education of New Zealand (Advisory these all-important questions. body to the Education Department), a mem- 4. Promotion of the International Spirit. ber of the governing body of Canterbury Uni- Not the least of the results of the conference versity College, as well as a long connection has been the beginning of an interchange of with the New Zealand Educational Institute school work and of correspondence between and the New Zealand Women Teachers' As- New Zealand children and those far over- sociation, I have a particularly wide connec- seas. This arose out of the exhibit of school tion with educational matters here. work which I took over, some of which was It was as the representative of the latter, left for exchange. A good start has been the New Zealand Women Teachers' Associa- made with children of Honolulu and of Japan tion that I attended the Honolulu Conference, with our own. Those here who have received and that body has taken, and is still taking, articles and letters in exchange fof theirs, a keen interest in its projects. It is a large have been simply delighted, and the whole national body with a wide influence, and its school has been on tiptoes of excitement. To members were specially pleased when I was my mind, this will be a most- valuable help in elected chairman of the Education Section. promoting that international friendship we They have no direct international affiliations, all desire. though by interchange of teachers, they are 5. interested in the promotion of a friendly in- By means of addresses, which I am con- ternational spirit. stantly being called upon to give, I have brought the conference to the knowledge of Will you let me know whether the lack of many people who were in complete ignorance direct international affiliation is any bar to of the Pan-Pacific Union and its work. Inci- the Association's taking an equally active dentally, my talks have made many people part in a Continuation Committee, or any long to see "the Paradise of the Pacific." other committee of preparation with interna- When I have been able to get a balopticon I tional bodies? I feel sure it is not, but I have shown pictures of Punahou, personali- should like to have your assurance on this ties of the conference, and several views point. which have been much appreciated. I feel It is very unlikely that I shall attend the personally so grateful for having been privi- 1930 conference, but I hope to have the privi- leged to attend that notable conference, that lege of working in its interests notwithstand- I shall always be glad to make known to ing. others something of the pleasure I experi- Most sincerely yours. enced. (Signed) Emily A. Chaplin. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 The Pan-Pacific Women's Conference Honolulu, 1930

A Letter of Explanation from the Director of the Pan-Pacific Union

Several matters should be made clear to the delegates representing women of concerning the work of the Pan-Pacific the Pacific to do with as they please, but Union, and in particular its relation to with a specific request that they organize the first and second. Pan-Pacific Women's their own permanent body for calling and Conferences. financing their future conferences. For four years the Pan-Pacific Union, All that the Pan-Pacific Union requests through its women's committees, con- is a clear understanding by all whom it ducted the preparation for the First Pan- invites to participate in the next Women's Pacific Women's Conference held in Conference, whether as individuals or or- Honolulu during August, 1928. ganizations, that the Pan-Pacific Union At the last general meeting of that is once more acting as host and will do Conference the Pan - Pacific Union, what it can to insure an equal representa- through its Director, offered to call and tion from each Pacific section. finance a second conference; and there- The Union sent Dr. Ethel Osborne to after the International Executive Com- Geneva to arrange contacts between the mittee, in order to serve the interests of Union, the League of Nations, and the this second conference, at its final meet- International Labor Bureau. Her success ing appointed a committee of three as has been splendid, especially in regard to follows : Mrs. Julie Judd Swanzy, Hon- the next Women's Conference, at which orary President of the Women's Auxili- it is expected that Dame Rachel Crowdy ary of the Union ; Mrs. A. L. Andrews, from the League of Nations, and Miss who so successfully acted as chairman of Martha Mundt from the International the preparation work for the first confer- Labor Bureau will be delegates. ence ; Miss Alice C. Brown, Chairman of It is hoped that Dr. Osborne will come the Hawaii Industry Section ; and Miss to Honolulu some months in advance of A. Y. Satterthwaite, Secretary of the the next Women's Conference to work Pan-Pacific Union. with the Executive Committee, and a As the First Pan-Pacific Women's leading woman in each Pacific land will Conference did not perfect an autonomous be invited as a guest of the Union to come organization, the responsibility rests upon to Honolulu a month before the Confer- the Union for calling as well as financing ence also to lend her aid to the program. the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Con- The invitations of the Pan-Pacific ference to be held in Honolulu beginning Union are transmitted through the State August 9, 1930, and the Director has Department of the United States to Pa- asked the above committee to serve as the cific governments, but it is understood executive for this gathering. that the Conferences are in no sense of- This committee is a part of the Union ficial. In addition, invitations from the and will remain so until the gavel falls in Union are sent direct to those nominated August, 1930, when the Pan-Pacific as delegates by their national committees Women's Conference will he turned over or otherwise indicated. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

