Identifying Marine Key Biodiversity Areas in the Greater Caribbean Region

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Michael S. Harvey Old Dominion University, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation Harvey, Michael S.. "Identifying Marine Key Biodiversity Areas in the Greater Caribbean Region" (2018). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/45bp-0v85 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds/32

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IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN THE

GREATER CARIBBEAN REGION

Michael S. Harvey B.A. May 2013, Old Dominion University

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE BIOLOGY

OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2018

Approved by: Kent E. Carpenter (Advisor)

Beth Polidoro (Member)

Sara Maxwell (Member)

ABSTRACT

IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN REGION

Michael S. Harvey Old Dominion University, 2018 Advisor: Dr. Kent E. Carpenter

Anthropocene biodiversity extinction rates are increasing, suggesting a possible sixth global mass extinction event. Biological conservation planners are consequently seeking ways to more effectively protect species at national, regional and global scales. In 2010, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) issued a number of conservation goals (Aichi Targets), including the establishment of protected areas (PA) in terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas of eminent conservation concern by 2020 to reduce and eventually eliminate species’ extinctions, as well as preserve hotspots of biodiversity and dynamic ecosystems. While well- established, adequately enforced PAs increase the likelihood of preserving species and habitats most at risk of extirpation, traditional methods of choosing where to place PAs are frequently inadequate in targeting biodiversity most in need of conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), therefore, formulated a set of criteria and thresholds using quantitative and transparent selection methods to iteratively identify sites where species and habitats are most urgently in need of protection. The identification of these Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) utilizes species-specific spatial occurrence and population data and species’ threat statuses, to locate areas where site-specific protection measures can effectively slow or halt the extinction of species. This study uses species-specific data provided on IUCN’s Red List website and other online data repositories to identify marine KBAs in the Greater Caribbean region using the newly refined, 2016 IUCN KBA criteria and thresholds in order to address the question of if these criteria are effective for marine environments and to understand how this process may improve PA site selection in the greater Caribbean region. Even though previous analyses have identified marine KBAs for threatened species, this study is one of the first attempts to

identify KBAs for geographically restricted species in the marine environment. The identified KBAs provide logical starting points for local stakeholders and conservation specialists to verify KBA thresholds and boundaries using localized national and regional datasets. Furthermore, this study will identify significant data gaps in the knowledge of marine species’ occurrences that may prevent the full application of the KBA criteria to all marine species.

This thesis is dedicated to my daughter, Kortni Paige Harvey, who motivates me to be my best and makes my life infinitely complete and happy. Also to my dad, Steve Harvey, whose unyielding belief in me and faithful support makes it possible for me to pursue my dreams.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None of the research contained within this thesis would be possible without the support and guidance of my advisor, Dr. Kent Carpenter. Thank you for letting me contribute to the research conducted in your labs and for providing me with opportunities to allow myself to succeed. Thank you to both of my other committee members, Drs. Beth Polidoro and Sara Maxwell, for sharing with me their knowledge and experience, as well as for the patience and guidance during the editing of this manuscript. Thank you Dr. Gina Ralph, whose valuable input, influence, expertise and advice made this thesis possible, and for tirelessly and patiently answering my numerous questions. Your kindness and generosity of spirit humbles and inspires me. Thank you to the innumerable experts and professionals who donated their time and knowledge to completing the extinction risk assessments for the species included in these analyses and to all of the ODU graduate students and interns that have contributed to the Global Marine Species Assessment lab over the years, especially C. Linardich, M. Comeros- Raynal, C. Gorman, A. Goodpastor and E. Stump.

Thank you BirdLife International for sharing with me the spatial data for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in the Greater Caribbean study region. Special thanks to the main funding sources that allowed me the opportunity to complete my research: the Agency of French Development and MAVA, Fondation pour la Nature.

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NOMENCLATURE

AOO Area of Occupancy CCRE Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CR Critically Endangered DD Data Deficient EN Endangered EOO Extent of Occurrence GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility GC Greater Caribbean INVEMAR Institute of Marine and Coastal Research IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JTFBPA Joint Taskforce on Biodiversity and Protected Areas LC Least Concern NT Near Threatened OBIS Ocean Biodiversity Information System PA Protected Area RU Reproductive Unit STRI Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute VU Vulnerable WDPA World Database on Protected Areas

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES ...... x

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. A CALL TO ACTION TO SAVE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY ...... 1 1.2. THE EVOLUTION OF IUCN’S KBA CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS ...... 2 1.3. TOWARDS A GLOBAL STANDARD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS ...... 4 1.4. THE GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY AREA ...... 6 1.5. APPLICATION OF THE STANDARD TO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE GREATER CARIBBEAN ...... 9

2. METHODS ...... 11 2.1. ICUN RED LIST EXTINCTION RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 11 2.2. IUCN GLOBAL STANDARD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS METHODOLOGY ...... 13 2.3. STUDY AREA ...... 16 2.4. COLLECTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DATA ...... 16 2.5. IDENTIFYING KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS ...... 23

3. RESULTS ...... 26 3.1. EXISTING AREAS OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE WITHIN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN ...... 26 3.2. IDENTIFICATION OF KBA SITES ...... 27

Page

4. DISCUSSION ...... 45 4.1. KBAS RELATIVE TO POLITICAL ENTITIES AND BIOGEOGRAPHY ...... 45 4.2. KBAS RELATIVE TO EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS ...... 48 4.3. KBAS RELATIVE TO KBA CRITERIA ...... 49 4.4. KBAS RELATIVE TO MARINE VERTEBRATE CLASSES ...... 49 4.5. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS KBA ANALYSES ...... 51 4.6. LIMITATIONS ON USE OF KBA CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS ...... 53 4.7. FUTURE STEPS ...... 56

5. CONCLUSIONS ...... 59

LITERATURE CITED ...... 61

APPENDICES ...... 74 A. DATA REQUIREMENTS AND DATA SOURCES USED FOR IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY REGION ...... 74 B. FLOW CHART REPRESENTING THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS USED IN IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS ...... 77 C. LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM...... 79 D. LIST OF TRIGGER SPECIES IN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY REGION ...... 238 E. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY FOR KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS ...... 250

VITA ...... 255

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. A summary of the KBA criteria and thresholds, as defined by IUCN ...... 5

2. The types of KBAs identified in this study according to the satisfaction of population and reproductive unit thresholds, as specified by the Standard ...... 24

3. The number of trigger events by KBA designation and threatened sub-criteria for KBA sites identified both within existing protected areas and outside of existing protected areas ...... 35

4. The eight threatened species that did not trigger any KBA sites in the study ...... 36

5. Comparison of KBA analyses across differing ecosystems ...... 52

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page 1. Geographic distribution of the Greater Caribbean study area region ...... 7

2. Nationally and Internationally designated protected areas intended to preserve, protect or conserve biodiversity, cultural heritage, natural resources and marine landscapes in the Greater Caribbean marine region ...... 8

3. The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categories depicting various levels of extinction threat to species ...... 12

4. Percentage of species in each class found in the Greater Caribbean assessed as threatened (CR, EN or VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC) or Data Deficient (DD) ...... 18

5. Convex hull polygon used in estimating the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the White-cheeked Blenny, Acanthemblemaria johnsoni ...... 21

6. Four km2 cells generated from species’ occurrences ...... 22

7. Internationally designated marine protected areas overlap in numerous Localities ...... 27

8. KBAs identified within existing protected areas of conservation importance in the Greater Caribbean ...... 28

9. KBAs identified outside of existing protected areas ...... 29

10. The number of species triggering each identified KBA ...... 30

11. The number of KBA sites identified under IUCN KBA Categories ...... 31

12. The number of KBAs identified according to KBA criteria and site designation type ...... 32

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Figure Page

13. The number and proportion of KBAs identified as research priorities, candidate KBAs and proposed KBAs by sub-criteria under the Vulnerability Criterion, according to IUCN KBA methodology ...... 34

14. The absolute number of KBA sites identified by country and/ or territory exclusive economic zone (EEZ) ...... 37

15. The number of KBA sites identified by country and/or territory exclusive economic zone (EEZ) per 10,000 km2 area of country or territory EEZs ...... 38

16. The number of unique KBAs identified as a function of the number of individual trigger species that trigger them ...... 39

17. Class representation at KBA sites ...... 41

18. Proportion of KBA sites triggered according to class ...... 42

19. The number of KBAs identified by Class according to sub-criteria under the Vulnerability Criterion, according to the IUCN KBA methodology ...... 44

20. The stars represent geographic areas identified as high priorities for future KBA site verification and delineation workshops ...... 55

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The current loss of biodiversity, driven by anthropogenic stressors, may be leading us to a sixth mass extinction event (Barnosky et al. 2011; Ceballos et al. 2015), as species extinctions are occurring in both terrestrial and marine environments at exponentially faster rates than the background extinction rates estimated from the fossil record (Pimm et al. 1995; Carlton et al. 1999; Roberts & Hawkins 1999; Pimm et al. 2014). This systemic loss of global biodiversity erodes the functional integrity of ecological processes and threatens the vitality of ecosystem services (Bell 1992; Costanza et al. 1997; Naeem & Li 1997; Margules & Pressey 2000). The designation of protected areas (PAs) are often held up as one of the best methods to conserve species and ecosystems (Carr & Reed 1993; Holland & Brazee 1996; Sladek Nowlis & Roberts 1997).

1.1 A CALL TO ACTION TO SAVE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) issued a series of conservation goals and targets aimed at slowing and eventually halting the extinction of species (CBD 2002, 2004, 2010, 2012). These initial proposals challenged countries to include significant percentages of terrestrial and marine PAs into global PA networks by 2010 as a means of slowing down and reversing the escalating global loss of biodiversity (CBD 2004). However, the lack of knowledge of species’ distributions and populations necessitated the use of proxy-based methods (i.e., land classes, marine habitats, or flagship, keystone or surrogate species) to choose the placement of PAs (Lombard et al. 2003; Eken et al. 2004; Caro 2010). While there are positive reports of the conservation of marine species and habitats at some long-established and well-enforced marine PAs (e.g. Edgar et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2017), proxy-based PA methodologies for choosing where to place them may omit species, habitats and ecosystems most in need of conservation (Allison et al. 1998; Scott et al. 2001; Rodrigues et al. 2004; Klein et al. 2015).

As a result, the CBD released a revised set of objectives, known as Aichi Targets (CBD 2010, 2012) to ensure a more systematic approach to global biodiversity conservation. Among them, targets 11 and 12 specifically call for countries to implement plans to fully protect 17% and 10% of terrestrial and coastal/marine areas, respectively. These targets place an emphasis on including species most at risk for extinction, biodiversity hotspots and areas integral to ecosystem services into PA networks by 2020. Under these new conservation goals, national and regional PA networks require not only an increase in net area of PA coverage, but also more precise methods of identifying areas most likely to protect threatened and/or rare species as well as important habitats and ecosystems.

With these principles in mind, the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Joint Task Force on Biodiversity and Protected Areas (JTFBPA) hosted numerous workshops consisting of PA experts and managers, representatives from academia, governments and private sector stakeholders, culminating in a set of standardized criteria that identify Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), or sites that “contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity” (Langhammer et al. 2007). The criteria and thresholds developed at the workshops are based primarily upon the concepts of uniqueness (irreplaceability) and threat status (vulnerability) of biodiversity (Margules & Pressey 2000) and are designed to systematically and iteratively identify places where biodiversity is most apt to benefit from site-specific conservation measures. Irreplaceable species or ecosystems are those with small or restricted ranges; vulnerable species and ecosystems are those with a high risk of extinction (Langhammer et al. 2007; IUCN 2016c). Vulnerability, or threat status, of species is best determined by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), the most widely used system for classifying extinction risk to macroscopic flora and fauna (Grammont et al. 2006; Rodrigues et al. 2006; Hoffmann et al. 2008), and the primary resource to incorporate vulnerability into the KBA identification process (Foster et al. 2012).

1.2 THE EVOLUTION OF IUCN’S KBA CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS

The criteria and thresholds incorporated into the KBA methodology drew heavily from previous initiatives that targeted terrestrial, marine and aquatic biodiversity most in need of

3 conservation, thus producing a set of robust criteria applicable across multiple taxonomic and environmental spectra. These initiatives included: Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs: Grimmett & Jones 1989; Tordoff 2002), Important Plant Areas (IPAs: Fishpool et al. 1998; Plantlife 2004), Important Mammal Areas (Linzey 2002) and Alliance for Zero Extinctions (AZE) areas (Ricketts et al. 2005). The systematic and iterative nature of KBA criteria homogenizes the selection process of sites important for conservation and improves the efficiency in identifying species at sites that will benefit from site-specific conservation measures (Eken et al. 2004; Langhammer et al. 2007; Edgar et al. 2008a, 2008b). Although the KBA criteria and thresholds were contrived and verified by conservation experts, the application of the criteria to identify KBAs do not rely solely on the potential subjectivity of expert opinion, but instead consist of a set of data-driven, quantifiable conservation targets and methods (Langhammer et al. 2007). Sites are identified using reliable and transparent datasets, including: existing sites of conservation priority (e.g., IBAs, IPAs, AZEs, etc.), occurrence records of potential target species and their corresponding generalized distribution maps, and contextual spatial layers including land management units for existing PAs, bathymetry profiles and area and extent of critical habitats (Appendix A).

A number of KBA analyses were initiated in response to the release of CBD’s conservation targets and standards, during which a variety of challenges in implementing the KBA methodology were identified. For example, the first iteration of KBA criteria (Langhammer et al. 2007) did not include a proportional population threshold for identifying sites important to highly vulnerable species, defined as those assessed as critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN) or vulnerable (VU) by IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012). In this way, there was a clear need for improved thresholds and additional metrics for identifying areas holding significant proportions of species’ populations (Eken et al. 2004; Ambal et al. 2012; Kouame et al. 2012; Melovski et al. 2012; Natori et al. 2012; Tordoff et al. 2012; Yahi et al. 2012). Also, occurrence and population data were heavily skewed towards charismatic, terrestrial species (Knight et al. 2007; Edgar et al. 2008a; Foster et al. 2012), necessitating additional metrics for estimating global populations and proportions of populations of species at sites for marine and data-poor species. Furthermore, a lack of spatial data for geographically restricted and

4 irreplaceable species was identified (Edgar et al. 2008a; Ambal et al. 2012; Anadón-Irizarry et al. 2012; Kouame et al. 2012; Melovski et al. 2012; Natori et al. 2012; Tordoff et al. 2012; Yahi et al. 2012), and outdated and/or taxonomically incomplete Red List assessments constrained the taxonomic coverage of KBA analyses (Edgar et al. 2008a, 2008b; Ambal et al. 2012; Anadón- Irizarry et al. 2012; Natori et al. 2012; Tordoff et al. 2012; Yahi et al. 2012).

1.3 TOWARDS A GLOBAL STANDARD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS

Based on these identified shortcomings and other recommendations for improving the KBA methodology, IUCN’s JTFBPA again brought together the world’s top experts, scientists, conservation managers, government officials and many others to create a new, updated Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs (IUCN 2016a), henceforth the Standard. The Standard improves the efficiency of identifying KBAs in a number of ways. For instance, the new version institutes a proportional threshold of species’ populations at specific sites for vulnerable species and increases the threshold for numbers of threatened and restricted range species occurrences, defined as reproductive units (RU), at sites to eliminate areas of marginal conservation importance for species (Table 1). Co-occurring geographically restricted species and geographically restricted assemblages criteria were also added to the Standard to increase the representation of irreplaceable biodiversity in KBA networks. Metrics to estimate or infer populations of species and proportions of populations of species at sites were introduced into KBA criteria to incorporate data-poor species that require site-level conservation. Criteria to incorporate threatened and/or restricted range ecosystems, biological processes and a quantitative analysis of site irreplaceability were also integrated into the Standard.

Table 1. A summary of the KBA criteria and thresholds, as defined by IUCN. (IUCN 2016a) Global population A. Threatened Biodiversity Biodiversity element at site size/extent RUa A1. Threatened Species (a) CR or EN species ≥0.5% ≥5 (b) VU species ≥1% ≥10 (c) CR or EN species Threatened only due to population size reduction in the past or present ≥0.1% ≥5 (d) VU species Threatened due only to population size reduction in the past or present ≥0.2% ≥10 entire global (e ) CR or EN species population size A2. Threatened ecosystem types (a) CR or EN ecosystem types ≥5% (b) VU ecosystem types ≥10 B. Geographically restricted biodiversity B1. Individual Geographically restricted species Any species ≥10% ≥10 Restricted-range species: ≥2 species OR B2. Co-occurring geographically 0.02% of total number of species in restricted species taxonomic group, whichever is larger ≥1% (a) ≥5 ecoregion-restricted species2 OR B3. Geographically restricted 10% of the species restricted to the assemblages ecoregion, whichever is larger ≥0.5% (b) ≥5 bioregion-restricted speciesb OR 30% of the bioregion-restricted species known from the country, whichever is larger (c) Part of the globally most important 5% of occupied habitat of each of ≥5 species within a taxonomic group B4. Geographically restricted ecosystem types Any ecosystem type ≥20% C. Ecological Integrity ≥2 sites per Wholly intact ecological communities ecoregion D. Biological processes (a) Species aggregation during one or more D1. Demographic aggregations key stages of its life cycle ≥1% (b) Among the largest 10 aggregations known for the species Species aggregations during periods of past, D2. Ecological refugia current or future environmental stress ≥10% Propagules, larvae or juveniles maintaining c D3: Recruitment sources high proportion of global population size ≥10% E: Irreplaceability through ≥10 quantitative analysis (or ≥5 for Site has high irreplaceability measured by ≥0.90 on EN/C quantitative spatial analysis 0–1 scale R sp) aRU = reproductive units; bwiting a taxonomic group; crefers to global population size rather than immature individuals produced

1.4 THE GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY AREA

The Greater Caribbean (GC) region, defined as the western central Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, extends from Carolinas of USA (~ 33°N) south to northern Guyana (~ 7°N) and is an excellent case study in the application of the new KBA criteria in the marine environment (Fig. 1). In addition to its biogeographic complexity, the GC is also among the most biologically diverse and speciose regions in all of the world’s oceans, and it boasts an extensive and complex network of PAs, both of international and national designation. Internationally designated PAs are identified by the World Parks Congress according to a specific area’s contribution to global cultural or biological heritage, and nationally designated PAs are identified by a countries or territories as containing area important to national cultural or biological heritage. Internationally designated PAs may be more likely to satisfy KBA criteria and thresholds than nationally designated areas, as they were identified according to international contributions of the areas, but national PAs should not be looked over, as they may also satisfy the KBA criteria and thresholds. At least 1,493 existing marine PAs, including 1,166 national and 327 international areas, with multiple levels of protection, have been designated to preserve, protect or conserve biodiversity, cultural heritage, natural resources and marine landscapes (Fig. 2). International sites include eight designation types, with IBA and AZE sites among them; national sites include at least 189 different designation types.

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of the Greater Caribbean study area region.

The GC is one of the most geographically complex regions in the world, with deep ocean basins interspersed with shallow ocean sills and extensive networks of island platforms and numerous, wide continental shelves (Smith et al. 2002; Miloslavich et al. 2010). The region has the highest concentration of marine biota in the Atlantic Ocean (Roberts et al. 2002) and is one of four centers of tropical marine biodiversity in the world (Robertson & Cramer 2014) because of this complex biogeography. It comprises over 12,000 marine species (Miloslavich et al. 2010), including more than 1,400 bony shorefishes (Linardich 2016), about 3,000 species of mollusks and over 2,900 species of crustaceans (Miloslavich et al. 2010). The GC has about 26% endemism, including about half of the bony shorefishes (Miloslavich et al. 2010; Linardich 2016).

Figure 2. Nationally and Internationally designated protected areas intended to preserve, protect or conserve biodiversity, cultural heritage, natural resources and marine landscapes in the Greater Caribbean marine region. Not all sites are geographically independent, as there are a number of designated protected areas that have boundaries that partially or completely overlap.

The region also encompasses critical marine habitats including more than 10% of all global coral reefs (Burke et al. 2011), over 12% of global mangrove forests (Spalding 2010) and nearly 20% of global seagrass beds (Jackson 1997).

The extent of protection for the unique biota and habitats in the GC is difficult to estimate. Sites designated to protect this biodiversity are not always adequately represented in databases, as marine PAs are sometimes imprecisely delineated, represented by a point or omitted in spatial datasets, such as the World Database on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018),

9 resulting in inaccurate estimates of PA coverage (Visconti et al. 2013). Furthermore, existing sites are not always geographically independent of one another, with boundaries of multiple sites often overlapping among and between designation types (Fig. 2).

For example, discrepancies were identified in the existence or extent of 118 PA polygons within the Caribbean Sea (excluding South, Central and North America), resulting in around 200,000 km2 of unaccounted for or erroneously reported PA coverage (Knowles et al. 2015). Furthermore, 121 of the 376 marine PAs did not report an IUCN category describing the level of site protection (Knowles et al. 2015). These inconsistencies and omissions diminish the accuracy of estimating PA coverage of species and ecosystems (Chape et al. 2005; Wood et al. 2008; Chircop et al. 2014), making it difficult to measure compliance with Aichi targets.

There is a wide range of national and international protected area categories, including national parks, marine reserves, biosphere reserves, IBAs, etc. Each of these sites has varying degrees of designated protection as well as varying degrees of enforcement. Although many of the existing marine PAs in the GC do not provide sufficient levels and/or enforcement of protection to benefit all species included in this study found in each of the PAs, all references to PAs refer to existing national and international sites that have been designated as protected, for the purpose of this study, whether the IUCN level of protection (Dudley 2008) of the site is reported or adequately enforced. These factors should be considered in the actual implementation and enforcement of KBAs in future developments.

1.5 APPLICATION OF THE STANDARD TO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE GREATER CARIBBEAN

The KBA methodology was developed to provide a transparent, iterative, systematic and objective process that can compensate for problematic PA datasets (Eken et al. 2004; Langhammer et al. 2007; Edgar et al. 2008b; IUCN 2016a). The identification of KBA sites allows for a better measure of the effectiveness of national, regional and international PAs and compliance with Aichi targets.

This study uses the newly updated IUCN KBA criteria and thresholds to identify KBAs for marine vertebrates in the GC that have been formally assessed for extinction risk by the IUCN. It

10 addresses the questions as to whether these new KBA criteria are effective for marine environments and if they can potentially improve PA site selection in the GC. The main objective was to determine if IUCN KBA criteria and thresholds can be applied to vulnerable and geographically restricted species using currently available species occurrence data and published distributions from online data repositories. To test the feasibility of KBA criteria population estimation metrics, Area of Occupancy (AOO) was used to estimate the global proportions of populations of species (with regards to area) at sites. Additionally, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of potential trigger species was estimated to quantify restricted ranges and identify species of irreplaceability. Excluding marine birds, these analyses are the first to apply the individual and co-occurring geographically restricted species and restricted assemblages KBA criteria in the marine environment, in addition to identifying KBAs for vulnerable species. This study also identifies significant biological data gaps for marine species to highlight research priorities for refining KBA identification. Furthermore, this study will serve as a scientifically robust starting point for local stakeholders to refine and delineate KBAs and help set conservation priorities for the region.

CHAPTER 2

METHODS

2.1 ICUN RED LIST EXTINCTION RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012) are the most widely used system for determining the conservation status of macroscopic species (Grammont et al. 2006; Rodrigues et al. 2006; Hoffmann et al. 2008) and are based on a standardized methodology (IUCN 2001), extinction risk theory (Mace et al. 2008), best available data and peer-review. They are published and publically available on the IUCN Red List website (http://www.iucnredlist.org/).

Eight categories comprise the IUCN Red List and those evaluated with adequate data comprise a spectrum of increasing extinction risk (Fig. 3; IUCN 2012). Species assessed as CR, EN or VU face a relatively high probability of extinction in the wild. Species that do not fully satisfy any of the threatened categories but may become threatened in the near future qualify as near threatened (NT). Least concern (LC) species do not face imminent threat of extinction although they may still require localized conservation effort, and species assessed as data deficient (DD) do not have adequate data to directly or indirectly assess the species’ risk of extinction (IUCN 2012).