The Union asks all women of the Pa- Pan-Pacific Commercial, Food Conserva- cific to cooperate in preparing for the tion, and Fisheries Conferences. Most of 1930 Conference, in the hope that out of these are now autonomous bodies, call- it will grow an organization that will ful- ing and financing their own conferences. fill the purpose of the Union in bringing The Pan-Pacific Union planned and did together women of all races about our much work on a preliminary Conference great ocean for better understanding and of Y. M. C. A. secretaries ; out of this has permanent organization. grown the Institute of Pacific Relations. The work of the Pan-Pacific Union is In August, 1929, the Union turned to organize groups of peoples from Pa- over to the surgeons of the Pacific, the cific countries interested in some partic- first Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference, ular phase, and to get each started as a with the request that it organize a per- useful autonomous body, calling its own manent Pan-Pacific Surgical body that group Conferences ; so in 1920 it secured will call, conduct, and finance its own fu- appropriations from the United States ture gatherings. government, Australia, New Zealand, The Second Pan-Pacific Women's Con- Siam, China, Hawaii, and the support of ference is called to convene on August 9, Hawaii in calling the first Pan-Pacific 1930, and the Second Pan-Pacific Food Science Conference, and in helping it to Conservation Conference, plans for which organize what is now the Pacific Science are now well under way, in August, 1931, Association, meeting every three years, both in Honolulu. Other important Con- as the guest of some Pacific country. ferences are being promoted, each of Next it called and organized the first which it is hoped will finally become an Pan-Pacific Educational Conference, then autonomous and self-supporting organiza- the Pan-Pacific Press Conference, the tion calling its own future conferences. VISITORS FROM CHINA AND INDIA During the month of September the reasons for holding a Women's Confer- Pan-Pacific Union entertained Dr. M. I. ence, the benefits to be derived, etc. Ting, Medical Director of the Peiyang Mrs. Cousins was one of the early cor- Women's Hospital, Tientsin, and Dr. and respondents in India in connection with Mrs. James H. Cousins, leaders in art and the First Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- theosophy from Adyar, India. Dr. Ting ence. It was she who presented a resolu- holds a fellowship at the University of tion at Delhi to the effect that a delegate Michigan for the academic year, and will from the All India Women's Conference then spend perhaps six months in study be sent to the meeting in Honolulu. Mrs. in Europe on her way back to China. She Sarojini Naidu was appointed and would brought interesting news from China re- have been present except for illness. garding the 1930 Pan-Pacific Women's Mrs. Cousins has lived in India for the Conference, stating that at least two dele- past thirteen years and was the first hon- gates representing industry and education, orary magistrate to be appointed. She will be sent, one from Tientsin and one spoke at length on the Status of Women from Shanghai. Shanghai is considered in India, saying that within ten years in headquarters for the preparation work, nine British provinces where the great although there is a very active executive preponderance of the population is In- as well as advisory committee in Tien- dian women have been granted full po- tsin, the chairman of the former being litical equality, and that when it was left Mrs. R. S. Yin. The Chinese women's to the Indians to consider the standing committee will prepare and circulate of women, they of their own free will through China an article setting forth the granted freedom to women. ADVERTISING SECTION THE MID-PACIFIC 1