Figure 3. The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categories depicting various levels of extinction threat to species. (IUCN 2012)

Criterion A assesses extinction risk based on thresholds of population decline (IUCN 2017). Species with relatively widespread distributions and large population sizes that are experiencing rates of decline that exceed their reproductive capacity to recover are often listed as threatened under this criterion. Criteria B and C are associated with species with small population sizes or small range sizes that are undergoing decline (IUCN 2001; Dulvy et al. 2003; Mace et al. 2008). Criterion D measures extinction risk relative to extremely small global population sizes (< 1,000 mature individuals) or extremely small range sizes. Criterion E is reserved for species with extensive population data that can be used to model a species population over time to estimate its probability of extinction.

2.2 IUCN GLOBAL STANDARD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS METHODOLOGY

Sites qualify as KBAs if they meet the thresholds for one or more of the 11 criteria set forth in the Standard (Table 1). These criteria are nested within five major categories: A - threatened biodiversity, B - geographically restricted biodiversity, C - ecological integrity, D - biological processes and E - irreplaceability. The proportion of a trigger species’ global population at a site for criteria A1 and B1-B3 can be observed or inferred through the following: number of mature individuals, AOO, extent of suitable habitat, range, number of localities and/or distinct genetic diversity. For the biological processes criteria, the proportion of global population may only be observed through the number of mature individuals at sites.

2.2.1 The Criteria for Threatened Biodiversity

There are two criteria for threatened biodiversity: threatened species and threatened ecosystem types. KBAs are triggered under the threatened species criterion (A1) by species assessed as CR, EN or VU on the IUCN Red List. Sub-criteria A1a and A1b are applied for species listed as threatened under most Red List criteria. Sub-criteria A1c and A1d are reserved for species that have experienced significant population declines in the past and/or present. For this reason, the associated thresholds for triggering a KBA are lower for sub-criteria A1c and A1d than they are for sub-criteria A1a and A1b.

The criterion for threatened ecosystems (A2) identifies KBAs where an ecosystem is facing deterioration, transformation or replacement by another ecosystem type (Bland et al. 2016), including those that have been assessed as CR, EN or VU by IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria (Bland et al. 2016). To ensure consistency and repeatability in the KBA selection process, criteria applicable to ecosystem types should consist of groups of species that reflect regional biogeographic differences in composition regarding geology, substrate, hydrology, etc. (Faber-Langendoen et al. 2014).

2.2.2 The Criteria for Geographically Restricted Biodiversity

There are four criteria (B1-B4) for geographically restricted biodiversity. B1 applies to the regular occurrence of all life stages of a geographically restricted species. Restricted range species have an estimated EOO < 100,000 km2, as suggested in previous marine KBA analyses and protocols (Edgar et al. 2008b; IFC 2012). IUCN defines EOO as the area within the shortest, continuous boundary drawn around all known or inferred sites of a species occurrences, excluding vagrancies (IUCN 2012). Species that have wide-ranging distributions but tend to clump in one or several areas of their distributions may also trigger KBAs under criterion B1.

Criterion B2 identifies sites where significant portions of two or more geographically restricted species’ distributions, in a taxonomic group, intersect. These areas are known as centers of endemism (Hall & Moreau 1962) and are often associated with biodiversity hotspots (Roberts et al. 2002). Taxonomic groups above class or under family do not produce biologically relevant KBA sites (IUCN 2016a).

Criterion B3 identifies assemblages of species at specific areas within a taxonomic group with globally restricted distributions, either by ecoregion (B3a), bioregion (B3b) or most important occupied habitat (B3c). As ecoregions are smaller than bioregions, either B3a or B3b should be applied for any particular taxonomic group, but not both. The density or relative abundance of mature individuals may be used to identify the most important occupied habitat of a species or group of species. Sites identified as KBAs under sub-criterion B4 hold ≥ 20% of the global extent of a geographically restricted ecosystem type.

2.2.3 Ecological Integrity Criterion

KBAs identified under criterion C support large-scale ecological processes, contain wholly intact ecological communities, maintain fully functional ecosystem types and comprise historical abundances of associated species. Ecological integrity may be observed or inferred through measurements of species composition, abundances and/or biomasses across taxonomic groups. These sites should be delineated to at least 10,000 km2 and remain undisturbed by anthropogenic influences.

2.2.4 Biological Processes

Biological processes are identified under three criteria: (D1) demographic aggregations, (D2) ecological refugia and (D3) recruitment sources. Demographic aggregations hold significant portions of species’ populations during one or more life stages or processes, but not necessarily during all life stages. This can occur during breeding, feeding or migration events, reflecting highly localized relative abundances (D1a) or where the number of aggregating mature individuals ranks the sites as one of the largest 10 aggregation sites known for the species (D1b).

Sites of ecological refugia maintain available food, water and other critical resources to support significant proportions of populations of one or more species during times of extreme environmental stress. Large-scale environmental disturbances, such as prolonged drought, may cause species to aggregate at these sites for extended periods of time, such as years or decades, distinguishing this criterion from aggregations triggering KBAs under the D1 criterion.

Recruitment sources are sites where ≥ 10% of the population size of mature adults maintain the global population of a species. Specifically, this criterion identifies sites where propagules, larvae or juveniles are dispersed out of the site rather than where mature species move in to sites, as with the other D criteria, thus exclusively contributing to the recruitment of the species outside of the site.

2.2.5 Irreplaceability through Quantitative Analysis

Sites identified as KBAs under criterion E are identified through extensive, complementarity- based, quantitative analyses that measure the relative irreplaceability of biodiversity based on a site’s contribution to the persistence of biodiversity on the species level. These analyses require extensive input datasets and rely heavily on computer-assisted computations and statistical forecast modeling.

2.3 STUDY AREA

For the purposes of this study, the GC marine region (Fig. 1) extends from the Carolinas of USA (~ 33°N) south to northern Guyana (~ 7°N), including all of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, as reported by Robertson and Cramer (2014). It is geographically complex, with long, extensive shorelines, numerous large and small islands and wide-ranging areas of insular shelf.

2.4 COLLECTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DATA

The species-specific requisite datasets needed to identify KBAs are as follows: species point locality data, expert-vetted species generalized distribution maps, conservation status of species and global population estimates of potential trigger species. A variety of other physical and contextual spatial data are necessary, as well, in order to accurately identify KBAs for species (Appendix A).

2.4.1 Generation of a list of species to be considered for evaluation in the study

All potential trigger species should be assessed for extinction risk against Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012) to ensure their conservation statuses and distributions, generalized distribution maps, have been expert-vetted. Published extinction risk assessments for most marine vertebrates in the GC are found on the Red List website, and these species were evaluated against the KBA categories and thresholds of the Standard.

A list of marine vertebrate species occurring in the GC was generated using a search query on IUCN’s Red List website, excepting marine birds as their distributions are not coded by country or region on the Red List in the same way as other biota. Next, all published species’ generalized distribution maps that show where species are expected to be found were downloaded from the website and projected into the World Cylindrical Equal Area coordinate system. A GIS search-by-location query identified species with distributions that intersect with or are contained within the GC. Species without a portion of their mapped distribution in the study area were omitted from consideration. All marine birds (Croxall et al. 2012) with portions of their published, generalized distribution maps intersecting with or enclosed within the GC

17 were included. Taxonomic discrepancies for marine fishes were resolved through Catalog of Fishes (Eschmeyer 2017), and those for other taxa were resolved through information provided on the Red List website.

2.4.2 Conservation status of marine vertebrate biodiversity in the GC

Representatives from seven of the nine currently accepted classes of vertebrates are found in the marine environments of the GC (Fig. 4). Overall, 1,667 species are included in the study, and 108, or ~ 6.5%, are listed as threatened (IUCN 2012; IUCN 2017). However, due to the uncertainty surrounding the realized conservation status of DD species, particularly in classes such as Chondrichthyes and Mammalia (Fig. 4), upper-bound, lower-bound and mid-point estimates of the number of threatened species is determined using special equations found in IUCN’s guidelines for the appropriate use of Red List data (IUCN 2016b). A more accurate estimate of the proportion of threatened vertebrate species in the region is the mid-point estimate, 7.4%, and is found using the equation [(CR+EN+VU)/(all species – DD)], which is interpreted as the number of threatened species in the assessment divided by all of the species in the assessment minus the number of Data Deficient species. The lower- and upper-bound estimates of the number of threatened species in the GC are 6.5% and 19.4%, respectively, and are found using the following equations: [(CR+EN+VU)/all species] and [(CR+EN+VU+DD)/(all species], respectively. Actinopterygii is the most speciose class in the GC but also has the lowest percentage of threatened species of all classes containing threatened species (Fig. 4). Marine reptiles, on the other hand, have the second fewest number of species but the highest percentage of threatened species.

11 166 5 100% 1,386 64 34 n = # spp in class

90% Threatened 80%

70% Near Threatened 60%

50% Percentage Percentage inClass

40% Least Concern

30%

20% Data Deficient 10%

Figure 4. Percentage of species in each class found in the Greater Caribbean assessed as threatened (CR, EN or VU), near threatened (NT), least concern (LC) or data deficient (DD). The number of species in each class is above each Class bar.

2.4.3 Generation of species’ occurrence maps

Species occurrence data are essential for identifying KBAs (Langhammer et al. 2007; IUCN 2016a). Although concerns about the comprehensiveness and biases of species occurrence datasets are well-documented (Stockwell & Peterson 2002; Feeley & Silman 2011), the quality and reliability of geospatial data have improved (Robertson et al. 2016), and the majority of “credible” occurrences (museum, government survey, non-governmental organization survey

19 and expert observation data) are incorporated into most online repositories (Langhammer et al. 2007).

Species point occurrence maps were generated based on data obtained from online repositories (Appendix A), and merged to create single occurrence maps for species. Occurrences with identical catalog numbers were deleted from all species’ point maps to reduce replication errors. Bony fish occurrences from Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), which did not come with metadata attached, were deleted if they had the exact coordinates as occurrences for the same species from other sources.

Next, the number of individuals in each lot was retrieved from their respective museum collection repositories. For some records (e.g., those in the STRI database), the number of individuals present was not available; in these cases, each lot was assumed to have only a single individual. Then, each point map was projected into the World Cylindrical Equal Area coordinate system and juxtaposed with each species’ corresponding generalized distribution map, which was obtained from the IUCN Red List website for all species that have been assessed for extinction risk and have had their assessments published on the Red List website. A 10 km buffer was added to the perimeter of each species’ distribution map to accommodate occurrences that fell slightly outside of the published map boundaries. Occurrences outside of the buffered generalized distribution maps were removed from the analyses, as waifs, misidentifications and instances of vagrancy diminish the accuracy of KBA analyses.

Confidence levels of occurrence data, determined in congruence with the Standard (IUCN 2016a), were used to describe the relative reliability of each occurrence record. High confidence occurrences, such as those based on reliable institutions, collectors or observers, were assigned a value of “1”. Occurrences of intermediate confidence, such as those of antiquated records (20+ years old), unverified collections or those reported by recreational divers, were considered as plausible but unverified and assigned confidence values of “2”. Occurrences of low confidence, such as those with known identification errors, were not considered in the analyses.

2.4.4 Estimation of Species’ Extent of Occurrence (EOO)

A minimum convex polygon, or convex hull, was drawn around all known and suspected occurrences of each species’ point map, individually, according to IUCN protocol (IUCN 2012), where no angle exceeded 180° (Fig. 5). Species with an EOO < 100,000 km2 were considered restricted-range, as suggested in previous marine KBA analyses and protocols (Edgar et al. 2008b; IFC 2012). Restricted range species are defined for terrestrial species as those having an EOO of < 50,000 km2, but due to the high connectivity of marine ecosystems and the generally larger range sizes of species in marine environments, the 50,000 km2 threshold tends to underestimate the number of restricted range marine species, thus underestimating the number of KBAs for restricted range marine species (Edgar et al. 2008b).

Figure 5. Convex hull polygon used in estimating the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the White- cheeked Blenny, Acanthemblemaria johnsoni.

2.4.5 Estimation of Species’ Area of Occupancy (AOO)

Since population data are lacking for many marine species, area-based proxy estimates of species’ total global populations and proportions of populations at specific sites were needed in order to find areas where KBA criteria and thresholds are satisfied. In this study, AOO was used to estimate total and proportional global population sizes, by area, for all criteria with population thresholds. AOO maps were generated by converting species’ high and intermediate confidence point occurrences into 2 km x 2 km rasters (Fig. 6), as specified by IUCN protocol for

22 estimating species’ AOO (IUCN 2012) so that total area of where species occur can be used as a proxy-estimate for population-based thresholds.

2.4.6 KBA criteria selected for inclusion in the study Population data for species are sometimes difficult to obtain or do not exist, particularly for species in the marine environment. Therefore, only the following criteria and their associated sub-criteria were applied in the study: A1, B1, B2 and B3 (Table 1). Sub-criterion B3a applies to species with a global median range of < 25,000 km2.

Figure 6. Four km2 cells generated from species’ occurrences. The area of occupancy (AOO) of Ablennes hian, 16 km2, is estimated by adding the number of 4 km2 cells and multiplying by 4.

As the average median range of most marine species is over 100,000 km2 (Edgar et al. 2004), this sub-criterion was not applied. Furthermore, no baseline data exist to quantify the most important occupied habitat for species in taxonomic groups, eliminating sub-criterion B3c from the study. Criteria C, D and E require number of mature individuals to measure species’ global populations and/or other extensive distributional or baseline data that are not readily available or do not exist for marine species; therefore, these criteria were also excluded from the study.

2.5 IDENTIFYING KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS

KBAs were identified under all criteria and sub-criteria selected for inclusion in the study according to the protocol provided in the Standard (Appendix B). KBAs identified at existing PAs utilized the existing PA boundaries for preliminary KBA delineation parameters. KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries were identified by utilizing a model that was created in ModelBuilder within ArcGIS software that draws polygons around clumps of species’ occurrences where KBA criteria and thresholds might potentially be satisfied for each species in those areas. The delineation of all identified sites do not necessarily correspond to the required extent and type of habitat(s) of the trigger species that triggered them. These site boundaries will need close, detailed review, which is beyond the scope of this project.

2.5.1 Processes and Assumptions of identifying KBA sites

All threatened species occurring in the study region were evaluated against the A1 criterion; all species identified as geographically restricted in the study area were assessed against the B1 criterion (Appendix B). For co-occurring geographically restricted species (criterion B2), a richness analysis of restricted range species’ generalized distribution maps identified distributional overlaps, which were ranked according to the number of overlaps. A species qualified as bioregionally restricted (B3b) if all of its known occurrences were within the boundaries of a single, marine bioregion as defined by Spalding et al. (2007). RU thresholds were assumed to be fulfilled if the number of mature individuals at sites (derived from species occurrences) was greater than or equal to the threshold limit.

Sites that met the proportional threshold of trigger species’ global populations were flagged as proposed KBAs, candidate KBAs or research priorities (Table 2). Where the RU threshold(s) were met using only occurrences of high confidence, the site was labeled a candidate KBA. Proposed KBAs represent sites where the RU threshold(s) were met using occurrences of intermediate confidence. Research priority sites did not meet the RU threshold(s) with either occurrences of high or intermediate confidence but show high potential for satisfying the RU threshold with localized occurrence datasets. Henceforth, the term “KBAs”, as identified in this study, will refer to all three site designations described above, except when otherwise specified.

Table 2. The types of KBAs identified in this study according to the satisfaction of population and reproductive unit thresholds, as specified by the Standard. (IUCN 2016a) Check marks indicate the associated threshold was met; “X” indicate that the associated threshold was not met. High confidence occurrences refer to those based on reliable institutions, collectors or observers and records of known provenance, and intermediate confidence occurrences are those based on antiquated records, from unverified collections or reported from recreational divers.

Global population KBA designation type threshold # of RU1 threshold Quality of estimators for # RU at site Proposed KBAs   high confidence occurrences

Candidate KBAs  partially intermediate confidence occurrences threshold not met by high and/or  X Research priorities intermediate occurrences RU1 = reproductive units, defined as the minimum number of mature individuals required to complete a reproductive event.

The most logical place to start looking for KBAs is within or around existing PAs, selected to preserve and protect biodiversity, cultural heritage and/or natural resources, as these places are likely to meet most, if not all, of the KBA criteria and thresholds. KBA sites were identified by iteratively evaluating each trigger species at all existing PAs against relevant KBA criteria (Appendix B). After reviewing each previously existing site, a model was created in ModelBuilder within ArcGIS software to identify areas outside of existing PAs that potentially satisfy the KBA criteria and thresholds. Specifically, the model identified potential sites by: (a) summing the number of all potential trigger species’ occurrences independently, (b) creating polygons around clusters of occurrences within 50 km of each other, (c) spatially joining the clusters to the species’ occurrence shapefile so that the polygons drawn around the clusters of occurrences can be identified according to the species’ occurrences that were used to draw them and (d) selecting the polygons that satisfied the proportion of global population threshold(s) and/or RU thresholds, according to the occurrences and estimated population of each trigger species. Finally, all overlapping polygons were merged together and dissolved so that each polygon represented a geographically independent site. Areas where polygons intersected two or more country Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) were eliminated from further consideration, as KBAs are specifically intended to be singular sites that are or potentially can be managed as a single unit; areas with boundaries that overlap country boarders are not likely to be managed as a single unit by different governments. The remaining polygons were evaluated for designation as one of the three KBA site designations.

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

3.1 EXISTING AREAS OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE WITHIN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN

The network of existing sites of conservation importance in the GC is complex. Not all existing sites are geographically distinct, as the boundaries of national and international sites often overlap (Fig. 2). For example, off Cuba’s northern coast, at least seven sites of international designation partially or fully overlap (Fig. 7). In other areas, such as off southeastern Florida, as many as nine nationally and internationally designated sites converge. As such, assessing the area of PA coverage and describing levels of site conservation and enforcement for marine PAs in the GC is formidably challenging. The majority of KBAs identified in this study (~ 63%) are triggered within existing PAs, yet only about 15% of existing PAs meet the criteria and thresholds for KBAs. Of the existing PAs where KBAs were not triggered, nearly 90% encompass less than 100 km2.

Figure 7. Internationally designated marine protected areas overlap in numerous localities. In this instance, off the northern coast of Cuba, there are as many as seven sites with boundaries that overlap with each other.

3.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KBA SITES

3.2.1 By Site

A total of 301 geographically unique KBAs are identified: 189 within existing PA boundaries (Fig. 8) and 112 outside of existing sites (Fig. 9). Some KBAs have more than one designation-type, as KBAs can be triggered more than once, by multiple species and/or under multiple criteria (Appendix C).

Figure 8. KBAs identified within existing protected areas of conservation importance in the Greater Caribbean. Dark blue areas are existing PAs where no KBAs were identified. Red areas are where KBAs were identified within existing protected areas with the most number of threatened or restricted range trigger species.

Figure 9. KBAs identified outside of existing protected areas. Each KBA is represented by a point, with small, blue dots representing KBAs with only one trigger species. Red dots represent KBAs triggered by the most threatened or geographically restricted species. The size of the points represents the number of trigger species that triggered each KBA and not the relative size of the KBA identified.

The average number of species triggering KBA sites identified within existing PAs (~ 6.6) is higher than the average number of species triggering KBAs identified outside of existing PAs (~ 3.2). A general downward trend is observed in the number of KBAs identified, as a function of the number of species triggering them (Fig. 10). The majority of KBAs are triggered by a single species, but some KBAs are triggered by a dozen or more. The range of species triggering KBAs varies between KBAs identified within and outside of existing PAs. Specifically, the IBA, Belize

Figure 10. The number of species triggering each identified KBA. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries. Each bar represents the total number of trigger species triggering the corresponding number of KBAs (research priorities, candidate KBAs or proposed KBAs).

140

120

100

40 Number KBA of Sites

0 A only A&B B only KBA Categories

Within Existing Sites Outside of Existing Sites

Figure 11. The number of KBA sites identified under IUCN KBA Categories. Each bar represent the number of KBAs as a function of the criteria they are triggered under. “A only” represents KBAs triggered under the threatened species criterion (A1) only. “B only” represents KBAs triggered under the geographically restricted biodiversity criteria (B1, B2 and B3) only. “A & B” represents KBAs triggered under both the threatened species criterion and the geographically restricted biodiversity criteria.

Off-shore and Barrier Islands, encompasses a total of 67 trigger species, but a site off the northern coast of Panama, previously unrecognized for its conservation potential, was triggered by a total of 31 species (Appendix C).

Over 95% of KBAs identified within existing PAs were triggered by threatened species, either independently or in conjunction with geographically restricted species (Fig. 11). Conversely, KBA sites identified outside of existing PA boundaries tended to be triggered by threatened or geographically restricted species, but only about 4% were triggered by both.

Figure 12. The number of KBAs identified according to KBA criteria and site designation type. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries. Each bar represents the total number of KBAs relative to KBA designation type and KBA criterion. Criterion A1 is reserved for threatened species, criterion B1 for individual geographically restricted species, criterion B2 for co-occurring geographically restricted species and B3 for geographically restricted assemblages. The asterisks indicate that research priorities and candidate KBAs were not identified for those criteria.

There are 2.5 times as many KBA trigger events for the A1 criterion than for the B1 criterion (Fig. 12). More proposed KBAs are identified for co-occurring geographically restricted species (B2) than for geographically restricted assemblages (B3). Among KBA site designation types, the most KBAs are identified as research priorities, and the fewest are identified as proposed KBAs for threatened (A1) and individual geographically restricted species (B1). Although fewer KBAs, overall, are identified outside PAs than are identified within, similar trends are observed for all KBA sites.

More identified KBAs are identified under criterion A1 for species that are experiencing or have experienced significant population declines (sub-criteria A1c, A1d) than for species considered threatened under other threat criteria (Fig. 13). The fewest KBAs are identified under sub- criterion A1e, as few sites contain > 95% of the population of CR or EN marine vertebrate in the GC. Among KBA designation types, more research priority sites are identified than candidate KBAs or proposed KBAs, but the number of candidate KBAs and proposed KBAs are nearly equivalent (Table 3).

Figure 13. The number and proportion of KBAs identified as research priorities, candidate KBAs and proposed KBAs by sub-criteria under the Vulnerability Criterion, according to IUCN KBA methodology. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries. Sub-criteria A1c and A1d apply to species that have been listed as threatened by the IUCN Red List because of subjugation to population decline in the past or present, while sub-criteria A1a and A1b are applied to species that have been deemed threatened by IUCN Red List using other criteria and/or rationale. The asterisk indicates that no sites were identified for the indicated sub-criterion.

Table 3. The number of trigger events by KBA designation and threatened sub-criteria for KBA sites identified both within existing protected areas and outside of existing protected areas. The A1a sub-criterion is for CR and EN species that are threatened under some justification besides population declines in the past or present, the A1b sub-criterion is for VU species assessed as threatened for some justification other than population reductions in the past or present, theA1c sub-criterion is for CR and EN species assessed as threatened because of population declines in the past or present, the A1d sub-criterion is for VU species assessed as threatened because of population declines in the past or present and the A1e sub-criterion is for CR or EN species with virtually the entire global population restricted to a single site.

Number of trigger events for KBAas Number of trigger events for KBAs b identified within existing PA s identified outside of existing PAs Sub- criteria RPc CKd PKe Total RP CK PK Total A1a 12 5 10 27 4 2 3 9 A1b 63 16 20 99 9 2 3 14 A1c 120 37 26 183 5 6 8 19 A1d 82 25 23 130 18 16 13 47 A1e 5 5 Total 277 83 84 439 36 26 27 89 aKey Biodiversity Areas, bProtected Areas, cResearch priorities dCandidate KBAs, eProposed KBAs

Of the 108 threatened species in the GC, 100 trigger at least one KBA site, including all species assessed in the highest threat category, Critically Endangered (Appendix D). Of the eight threatened species without any representation in the identified KBAs, five are assessed as VU (two sharks, one bird, one bony fish and one sea turtle) and three as EN (all three baleen whales) (Table 4). Most of these unrepresented species (all three baleen whales, both sharks and the Olive Ridley sea turtle) have widespread, circumglobal distributions, limiting the probability that population and RU thresholds can be met at a site. Only a small portion of the

Horned grebe’s distribution overlaps with the GC,, reducing the probability that KBA thresholds will be met at sites within the study area. The threatened bony fish is a restricted range endemic that inhabits sublittoral caves or estuarine habitats with an estimated AOO of less than 2,000 km2. Additionally, there are 228 geographically restricted species in the GC, of which 18 did not trigger any KBAs (Appendix D).

Table 4. The eight threatened species that did not trigger any KBA sites in the study.