CAPTAIN 12. b'CRAWFORD, Commander of 11,4Aorangi

M.S. "Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. From Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in and Auckland, New Zealand. the world, makes the trip from Van- couver to Sydney in about three weeks. In itself this is a South Sea cruise de Either from Australia or Canada luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, there are tempting visits across the Pa- cruise by local steamer among the Fi- cific via the South Sea Islands. From jian Islands, then take a Union Steam Australia this is the richest and most Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer comfortable route to London and the for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

About the Big Island

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., score of years, which speaks for itself. maintains the splendid tourist hotel at Both transient tourists and permanent Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the guests are welcomed. surf, as well as the Seaside family At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- hotel nearby, and the palatial Royal rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hawaiian Hotel, with its golf links at Child's Hotels and Apartment Service Waialae. accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real home-like style. If you wish to live in town there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- sire we will help you to get located. The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming steamers and it gathers baggage from Famous Hau Tree Lanai every part of the city for delivery to the out-going steamers. This company The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- receives and puts in storage, until need- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach ed, excess baggage of visitors to Hono- at Waikiki." Include Jack London's lulu and finds many ways to serve its Bungalows and House Without a Key. patrons. Rates from $5.00 per day to $115.00 Honolulu is so healthy that people per month and up. American plan. don't usually die there, but when they do Clifford Kimball. they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number Vida Villa. Hotel and cottages are on 1408, and he arranges the after details. the King street car line above Thomas If you are a tourist and wish to be in- Square. This is the ideal location for terred in your own plot on the mainland, those who go to the city in the morn- Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- ing and to the beach or golfing in the range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon. The grounds are spacious lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the and the rates reasonable. This hotel has Pacific for any other, but if you must, let been under the same management for a your friends talk it over with Williams. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY I

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9 :15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honlulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2 :52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

Leavers and Cooke, Ltd., I2vilei Yard

Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los tile, cement, brick, hardwoods, oak Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong David Lupton Sons Company, Steel linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, and the superior paints made by W. P. Windows, the Kawneer Company line, Fuller & Co. and prepared roofings and roofing tile. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Hawai- climate, and remarkable facilities for ian Pineapple in delicious desserts, salads canning immediately the sun-ripened and refreshing drinks are suggested in a fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained recipe book obtainable without cost at a superiority enjoyed by no other canned the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple fruit. Canners, P.O. Box 3166, Honolulu. Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Readers are urged to write, asking for ing favor because of its convenience in this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First Na- tional Bank, the oldest bank in the Territory. Organized in 1858, the name Bishop Bank has long been known by travelers. Bishop Street, Honolulu, T. H.

The First National Bank of Hawaii ests of the government in the various demonstrates the many ways in which Liberty Loan drives and thrift cam- a bank can serve. It has recently paigns in which its President, Mr. L. moved into its own building, one of the Tenney Peck, served as chairman of the architectural splendors of Honolulu, on Territorial Central Committee. Bishop and Fort Streets, where both the First National Bank of Hawaii and the The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- First American Savings and Trust porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, Company of Hawaii, Ltd., closely affili- substantial growth of the islands since ated with the First National Bank and the period of annexation to the United functioning as a savings bank, are con- States. Over this period its resources tinuing their growing business in a have grown to be the largest of any home built to meet their exact require- financial institution in the islands. In ments. 1899 a savings department was added to its other banking facilities. Its home It was less than four months after business office is at the corner of Bishop Hawaii became a territory of the United and King streets, and it maintains States that the First National Bank of branches on the islands of Hawaii, Hawaii opened its doors. During the Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to war the First National Bank played a the public an extremely efficient Bank- prominent part in furthering the inter- ing Service.

ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants.