Taxonomic Class Scientific Name Threat Status Common Name

Aves Podiceps auritus VU1 Horned grebe Cuban longfin Actinopterygii Neoopisthopterus cubanus VU herring

Chondrichthyes Lamna nasus VU Porbeagle Smalltooth sand Chondrichthyes Odontaspis ferox VU tiger

Mammalia Balaenoptera borealis EN2 Sei whale

Mammalia Balaenoptera musculus EN Blue whale

Mammalia Balaenoptera physalus EN Fin whale Olive ridley sea Reptilia Lepidochelys olivacea VU turtle 1Vulnerable, 2Endangered.

More than twice as many research priorities are identified than candidate KBAs and proposed KBAs, combined, for individual geographically restricted species (Fig. 12). Between the geographically restricted species criteria (B1-B3), more than twice as many proposed KBAs are identified by co-occurring geographically restricted species (B2) than by individual

37 geographically restricted species (B1), and three times as many than under the geographically restricted assemblages criterion (B3).

Figure 14. The absolute number of KBA sites identified by country and/ or territory exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Dark blue country or territory EEZs have zero KBA sites identified. Red and orange country EEZs have the most KBA sites identifies.

KBA sites are not evenly distributed geographically. Thirty-seven of the 45 Greater Caribbean countries have at least one identified KBA within their EEZs, either within or outside of existing site boundaries (Fig. 14). Countries with relatively large EEZs tend to have more identified KBA sites, while countries with relatively smaller EEZs have few or zero identified KBA sites.

However, when accounting for EEZ area, smaller, more heavily sampled countries or territories (i.e., Belize, and the US Virgin Islands) have the most number of identified KBA sites per 10,000 km2 (Fig. 15). The United States and Columbia are among the countries with the most number of identified KBAs, as measured either by number or area.

Figure 15. The number of KBA sites identified by country and/or territory exclusive economic zone (EEZ) per 10,000 km2 area of country or territory EEZs. Dark blue EEZs have Zero KBA sites identified. Red and orange EEZs have the most KBA sites identified by area.

(a)

(b)

Figure 16. The number of unique KBAs identified as a function of the number of individual

trigger species that trigger them. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing protected

area boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing protected area

boundaries. Each bar in the graph represents the total number of KBA sites triggered

relative to the number of species that triggered them.

3.2.2 Taxonomic Representation

A total of 254 species trigger one or more KBAs. Ninety-two species are threatened, and 186 are geographically restricted. However, 24 are both threatened and restricted range (Appendix D). Fishes (hagfish, bony fishes, sharks and rays) trigger the majority of identified KBAs, and birds trigger the fewest. Some species trigger more than one KBA, as well as more than one type of KBA designation-type. However, direct comparisons across classes are complicated by the fact that not all classes contain threatened and/or restricted range species (geographically or bioregionally). For example, none of the hagfishes are listed as threatened, and no mammals, reptiles or birds are identified as restricted range (Appendix C, Tables C1, C4, C5 and C6).

The average number of KBAs triggered per species is higher for KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries than for KBAs identified outside of existing PAs, with ~ 5.4 and ~ 2.5 KBAs per species, respectively. Similar to the observed trend in the frequency distribution of identified sites, there is a general downward trend in number of species triggering incrementally more KBA sites (Fig. 16). The majority of species trigger a single KBA, but nearly 30 species trigger more than 11 KBAs. The range of KBAs triggered per species is higher for KBAs identified within PAs than those identified outside of existing PAs. Specifically, the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, triggers 74 KBAs that are all within existing PAs, the most number of KBAs triggered by a single species within existing PA boundaries. Hyporthodus flavolimbatus triggers 11 KBAs that are all outside of existing PAs, the highest number of KBAs triggered outside of existing PAs by a single species (Appendix C, Table C2).

Bony fishes comprise 83% of the 1,667 marine vertebrate species in the GC, and they trigger or co-trigger the majority of all identified KBAs (Fig. 17). They are represented by at least one species in 236 of the 301 unique KBA sites identified. Accounting for multiple trigger species from multiple classes at KBA sites, bony fishes account for over half of all KBA trigger events (Fig. 18).

Figure 17. Class representation at KBA sites. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries. Each bar represents the total number of trigger species at KBAs, according to KBA criteria. Criterion A1 represents threatened biodiversity, criterion B1 represents individual geographically restricted species, criterion B2 represents co-occurring geographically restricted species and B3 represents geographically restricted assemblages.

Figure 18. Proportion of KBA sites triggered according to class. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing PA boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries. Some KBA sites are represented more than once by species from multiple classes. There are a total of 189 unique KBAs identified outside of existing protected areas, but there are 291 KBA triggers when accounting for overlap by class. Similarly, there are 112 unique KBAs identified outside existing protected areas, but there are 265 KBA trigger when classes overlaps are accounted for.

Conversely, birds are the third most speciose of all classes, yet they account for only about 2% of all sites identified. Reptiles account for ~ 0.3% of all species, but they trigger or co-trigger about 12% of all unique sites identified (Fig. 18). Substantially more sites are triggered under criteria A1 than any of the B criteria (Fig. 17). Although mammals and bird species outnumber reptile species by more than 20 fold, reptiles nearly triple the number of KBAs triggered by mammals and sea birds, combined. Actinopterygii is the only class to trigger KBAs across all four of the applied KBA criteria.

Actinopterygii trigger the most KBAs under criterion A1 (Fig. 19) and is the only class to trigger sites under the AZE sub-criterion (A1e). Between threatened species sub-criteria, more KBAs are triggered by taxa that are experiencing or have experienced significant population declines (sub-criteria A1c and A1d) than by taxa considered threatened for other reasons (A1a and A1b). While Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii and Reptilia are well-represented within these two sub- criteria, Mammalia account for only 4 KBAs. Within existing PAs, bony fishes constitute approximately 60% of all KBA triggers between sub-criteria A1c and A1d but account for only about 37% of KBA triggers outside of existing PAs for the same sub-criteria.

Figure 19. The number of KBAs identified by Class according to sub-criteria under the Vulnerability Criterion, according to the IUCN KBA methodology. (a) represents KBAs identified within existing protected area boundaries and (b) represents KBAs identified outside of existing protected area boundaries. Each bar represents the total number of biodiversity trigger elements at KBA sites relative to the respective sub-criteria. Sub-criteria A1c and A1d apply to species that have been listed as threatened by the IUCN Red List because of subjugation to population decline in the past or present, while sub-criteria A1a and A1b are applied to species that have been assessed as threatened for other reasons besides population decline in the past or present.

CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

The identification of KBAs using the newly developed IUCN criteria builds on previous initiatives aimed at identifying areas of high conservation priority in the GC. In 2008, BirdLife International identified 283 IBAs in the 32 countries and territories in the Caribbean Sea, a number of which include marine components for marine associated birds (Wege et al. 2008). Additionally, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund identified biodiversity hotspots for the Caribbean islands in 2010 (Wege et al. 2010), including some portions of the marine realm, but ocean biodiversity was not a significant focus in the study. The KBA Standard (IUCN 2016a) draws heavily from these and similar studies but goes further by identifying sites where vulnerable and irreplaceable species from all taxa will most benefit from site-specific conservation measures. This study addresses the applicability of these criteria and thresholds in the marine realm and evaluates the effectiveness of PA placement in the GC.

4.1 KBAS RELATIVE TO POLITICAL ENTITIES AND BIOGEOGRAPHY The KBAs identified in this study are not equally distributed across all countries and territories in the GC. Countries with relatively long shorelines, wide shelves and large EEZs (such as the US, Mexico, Columbia, Venezuela and Cuba and the Bahamas) tend to trigger the most KBAs (Fig. 14). On the contrary, countries with relatively short coastlines, narrow shelves, small EEZs and/or high degrees of geographic isolation (such as Costa Rica, Montserrat, Dominica and Bonaire) tend to have fewer identified KBAs. Explanations for the uneven distribution of identified KBAs include: species richness relative to regional biogeography, shelf area, geographic isolation and biases in species occurrence datasets that may influence application of the IUCN KBA criteria.

Species richness and the density of threatened and endemic species are generally correlated spatially (Dobson et al. 1997; Reid 1998), influencing the geographic distribution and relative concentration of identified KBA sites. High marine species richness is concentrated in the coastal areas of northern South America, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, southern Florida,

46 southeastern Mexico and most of eastern Central America (Miloslavich et al. 2010; Robertson & Cramer 2014). Areas of lesser species richness include: the northwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico, North Carolina, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands (Miloslavich et al. 2010; Robertson & Cramer 2014). Deep ocean basins and strong prevailing currents, interspersed with shallow sills and remote island chains, may influence the patterns of observed species richness in the region, and, subsequently, contribute to the uneven distribution of identified KBAs.

Island biogeography theory predicts that immigration and emigration are largely dependent upon the distance of isolated areas from a source of colonists (MacArthur 1963, 1967). Islands far from landmasses, such as Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, are less likely to experience immigration of species, leading to relatively low biodiversity and subsequently, fewer KBAs. However, some remote areas, such as the Lesser Antilles, exhibit relatively high degrees of species richness, while other relatively depauperate areas such as the northwestern Gulf of Mexico are virtually adjacent to large land masses. In these cases, other aspects of the region’s biogeography may explain the uneven distribution of KBAs.

As the warm waters of the Northern Equatorial Current merge with the cold, nutrient-rich upwelling water off northeastern Brazil, numerous larvae and propagules converge with the prevailing, counterclockwise currents of the GC (Smith et al. 2002; Miloslavich et al. 2010). The deep ocean basins between the shallow sills in the GC channel these currents towards the Lesser Antilles, and West towards the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba (Smith et al. 2002). Marine areas down-current from and closer to propagule sources, such as the Lesser Antilles, are likely to receive more immigration and are subsequently more diverse than areas further away from propagule sources, such as the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (Steele 1985; Dulvy et al. 2003; Kinlan & Gaines 2003; Pimm et al. 2014; Robertson & Cramer 2014). Therefore, the source and direction of currents moving into and through the region may directly affect the distribution of KBAs by influencing relative species richness patterns in the region.

Narrow shelves tend to have less critical habitat (such as coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove stands) than wider shelves within the same ecoregion (Carpenter & Springer 2005). Countries such as Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Panama have relatively narrow

47 shelves, steep slopes and less available critical habitat (Fig. 1). Conversely, countries with large, relatively shallow shelf areas, such as Mexico, USA, Venezuela and western Bahamas, tend to have more available critical habitat which accommodates more species that potentially trigger KBAs.

Temporal and spatial sampling biases in species’ occurrence datasets may also contribute to the variations in species richness estimates in the GC, and, consequently, in the uneven distribution of KBAs. Approximately 12,000 described marine species occur in the GC, significantly less than the actual number expected to occur according to species accumulation curves (Miloslavich et al. 2010). Since the number of species recorded in an area increases proportional to sampling intensity (Bunge & Fitzpatrick 1993; Hoetjes & Carpenter 2010; Miloslavich et al. 2010; Feeley & Silman 2011), increased sampling effort in the region will generate a better understanding of species composition. As the number of described species increases, so also will the understanding of community composition of species and the relative distribution and densities of the species within them. Since KBA criteria identify sites important to the conservation of species, KBA networks will become more inclusive and representative as more species are identified and described.

Additionally, discontinuities exist in sampling intensity across countries and territories in the GC. Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua report relatively low sampling effort, as reflected in the estimated low marine biodiversity in those countries (Miloslavich et al. 2010) and is almost certainly an artifact of low sampling effort rather than a genuine lack of diversity (Stockwell & Peterson 2002; Miloslavich et al. 2010). Conversely, countries with high rates of marine sampling relative to other areas have reports of relatively high biodiversity (Miloslavich et al. 2010). For instance, the regional headquarters for the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem (CCRE) program is housed at the Carrie Bow Cay on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. Scientists have collected data on coral reefs and their associated biodiversity from this station for over 40 years, making Belize one of the most heavily sampled countries in the region. Similarly, the Institute of Marine and Coastal Research (INVEMAR) has conducted thorough surveys of Columbian marine biodiversity, and the United States and U.S. territories, such as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, have been heavily sampled. Sampling biases such as these likely have

48 considerable effects on the estimation of the distribution and richness of marine biota in the GC and, subsequently, in the identification of marine KBAs. As KBAs are identified by a data-driven process, the lack of effective sampling across all countries in the region more affects the number of KBAs in countries rather than indicating a deficiency in the criteria or thresholds, themselves.

4.2 KBAS RELATIVE TO EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS

Most of the KBAs identified in this study are triggered within existing PAs, but 37% of KBAs are outside of existing sites of conservation importance. KBAs identified outside of existing PAs do not detract from the importance of PAs, in general, but they do support criticisms of traditional PA placement methodologies using biological proxies or surrogates, such as land classes, marine habitats or flagship species (Lombard et al. 2003; Eken et al. 2004; Caro 2010). These methods for determining PA placement do not adequately incorporate areas of high species diversity nor protect the full range of biodiversity and ecosystems most in need of conservation (Allison et al. 1998; Scott et al. 2001; Rodrigues et al. 2004). On the contrary, KBA selection methodologies rely on species-specific occurrences, distributions, habitat requirements, conservation status and population estimates to identify places where conservation will most effectively preserve biodiversity. KBAs identified outside of existing PA boundaries support the effectiveness of KBA methodology to identify previously unrecognized areas where conservation targets exist in the marine realm and questions proxy-based methods of choosing PA placement.

The KBA methodology also identifies PAs that are not adequate for marine species conservation. For example, only about 15% of existing PAs in the GC also triggered KBAs, and of the existing PAs that did not trigger a KBA (Fig. 8), most were designated for terrestrial species and have only narrow, riparian marine components facilitating minimal access to marine areas. Furthermore, nearly 90% of existing PAs that did not trigger a KBA encompass less than 100 km2, suggesting that extremely small PAs may not be capable of maintaining viable populations of trigger species. In this way, the KBA criteria not only identify sites where species benefit from

49 conservation, but also indirectly identify sites that are not adequate for the preservation of biodiversity.

4.3 KBAS RELATIVE TO KBA CRITERIA

Not only are the majority of KBAs identified within existing PAs, but threatened species trigger or co-trigger over 95% of them. However, this is most likely a result of the kinds of occurrence data available that the KBA criteria rely on. Threatened species are often less abundant, less frequently encountered in situ and have smaller range sizes than do non-threatened species (Paleczny et al. 2015), yet the proportion of threatened species’ occurrences in the literature, relative to their abundance, has increased dramatically since the 1960s (Boakes et al. 2010). As the number of reported occurrences for threatened species increases, so too does the likelihood of triggering KBAs under the A1 criterion. The large number of KBAs triggered under the A1 criterion more likely reflects an increase in the abundance of threatened species occurrence data over that of non-threatened species.

Additionally, there are considerably more geographically restricted species in the study than threatened species, raising the expectation that restricted range species should trigger more KBA sites than threatened species. However, the inherent small range size reduces the probability that restricted range species’ occurrences will be observed and subsequently reported. It is the relative lack of occurrence data for restricted range species that inhibits the likelihood of triggering KBAs under the B criteria and reflects data accuracy dependency for application of KBA criteria and thresholds.

4.4 KBAS RELATIVE TO MARINE VERTEBRATE CLASSES

Bony fishes account for over 80% of the 1,667 species included in these analyses, and they have the most threatened species and restricted range species of any other class. They account for over half of all biodiversity trigger events for KBA sites identified both within and outside of existing PAs. In contrast, only five reptile species occur in the GC, the smallest class in the study except the monotypic lamprey class, yet they trigger or co-trigger 12% of all unique KBA sites identified. A variety of socio-economic, biological and technological explanations may account

50 for the disproportionality of KBAs triggered by reptiles that reflects biases of the data on which the KBA criteria and thresholds depend.

Conservation organizations use charismatic and threatened biota as flagship species with increasing frequency (Veríssimo et al. 2017), and sea turtles are among the most common of species utilized (Frazier 2005). The high extreme threat status of sea turtles, coupled with their high charisma, increases the attention, adoration and concern for the species, making them the quintessential flagship species. The charisma of sea turtles and their high threat of extinction raises public awareness of the importance of preserving biodiversity and increases private donations to conservation organizations (Walpole & Leader-Williams 2002; Frazier 2005; McClenachan et al. 2012). Consequently, both ecotourism and conservation efforts to protect sea turtles has increased dramatically, resulting in beach closures where sea turtles lay their eggs (Hope 2002; Witherington et al. 2017), increased public awareness of the peril of sea turtles in the wild (Hassan et al. 2017) and skyrocketing sales of sea turtle observation tours and vacations (Hayes et al. 2017). Although some evidence suggests using flagship species may hinder the conservation efforts of the species, themselves (McClenachan et al. 2012), the increase in revenue generated by flagship species bolsters funding opportunities to study these and other species.

Significantly more scientific research has been done on large, charismatic marine species than on smaller, less charismatic species (McClenachan et al. 2012). Nearly 6,000 scientific papers on sea turtles were published in peer-reviewed journals, including over 1,100 specifically related to conservation (McClenachan et al. 2012). This translates to about 194 papers per species of sea turtle; whereas less than 10 conservation-related papers have been published per species of sharks and rays and about 2 per species for bony fish (McClenachan et al. 2012). The high volume of conservation-related research and publications on sea turtles, in addition to the high percentage of threatened species of sea turtles (Fig. 4), dramatically increases the amount of research devoted to understanding their migration and foraging patterns, reproductive processes, population numbers and trends and the number of reported occurrences. These data, derived from research, increase the likelihood for KBAs being triggered by sea turtles.

The relatively large body masses of sea turtles also allows scientists to track their movements using satellite telemetry, enabling high-resolution spatial and temporal analyses of their inter- nesting rate and direction of movements away from land and between political boundaries (Maxwell et al. 2011). These data, accompanied by state-space models, significantly lower errors of commission and omission that were pervasive in early satellite tracking endeavors.

Flagship species bolster the public’s awareness that threatened species require conservation initiatives, leading to an increase in public funding to study them. As accurate and robust population data better supports KBA identification and qualification procedures, they also contribute to the relative abundance of reptile KBAs, relative to the number of sea turtle species in the class, which represents a failure of biological data collection and distribution methods on which the KBA criteria need to rely. An increase in the number of conservation- related studies and published papers that elucidate the distribution of occurrences and population parameters for species beyond large and charismatic ones will increase the number of KBAs representing other classes in KBA networks.

4.5 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS KBA ANALYSES

Although this study is the first attempt to apply the criteria and thresholds of the newly updated IUCN KBA methodology (IUCN 2016a) in a marine environment, other studies using previous versions of KBA methodologies (Eken et al. 2004; Langhammer et al. 2007; Edgar et al. 2008a) have been completed in many different geographic localities and in both terrestrial and marine environments (Ambal et al. 2012; Anadón-Irizarry et al. 2012; Kouame et al. 2012; Melovski et al. 2012; Natori et al. 2012; Tordoff et al. 2012; Yahi et al. 2012). Variations in the scope of the taxonomy and KBA criteria applied in different studies inhibit direct comparisons between the results of this analysis and other KBA analyses, but the generalized outputs are similar. For example, datasets for KBA analyses typically include more geographically restricted species than threatened species, yet threatened taxa usually trigger more KBAs than geographically restricted taxa. Specifically, threatened species average approximately 38% of the species in combined KBA analyses conducted in the Upper Guinea forest, Indo-Burma

52 hotspot, Philippines (Ambal et al. 2012; Kouame et al. 2012; Tordoff et al. 2012) and Greater Caribbean, but threatened species trigger between 66 and 83% of all KBAs (Table 5).

Table 5. Comparison of KBA analyses across differing ecosystems. Threatened species are those that have been assessed as critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), or vulnerable (VU) by IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012). Geographically restricted species have an estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of less than 100,000 km2. Trigger events are when a species satisfies the thresholds for KBAs under one or more KBA criteria. Geographic Ecosystem area of KBA Number of Species Proportion of trigger events Citation type analysis restricted Restricted threatened Threatened range range species species Greater marine 108 183 66% 34% This study Caribbean Upper Guinea Kouame et al. terrestrial 202 663 69% 31% forest, West 2012 Africa Indo-Burma Tardoff et al. terrestrial 393 467 83% 17% hotspot 2012

marine and Philippines 396 459 73% 27% terrestrial Ambal et al. 2012

The similarities in the proportions of threatened and restricted ranges species in this study and previously conducted KBA analyses, as well as the corresponding number of KBAs triggered under the A vs. B criteria, suggests equable application of KBA criteria and supports the comprehensiveness and feasibility of the IUCN KBA criteria and thresholds. While most previous

KBA analyses were conducted in the terrestrial realm, some have marine components. These findings validate the taxonomic inclusivity of the KBA criteria and thresholds in the marine realm in addition to the terrestrial realm. The similar results between those studies and this one illustrates the commensurate applicability of the population metrics for a variety of macroscopic biodiversity and across various ecosystem-types.

4.6 LIMITATIONS ON USE OF KBA CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS

A number of obstacles were identified that prevent the full application of KBA criteria to marine species, in general. Ultimately, success of the application of the KBA criteria is dependent on the quality of the data used. Some of the most prevalent obstacles include: under-sampling of most biodiversity, taxonomic gaps in species occurrence datasets and a need for estimates of effective population size for marine species.

While the quality and quantity of available online occurrence data has improved over the last 10 years (Feeley & Silman 2011; Robertson et al. 2016), erroneous or under-sampled occurrence data can cause omission and commission errors (Fourcade et al. 2014; Guillera- Arroita et al. 2015) when estimating site-specific species populations and/or densities of species. When valid occurrences are left out of datasets (errors of omission), areas that would otherwise be identified as KBAs may be missed because proportional population thresholds are not accurate. Conversely, when erroneous occurrences are included in datasets (errors of commission), areas of marginal significance to the persistence of biodiversity may be included in KBA networks. Either of these errors jeopardizes the accuracy and relevance of KBA site selection.

In addition to potential errors in occurrence datasets, the marine environment is also extremely under-sampled in many areas (Miloslavich et al. 2010; Appeltans et al. 2012). The lack of comprehensive occurrence data negatively affects the KBA identification process. Marine invertebrates and plants, many of which are already assessed against the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, such as corals, seagrasses and mangroves (Carpenter et al. 2008); (Short

54 et al. 2011); (Polidoro et al. 2010) were excluded from this analysis, as occurrence data are lacking for these classes.

Where sites are evaluated against normal distributions and densities of species during all life stages, a variety of metrics are permitted to estimate proportions of global populations. However, the biological processes criteria (D1-D3) identify sites that hold significant proportions of species’ populations during specific stages of their life cycles, during which the clustering of species at particular areas causes extremely high, localized abundances. Where the densities of individuals are not normally distributed in space or time, meaningful estimates of proportions of populations at sites can only be determined using the number of mature individuals. Accurate global estimates of effective population sizes (as the number of mature individuals) for marine biota exist only for birds and a few other select species of high commercial importance, eliminating biological processes criteria from being included in marine KBA analyses and, subsequently, underestimating the number of KBAs in a region.

For example, BirdLife International published a list of 283 mostly terrestrial IBAs in the Caribbean Sea region, not including the Gulf of Mexico, South America or Central America (Wege et al. 2008). Nearly 60% of all IBA triggers were at sites containing clusters or aggregations of birds during breeding or migration seasons, which, under KBA criteria, would have been triggered under one or more of the biological processes criteria. In contrast, only five KBAs are identified for sea birds in this study, all under the threatened species criterion. While these five sites are certainly important to the conservation of avian biodiversity, they represent only a small portion of sites important to sea bird conservation. Similarly, many bony fishes use spawning aggregations to reproduce. Hundreds of fish spawning aggregation sites have been identified in the GC (Erisman et al. 2017). Although these data are not freely disseminated for fear the aggregations would be targeted by fisheries (Sadovy de Mitcheson & Erisman 2012), the inclusion of these aggregations, bird breeding sites and mammal breeding grounds in KBA analyses would significantly increase the number and type of KBAs identified and greatly enhance the complementarity and coverage of biodiversity in KBA networks.

Figure 20. The stars represent geographic areas identified as high priorities for future KBA site verification and delineation workshops. Not all KBA sites identified in the study are represented in this map. Veracruz, with high densities of threatened and restricted range species, was identified by Lindarch (2016) as having high intrinsic value for KBA status; a number of KBAs were trigged there in this study, as well. Arrecife Alacranes, the largest reef formation in the southern Gulf of Mexico, was designated a national park in 1994 due to its extensive biodiversity (Chávez et al. 2007) but is still under heavy fishing pressure for spiny lobster (Rios Lara et al. 2007). Marine parts of the Cayman Islands are encompassed by the proposed IBA, Booby Pone Nature Reserve but country-endemic bony fishes triggered KBA that do not fall within an existing PA. Honduras has high species richness, but there is only one, large IBA off its coast. There are no existing marine PAs in western Haiti, but many KBAs were triggered off Port-au- Prince. Additionally, a KBA off Panama outside of existing PAs was triggered by 31 species, and at least 15 species triggered KBAs off Trinidad and Tobago that are outside of the existing PA network.