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in use.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Union Insurance Society of Canton (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is Ltd., New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd. looked upon as one of the most progres- Switzerland Marine Insurance Co. sive American corporations in Hawaii. The officers of this large and progres Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup agents for the largest sugar plantations porters of the Pan-Pacific and othe of the Hawaiian Islands and second movements which are for the good o largest in the world, namely, the Ha- Hawaii, are as follows : waiian Commercial & Sugar Company W. M. Alexander, President ; J. Water at Puunene, Maui. They are also agents house, Vice-President ; H. A. Baldwin for many other plantations and concerns Vice-President ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice of the Islands, among which are the President ; J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; R. T Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Ha- Rolph, Assistant-Treasurer ; R. G. Bell waiian Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Assistant-Treasurer ; R. E. Mist, Secre Company, Ltd., Kahului Railway Com- tary ; D. L. Oleson, Assistant-Secretary pany, Kauai Railway Company, Ltd., G. G. Kinney, Auditor. Directors : W Baldwin Packers, Ltd., Kauai Fruit & M. Alexander, J. Waterhouse, H. A Land Company, Ltd., Haleakala Ranch Baldwin, C. R. Hemenway, W. 0. Smith Co., and Ulupalakun Ranch, Ltd. C. R. Hemenway, F. F. Baldwin, J. R In addition to their extensive sugar Galt, H. K. Castle, E. R. Adams, R. T plantations, they are also agents for the Rolph, S. S Peck, J P. Winne, J. P following well-known and strong in- Cooke. surance companies : American Alliance Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- Besides the home office in the Stan. wealth Insurance Company, Home In- genwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander surance Company of New York, Newark & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices it Fire Insurance Company, Springfield Seattle, in the Melhorn Building and it Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Matson Building, San Francisco ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the gation Company. The adjoining offices oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- are used by the firm of their business lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer as sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons. The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the Thayer Piano Co., Ltd., at 116 S Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Hotel St., is Honolulu's grand piano street, make office equipment their spe- headquarters. In this new and spac- cialty, being the sole distributor for the ious store may be tested the Steinway National Cash Register Co., the Bur- and other makes of grands as well as roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal uprights and player pianos. Here one Construction Co., the York Safe and may obtain Brunswick and Victor Lock Company and the Underwood phonographs and records from Bruns- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock wick, Victor and Columbia. They all kinds of steel desks and other equip- also handle a complete line of sheet ment for the office, so that one might music and band instruments. You will at a day's notice furnish his office safe feel at home while doing your musical against fire and all kinds of insects. shopping at Thayer's. Allen & Robinson have for genera- tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- with lumber and other building ma- ing music store in Hawaii, is located at terials that are used for building in 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete Hawaii ; also paints. Their office and in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano retail department are in their new and a Victor talking machine. The quarters at the corner of Fort and Mer- Bergstrom Music Company, with its big chant Sts., Honolulu, where they have store on Fort Street, will provide you been since June 1, 1925. The lumber with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano yards are located at Ala Moana and Ward Sts., where every kind of hard for your mansion, or a tiny upright and soft wood grown on the Pacific Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you Coast is landed by steamships that ply are a transient it will rent you a piano from Puget Sound, and other Pacific The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone and East Coast ports. 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 185o; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising children and adults in Honolulu. It agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- also supplies the city with ice cream nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- waii with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- its methods of handling milk and de- zation is distinguished especially for livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elabor- cient is the loading and unloading of ate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 1/.

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamer, the "Haleakala" to Hilo, adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- the next morning. This vessel leaves ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- Hilo every Thursday and Sunday aft- ants, administrators, insurance agents, ernoon at four for Honolulu, a fifteen- and as your stock and bond brokers hour run. From Honolulu, the Inter- You will need the services of the First Island Company dispatches almost daily Trust Company in Hilo whether you are excellent passenger vessels to the island a visitor, or whether you are to erect of Maui and three times a week to the a home or a business block. island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. Hawaii, one of the most spectacular The head offices in Honolulu are on trips in the world, thirty-four miles, Queen Street, where every information costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 is available, or books on the different sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 islands are sent on request. Tours of bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 all the islands are arranged. to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 feet long, and many precipitous gorges Connected with the Inter-Island Steam lined with tropical trees, and with wa Navigation Company is the palatial Vol- terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- cano House overlooking the everlasting lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- house of fire, as the crater of Halemau- conut trees and palms along the way, mau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House, the only truly historic caravan- sary of the Hawaiian Islands, recently The Haleakala Ranch Company, with reconstructed and turned into a modern head offices at Makawao, on the Island up-to-date hotel of luxury for the tour- of Maui, is as its name indicates, a. ist and those from Honolulu and Hilo cattle ranch on the slopes of the great spending vacations at the Volcano. mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000, Should you wish to continue at leisure feet above the sea. This ranch breeds. your sightseeing or business trip around pure Hereford cattle and is looking to the Island of Hawaii, there are hotels a future when it will supply fine bred every few miles. cattle to the markets and breeders in Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted' maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This. their freight for Hilo and the big island. isone of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store• ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu

The Hawaiian Trust Company, Lim- owned and occupied by the Bishop ited, of Honolulu, is the oldest and Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of largest trust company in the Territory Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many of Hawaii. How successful it has be- attractive features of its new quarters is come may be gathered from the fact the Safe Deposit Vaults which are that it has real and personal property the largest, strongest and most conve- under its control and management with nient in the Territory. a conservative, approximate value of The Pacific Engineering Company, $50,000,000. The resources of this or- Ltd., construction engineers and general ganization as of Dec. 31, 1927, amounted contractors, is splendidly equipped to to $3,718,923.49, with a capital stock of handle all types of building construc- $1,250,000.00; surplus, $1,000,000.00; tion, and execute building projects in special reserve, $50,000, and undivided minimum time and to the utmost satis- profits, $81,408.95, making the total sur- faction of the owner. The main offices plus of resources over liabilities $2,381,- are in the Yokohama Specie Bank 408.95. The full significance of these fig- Building, with its mill and factory at ures will appear when it is remembered South Street. Many of the leading busi- that the laws of Hawaii provide that a ness buildings in Honolulu have been Trust Company may not transact a bank- constructed under the direction of the ing business. Mr. E. D. Tenney is pres- Pacific Engineering Company. ident and chairman of the board and Mr. J. R. Galt is senior vice-president and Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers manager. in the Damon Building, have a branch office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- The International Trust Company, manu Street. This firm does a general with offices on Merchant street, is, as surveying and engineering business, and its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific has information pertaining to practical- financial organization, with leading ly all lands in the group, as this firm American and Oriental business men has done an immense amount of work conducting its affairs. Its capital stock throughout the islands. The blue print is $200,000 with resources of over department turns out more than fifty $500,000. It is the general agent for per cent of the blueprinting done in the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- Honolulu. ance Company of Boston, and other in- The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., surance companies. Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., ing automobile dealers, have their offiecs Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry and store in the Alexander Young Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- Building, at the corner of King and porated under the present name in 1902, Bishop streets, and their magnificent Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, automobile salesroom and garage just and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. the corporation. The company now has Here one may find almost anything. a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- Phone No. 6141. plus of an almost equal amount. The The Chrysler Four and Six Cylinder spacious quarters occupied by the Henry Cars, the culmination of all past ex- Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the periences in building automobiles, is corner of Fc'i t and Merchant streets. represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. The Bishop Trust Company, Limited, The prices of Four Cylinder Cars range is one of the oldest and largest Trust from $1200 to $1445 and those of the Companies in Hawaii. It now shares Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers with the Bishop Bank its new home on are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known ords as a distinct departure in motor as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly cars. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richard Sts., has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business. ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

I Wonderful New Zealand I Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. An ancient Maori stockade

SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours

Travellers and Tourists journeying Modern Hotels under the South Man- between Tokyo and Peking should churia Hotel Company's management are travel via the South Manchuria Rail- way, which runs from Antung to Muk- established on foreign lines at Mukden, den and passes through magnificent Changchun, Port Arthur, Dairen and scenery. At Mukden the line connects Hoshigaura (Star Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Main line of the South Manchuria Rail- Illustrated booklets and all informa- way, running from Dairen to Chang- tion post free on request from the South chun, where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAIREN The ordinary daily trains have sleep- Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's excellent passenger and mail steamers. Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES : A.B.C. 5th, 6th tors on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's, Bentley's and Acme.

AD VT. THE MID-PACIFIC 15

The Los Angeles Steamship Company visitors are welcomed to the gardens at maintains a weekly palatial fast steam- all times. Adjoining these gardens are ship service between Honolulu and Los the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Angeles. Its steamers also visit Hilo, the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Hawaii, permitting a visit to the Vol- cano. This is the tourist line par excellence to Hawaii, and through tick- Burgess & Johnson, Ltd., now occupy ets may be booked in any city of the their new building at the corner of King United States. Stopovers in Honolulu and Alakea Streets. Here are displayed by Australasian and Oriental travellers the machines for which they are agents, may be made with rebookings from Ho- —the New Hupmobile Century Eight, nolulu to Los Angeles by this line. as well as the Marmon, both outstanding cars that are becoming better known and used in Hawaii. The Matson Navigation Company, the The firm still maintains its repair shop pride of Hawaii, maintains regular on Beretania Street, but at the new loca- weekly ocean greyhound service be- tion on King and Alakea the new dis- tween Honolulu and San Francisco. It play rooms located at the very cross- has recently inaugurated a Honolulu, roads of Honolulu's human traffic offer Portland, Seattle fast steamer service a tempting invitation to anyone to enter and is building new palatial greyhounds and examine the latest there is in auto for its San Francisco, Honolulu, Aus- cars. tralasian passenger and freight service.

Honolulu Paper Company, successor Benson Smith's pharmacy is located to "The Hawaiian News Co.," deals in at Honolulu's business corner, Fort and Books of Hawaii. At Honolulu's largest Hotel Streets. Here the prescriptions and most fashionable book store, in the of the medicos are carefully prepared Alexander Young Building, all the latest and here all the latest magazines may be books may be secured, especially those procured. Sodawater and candies may dealing with Hawaii. be enjoyed at Benson Smith's, Hono- Here the ultra-fashionable stationery lulu's oldest and most reliable drug of the latest design is always kept in store. stock together with the Royal and Co- rona typewriters, Merchant calculators Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, and Sundstrand Adding Machines. at Fort and Beretania Streets, is Hono- Here, also, music lovers will find a lulu's leading establishment for women home for a complete line of musical in- who set the pace in modern dress. At struments, including the Edison Phono- "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress graph and records. in Honolulu are set. Here the resident and tourist may outfit afd be sure of acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort its branch and a work shop in New street near King, is as its name denotes, York City. the perfectly equipped store where every kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on Remington typewriter and of typewriter Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, repairing. Offices are completely out- constitute one of the finest Japanese tea fitted at quickest notice. The Company gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- also maintains an up-to-date completely ful Japanese dinners are served, and stocked sporting goods department.

ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian Hotel at Waikiki Beach will be headquarters for the Pan-Pacific Surgical Congress in July. This palatial hotel and the Moana adjoining it, both facing the ocean, are conducted by the Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd.

Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully The Sweet Shop is the name of the located seaside hotel at Waikiki where leading downtown popular priced res- the very best sea bathing is right at the taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on door ; you put on your bathing suit in Hotel Street and adjoining the Central your own room. The rates are moderate, Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the and in the main building all are outside main restaurant, soda and candy coun- rooms. There are a number of cot- ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," tages on the grounds. You should visit popular as a luncheon meeting place for Gray's Beach first, American plan, ex- clubs and small groups that wish to cellent cuisine. confer in quietude.

The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was The Consolidated Amusement Com- the home of Jane Addams during the pany brings the latest drama films to Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- Hawaii to provide evening entertain- vites the delegates to all the confer- ment. Its leading theatres are the New ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to Princess on Fort Street and the palatial correspond. There are spacious cot- Hawaii Theatre nearer the business dis- tages on the grounds, tea rooms and trict. Those and the outlying theatres wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, served by the Consolidated Amusement either American or European plan. The Company keep the people of Honolulu Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in and its visiting hosts entertained, Honolulu. matinee and evening, phone for seats.

ADVT. A woodland scene in Australia. Under the spreading banyan tree some of the sessions of the Pan- Pacific Surgical Conference were held recently in Honolulu.