4.7 FUTURE STEPS The KBA sites spatially derived in this study are intended as the first, science-based step in the official recognition of KBAs for protection (Langhammer et al. 2007; Edgar et al., 2008a, 2008b; Foster et al. 2012). An important second step is the holding of stakeholder workshops that take into consideration the political, economic and practical factors that would determine biologically feasible delineation of sites and management strategies for effective protection of KBAs. These workshops and subsequent analysis of the scientific process may also identify additional field surveys and increased sampling of marine species’ populations and habitats to improve the knowledge base for final protected KBA selection. Additional scientific studies should also consider a closer evaluation of what may be driving the trends in the selection of KBAs.

The output of these analyses identifies areas with the highest potential (taxonomically and geographically) to preserve biodiversity. Since IUCN’s KBA protocol intends to involve local stakeholders in the selection and delineation of sites for protection, the next most logical step should begin with holding KBA workshops across the region. Stakeholders and conservation specialists will use localized national and regional datasets to verify that thresholds are met at identified KBA sites and that KBA boundaries accommodate sufficient critical habitat for trigger species. Specifically, special attention is merited at sites that have high potential for KBA status where no PAs currently exist. Additional consideration in the prioritizing of KBAs for conservation action should consider the KBAs where the highest number of species triggered them (Appendix C).

For example, Veracruz, Mexico, was identified by Linardich (2016) as having high intrinsic vulnerability and irreplaceability value due to the high densities of threatened and restricted range species there (Fig. 20). Arrecife Alacranes, the largest reef formation in the southern Gulf of Mexico, was designated a national park in 1994 due to its extensive biodiversity (Chávez et al., 2007) but is still under heavy fishing pressure for spiny lobster (Rios-Lara et al. 2007). Marine parts of the Cayman Islands are encompassed by the proposed IBA, Booby Pone Nature Reserve, but country-endemic and threatened bony fishes triggered KBA that do not fall within an existing PA. Honduras has high species richness, but there is only one, large IBA off its coast.

There are no existing marine PAs in western Haiti, but many KBAs were triggered off Port-au- Prince. Additionally, a KBA outside of existing PAs off Panama was triggered by 31 species, and at least 15 species triggered KBAs off Trinidad and Tobago that are outside of the existing PA network.

After stakeholder workshops finalize the selection and delineation of sites, the final list of proposed KBAs should be reported to the KBA secretariat, which is the only authority able to determine that proposed KBAs be included in the list of “official” KBA sites. Once reported to the KBA secretariat, the submitted proposed KBAs will be checked for consistency and accuracy. All sites that adhere to the KBA standards and protocols will be added to the global list of KBAs, provided on the World Database on Key Biodiversity Areas (http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home). Furthermore, five KBAs are triggered under the A1e sub-criterion: three in Belize and one each in Bermuda and the Florida Keys. Sites triggered by this sub-criterion qualify as AZE sites and should be reported to the AZE secretariat after population thresholds are verified and sites are delineated. KBAs identified for birds that are not currently recognized as IBAs should be reported to BirdLife International as well. As extinction risk assessments are completed for global ecosystems, these areas should also be measured against the KBA criteria and thresholds.

More field surveys in historically under-sampled areas, such as Haiti, Western Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, to name a few, will develop a more accurate inventory of the composition of marine biota in the GC. A better understanding of the distribution and richness of species across the region will increase the likelihood of triggering KBAs in under-represented countries and produce a more connected and taxonomically inclusive network.

In general, more occurrence records for all marine taxa are needed, but increased sampling effort for data-poor species is a priority. Occurrence records for marine taxa, such as invertebrates and plants, are severely lacking, inhibiting their inclusion in KBA identification analyses. Traditional field surveys, rapid assessment surveys and other methods of recording species’ occurrences are strongly recommended to bolster a more thorough application of KBA criteria and thresholds.

Determining the effective population size for marine biota is pivotal for applying more criteria to more taxonomic groups in KBA assessments. A better understanding of the population structure of marine species, by number of mature individuals, will increase the precision of KBA selection efforts, as biological processes criteria can be used to identify important sites for spawning and aggregated breeding of birds, fishes and mammals.

A better understanding of the distribution and abundance of critical marine habitats will also improve the process of identifying marine KBAs. Data of various resolutions and coverages exist for some critical marine habitats, such as coral reefs, sea grass beds, and mangrove areas (Baba et al. 2004; Short 2017; ReefBase 2018), but more accurate data on individual occurrences and the full coverage/extent of critical habitats in the marine realm are required for effective identification and delineation of KBA sites.

Finally, research is needed in determining additional factors that may be driving the trends in the identification of KBA sites in the GC. Country or territory-specific factors that could explain some of the geographic variation observed in KBA selection include: the amount of shallow water and/or shelf area per EEZ, area of coral cover, the length of coastline, the relative wealth of countries (as a function of Gross Domestic Product per capita) and country-specific estimates of species richness. While none of these variables is likely to explain all or most of the variation observed in selecting KBAs, a multivariate regression analysis that was beyond the scope of this study would help determine factors most likely causing spatial variability in the identification of KBAs in the GC.

Future analyses of these data should also include identifying the types of KBAs that were found within existing PA boundaries as opposed to outside of existing PA boundaries. More specifically, future studies should consider the following: (1) which KBAs are triggered by threatened vs. restricted range species, (2) which KBAs are triggered by CR and EN species and which KBAs are triggered by VU species, (3) how does the distribution and number of KBAs change when KBAs triggered by sea turtles and/or birds are removed from the analysis and (4) how does the distribution and number of KBAs change when research priorities and/or candidate KBAs are removed from consideration.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

Effective conservation planning and action are required to preserve global biodiversity (Bell 1992; Margules & Pressey 2000; Bruner et al. 2001; Brooks et al. 2004; Darwall & Vié 2005; Edgar et al. 2014), but available resources for these are often limited (Margules & Pressey 2000; Butchart et al. 2005; Wilson et al. 2016). The identification of KBAs provides conservation managers with reliable, transparent, repeatable, iterative and complimentary methods to identify sites most in need of conservation action (Langhammer et al. 2007; IUCN 2016a).

Although some limitations are identified preventing the geographically and taxonomically exhaustive application of all KBA criteria in the GC, the results of this study are consistent with other KBA analyses conducted in both terrestrial and marine environments using differing taxonomic classes and associated trigger species. This is due, in part, to the robust nature of the KBA criteria and thresholds and their ability to identify rare and unique sites and species across varying taxonomic and environmental spectra. However, as with all analyses requiring data input, the veracity of the results reflects the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data used. While there are many occurrence data for most terrestrial vertebrates, the majority of marine vertebrates are not well-represented in occurrence datasets. The dynamism of the KBA criteria allows for sites to be selected for their own merit and not for their conservation potential relative to other sites. They are identified for species at sites where available and reliable data indicate protection is warranted. While biological data gaps may hinder the comprehensive identification of all KBA sites, the criteria utilize currently available data to identify sites and species most in need of immediate conservation action. Areas outside of identified KBA sites, however, are not inherently of lesser conservation value. The increase in volume and accuracy of occurrence and population data of marine species will identify additional sites not yet known for their contribution to the persistence of biodiversity.

As species occurrence and population data become more complete, the resulting network of identified KBA sites will better encompass the biological, environmental and ecological

60 components of countries and regions. Identifying KBAs not only improves our understanding of how and where PAs can be effectively placed, but also serves to better monitor the progress made towards the conservation of global biodiversity, as specified in the Aichi targets. Furthermore, the results of this research will inform ecologists and conservation managers where best to corroborate with local stakeholders to optimally determine where to invest resources that will most promote the global persistence of species and ecosystems. IUCN’s KBA criteria and thresholds increase our understanding of where species require the most conservation, and they also improve our understanding of which existing PAs are protecting the most species in need of conservation and where additional PAs would be best placed to ensure the perpetuation of biodiversity, both regionally and globally.

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APPENDIX A

DATA REQUIREMENTS AND DATA SOURCES USED FOR IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN THE

GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY REGION

Data requirement Data Source Name Data format Data Source and/or citation

Ocean Biogeographic Species point locality CSV (converted to OBIS (2017) Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Intergovernmental Information System data point shapefiles) Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. www.iobis.org (OBIS)

Global Biodiversity CSV (converted to GBIF.org (2017), GBIF Home Page. Available from: https://www.gbif.org [3rd Information Facility point shapefiles) November 2016] (GBIF) D R Robertson and J Van Tassell. 2015. Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online Smithsonian Tropical CSV (converted to information system. Version 1.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Research Institute (STRI) point shapefiles) Panamá. Museum of Comparative CSV (converted to Zoology, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. http://mcz.harvard.edu. point shapefiles) University (MCZ)

Species generalized The IUCN Red List of IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. GIS shapefiles distribution maps Threatened Species http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on <10-26-2016>

Existing Areas of IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (2017), The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [On- World Database on Conservation GIS shapefiles line], [July 2017]. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Available at: Protected Areas (WDPA) Concern www.protectedplanet.net

U.S. Marine Protected U.S. Marine Protected Areas Boundaries: MPA Inventory (2014). Version 2014-1, Areas Boundaries: MPA GIS shapefiles annual update; digital maps. Available at: https://protectedseas.net/mpa-download- Inventory data/

BirdLife International (2016). Charity registration number 1042125, Marine Important Bird and GIS shapefiles Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Received on: 7 July 2016 from Gill Bunting, Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) GIS officer Alliance for Zero Citation: Alliance for Zero Extinction (2010). 2010 AZE Update. GIS shapefiles Extinctions (AZE) www.zeroextinction.org Conservation

International: GIS shapefiles https://www.conservation.org/How/Pages/Hotspots.aspx Biodiversity Hotspots

Data requirement Data Source Name Data format Data Source and/or citation A. Dutkiewicz, R. D. Müller, S. O’Callaghan and H. Jónasson, 2015, Census of seafloor Physical data layers Seabed lithology GIS shapefiles sediments in the world’s ocean basins, Geology, published online 5 Aug 2015. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/9/795.full U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program (2005). Undersea features GIS shapefiles http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1071/data/background/ngdc/gomnames.zip Lehner, B. and Döll, P. (2004): Development and validation of a global database of Global Lakes and GIS shapefiles lakes, Wetlands reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology 296/1-4: 1-22.

marine ports GIS shapefiles Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

national, subnational, political and regional GIS shapefiles Open access data boundaries rivers and shoreline Soluri, E. A., and V. A. Woodson (1990), World Vector Shoreline, GIS shapefiles use Int. Hydrograph. Rev., LXVII(1), 27–35. Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M. A. marine ecoregions digitized map X., ... & Martin, K. D. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57(7), 573-583. marine bathymetry GIS shapefiles Open access data UNEP-WCMC, WorldFish Centre, WRI, TNC (2010). Global distribution of warm-water coral reefs, compiled from multiple sources including the Millennium Coral Reef UNEP - WCMC Mapping Project. Version 2.0. Includes contributions from IMaRS-USF and IRD Habitat layers GIS shapefiles (Coral reefs) (2005), IMaRS-USF (2005) and Spalding et al. (2001). Cambridge (UK): UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre. URL: http://data.unep- wcmc.org/datasets/1 Spalding M, Kainuma M, Collins L (2010b). Data layer from the World Atlas of UNEP - WCMC GIS shapefiles Mangroves. In Supplement to: Spalding et al. (2010a). Cambridge (UK): UNEP World (Mangroves) Conservation Monitoring Centre. URL: data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/22 Green, E. P., and F. T. Short. "World Atlas of Seagrasses. Prepared by the UNEP UNEP - WCMC GIS shapefiles World Conservation Monitoring Centre." University of California, Press Berkeley, USA (Seagrasses) (2003).

APPENDIX B

FLOW CHART REPRESENTING THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS USED IN IDENTIFYING MARINE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS

Flow chart decision-making tree concerning how the KBA criteria were applied to species in the Greater Caribbean study region. Each of the 1,667 marine vertebrate species identified as occurring in Greater Caribbean study region were put through this decision making process in order to identify KBAs for species that satisfied the thresholds for each criterion and/or sub- criterion.

Is the species No restricted range?

Yes

Continue to next step

Is the species listed as Evaluate the species threatened ? against the B1 criterion thresholds

End and

criter Is the species listed as ia threatened due to population decrease in the past or present? (A1, A2, A4)

Does the species’ range overlap with other restricted range species’ distributions? Is the species Is the species

listed as CR listed as CR or EN? or EN? Is the species’ bioregionally restricted? Evaluate the species against the B2 criterion Evaluate the species Evaluate the thresholds against the A1c sub- species against the

criterion thresholds A1b sub-criterion Evaluate the species thresholds against the B3b sub- criterion thresholds Evaluate the species against the A1d sub- criterion thresholds Evaluate the species

against the A1a sub- Is this species also considered a criterion thresholds restricted range species?

End

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C1. A list of KBAs identified for hagfishes and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed according to the species that triggered it in alphabetical order, by Order, Family then Species.

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

met designation W/O identified KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria

Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD New Site 37 HND 16.884 -81.268 N/A B1 RP O caribbeaus Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD Reserva de Biosfera COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B1 RP W caribbeaus Seaflower Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD Isla de Mona PRI 18.105 -67.902 Natural reserve B1 RP W mendozai Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve B1 RP W mendozai Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD Siete Hermanos Keys - DOM 19.952 -71.806 IBA B1 RP W mendozai Marine Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus DD South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA B1 RP W mendozai Southwest - Marine Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus LC New Site 28 COL 12.400 -72.250 N/A B1 RP O wayuu Myxiniformes Myxinidae Rubicundus DD Mid-Atlantic Coastal USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non-MPA B1 RP W lopheliae Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C2. A list of KBAs identified for sharks and rays and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed alphabetically according to the species that triggered it, by Order, Family then Species.

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W longimanus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 45 PRI 18.975 -67.375 N/A A1d PK O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 48 MEX 19.573 -95.308 N/A A1d RP O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d PK O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 53 MEX 20.790 -93.153 N/A A1d RP O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 61 CUB 21.848 -85.481 N/A A1d CK O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d CK O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 92 USA 28.634 -77.939 N/A A1d PK O longimanus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d PK O longimanus

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met

Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d RP W obscurus National seashore Seashore Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d RP W obscurus marine sanctuary Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d CK O obscurus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 101 USA 30.484 -81.232 N/A A1d CK O obscurus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d RP O obscurus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1d RP W obscurus Inshore Ocean Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d RP W obscurus Continental Shelf Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W obscurus area Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d PK W plumbeus National seashore Seashore Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W plumbeus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d CK O plumbeus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1d CK O plumbeus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1d PK W plumbeus Inshore Ocean Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d CK W plumbeus Continental Shelf Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d CK W plumbeus area Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d RP W signatus shore and Barrier Islands Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W signatus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 66 USA 24.035 -82.606 N/A A1d RP O signatus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1d RP O signatus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 85 USA 27.014 -94.316 N/A A1d RP O signatus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 92 USA 28.634 -77.939 N/A A1d PK O signatus

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met

Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1d RP O signatus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus VU Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1d RP W signatus Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1c CK W oxyrhynchus Marine Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1c CK W oxyrhynchus Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1c CK W oxyrhynchus Marine Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1c RP W oxyrhynchus Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire du Littoral Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Guyane GUF 5.190 -52.893 Regional nature A1c RP W oxyrhynchus park Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon CR Littoral GUF 5.497 -53.056 IBA A1c RP W oxyrhynchus Iracoubo - Marine Carcharhiniformes Proscylliidae Eridacnis barbouri DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B1 CK O Carcharhiniformes Proscylliidae Eridacnis barbouri DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B2 PK O Carcharhiniformes Proscylliidae Eridacnis barbouri DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Galeus cadenati DD New Site 8 PAN 9.112 -80.827 N/A B1 CK O Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Galeus cadenati DD New Site 9 PAN 9.139 -81.445 N/A B1 CK O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Parmaturus DD New Site 56 MEX 21.573 -96.800 N/A B1 RP O campechiensis Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Alligator USA 29.899 -84.459 Aquatic A1c RP W Harbor preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1c RP W shore and Barrier Islands Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Canaveral USA 28.795 -80.727 National A1c CK W seashore Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Cumberland USA 30.831 -81.421 IBA, National A1c PK W Island National seashore Seashore Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research A1c CK W Oculina preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1c RP W Banks sanctuary Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Guana River USA 30.001 -81.298 Aquatic A1c PK W Marsh preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, A1c RP W National wildlife refuge Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1c PK O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1c CK O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O

identified criteria met

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN New Site 105 USA 32.738 -79.767 N/A A1c PK O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1c RP W Continental Shelf Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W area Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1c RP W mokarran Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1c RP W mokarran Cozumel Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Arrecifes de la PRI 18.367 -65.525 Natural reserve A1c RP W mokarran Cordillera Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1c RP W mokarran Reef System Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1c RP W mokarran shore and Barrier Islands Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1c RP W mokarran park Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Culebra PRI 18.341 -65.413 IBA, KBA A1c RP W mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1c RP W mokarran RAMSAR site, National park Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c CK W mokarran marine sanctuary

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1c RP W mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Gray's Reef USA 31.392 -80.875 IMMA, National A1c RP W mokarran Marine Sanctuary Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA A1c RP W mokarran Blanquilla Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1c RP W mokarran wildlife refuge Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Matlacha Pass USA 26.633 -82.080 Aquatic A1c RP W mokarran preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c RP W mokarran Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN National Key USA 24.738 -81.388 Refuge A1c RP W mokarran Deer Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 73 USA 25.917 -81.791 N/A A1c RP O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 87 USA 27.921 -83.418 N/A A1c RP O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 89 USA 28.160 -79.859 N/A A1c PK O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1c RP O mokarran

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 93 USA 29.268 -84.952 N/A A1c CK O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 94 USA 28.900 -93.650 N/A A1c CK O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 96 USA 29.179 -80.406 N/A A1c CK O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 97 USA 29.647 -85.761 N/A A1c CK O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 101 USA 30.484 -81.232 N/A A1c RP O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c RP O mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1c RP W mokarran seashore Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1c RP W mokarran Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Pine Island USA 26.581 -82.159 Aquatic A1c RP W mokarran Sound preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1c RP W mokarran County preserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W mokarran biosphere reserve Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Sancti Spiritus CUB 21.545 -79.237 IBA A1c RP W mokarran Southern Wetland - Marine

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W mokarran area Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1c RP W mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna EN Tunas de Zaza CUB 21.637 -79.539 Wildlife refuge A1c RP W mokarran Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU Bigi Pan SUR 6.020 -56.716 IBA, Multiple A1d RP W use management area Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1d RP W Marine Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU New Site 16 TTO 10.510 -61.026 N/A A1d CK O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU New Site 18 TTO 10.658 -60.847 N/A A1d CK O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU New Site 26 COL 11.323 -71.169 N/A A1d RP O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A A1d RP O Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU Northern SUR 6.001 -54.555 IBA, Multiple A1d RP W Commewijne/ use Marowijne management area Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna zygaena VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d RP W marine sanctuary Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus DD New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B1 RP O minicanis Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus DD New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A B1 RP O minicanis Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus DD New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A B1 RP O minicanis 90

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus DD New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A B2 PK O minicanis Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus DD New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A B2 PK O minicanis Chimaeriformes Rhino- Neoharriotta carri DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B1 CK W chimaeridae Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Chimaeriformes Rhino- Neoharriotta carri DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B2 PK W chimaeridae Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Chimaeriformes Rhino- Neoharriotta carri DD New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A B2 PK O chimaeridae Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W superciliosus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 38 VIR 17.176 -64.524 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus 91

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 45 PRI 18.975 -67.375 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 60 MEX 22.378 -93.787 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 61 CUB 21.848 -85.481 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 79 USA 26.523 -79.964 N/A A1d PK O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 85 USA 27.014 -94.316 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d RP O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 96 USA 29.179 -80.406 N/A A1d CK O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d PK O superciliosus Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d RP W National seashore Seashore Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus VU New Site 103 USA 31.305 -81.104 N/A A1d RP O Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d RP O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon type

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA

KBA KBA criteria met Lamniformes Lamnidae Carcharodon VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W carcharias Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Lamnidae Carcharodon VU New Site 96 USA 29.179 -80.406 N/A A1d RP O carcharias Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d CK O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU New Site 85 USA 27.014 -94.316 N/A A1d PK O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU New Site 92 USA 28.634 -77.939 N/A A1d PK O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d PK O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU New Site 60 MEX 22.378 -93.787 N/A A1d RP O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU New Site 81 USA 26.513 -91.428 N/A A1d PK O Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d RP O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon type

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA

KBA KBA criteria met Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1d RP W seashore Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1d RP W Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d PK W National seashore Seashore Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Chandeleur USA 29.773 -89.007 IBA, National A1d RP W Islands (Breton wildlife refuge National Wildlife Refuge) Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Cumberland USA 30.831 -81.421 IBA, National A1d RP W Island National seashore Seashore Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Gray's Reef USA 31.392 -80.875 IMMA, National A1d RP W marine sanctuary Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU New Site 106 USA 32.978 -79.323 N/A A1d RP O Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d RP O Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1d PK W

Inshore Ocean 94

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d RP W Continental Shelf Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1d RP W seashore Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W area Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d RP W shore and Barrier Islands Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d RP W marine sanctuary Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d RP W Banks sanctuary Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine A1d CK W y Cayos national park Cochinos Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1d PK W Bahia park Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU New Site 83 USA 27.272 -90.149 N/A A1d CK O Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d PK O Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Tiburón MEX 21.674 -87.131 Biosphere A1d PK W Ballena reserve Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Yum Balam MEX 21.602 -87.306 Flora and fauna A1d RP W protection area Pristiophoriformes Pristiophoridae Pristiophorus DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B1 RP O schroederi

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Pristiophoriformes Pristiophoridae Pristiophorus DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B2 PK O schroederi Pristiophoriformes Pristiophoridae Pristiophorus DD New Site 78 BHS 26.388 -78.739 N/A B2 PK O schroederi Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja atlantis DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja atlantis DD New Site 63 CUB 23.212 -81.379 N/A B1 RP O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja atlantis DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B1 CK O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja atlantis DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B2 PK O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja atlantis DD New Site 77 BHS 26.265 -79.263 N/A B2 PK O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja cadenati DD New Site 40 PRI 18.283 -67.297 N/A B1 RP O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja cadenati DD New Site 77 BHS 26.265 -79.263 N/A B2 PK O batidae Rajiformes Anacantho- Cruriraja cadenati DD New Site 78 BHS 26.388 -78.739 N/A B2 PK O batidae Rajiformes Arhyncho- Fenestraja DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3B PK O batidae cubensis Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d PK W National seashore Seashore Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU New Site 109 USA 33.453 -79.093 N/A A1d RP O Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1d PK W Inshore Ocean Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d PK W Continental Shelf Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1d RP W Marine Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1d RP W Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Arrecifes de la PRI 18.367 -65.525 Natural reserve A1d RP W Cordillera Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Cayo Campos - CUB 21.579 -82.104 IMMA, Wildlife A1d RP W Cayo Rosario refuge Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Culebra PRI 18.341 -65.413 IBA, KBA A1d RP W Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Empalme Los MEX 20.295 -90.601 Special A1d RP W Petenes protection zone Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research A1d RP W Oculina preserve Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d RP W marine sanctuary Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d RP W Banks sanctuary Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Isla Contoy MEX 21.486 -86.793 National park A1d RP W Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1d RP W

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Matlacha Pass USA 26.633 -82.080 Aquatic A1d RP W preserve Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU New Site 1 GUF 5.979 -52.619 N/A A1d PK O Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU New Site 102 USA 30.255 -80.092 N/A A1d PK O Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Oranjestad ABW 12.464 -69.976 IBA A1d RP W Reef Islands / San Nicolas Bay Reef Islands - Marine Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1d RP W seashore Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1d RP W Biosfera Seaflower Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1d RP W biosphere reserve Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1d RP W Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W area Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1d RP W Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Yum Balam MEX 21.602 -87.306 Flora and fauna A1d RP W protection area Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU Corales De COL 9.923 -76.150 Natural A1d RP W colombiensis Profundidad national park 98

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU Corales De COL 9.923 -76.150 Natural B1 RP W colombiensis Profundidad national park Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W colombiensis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural B1 RP W colombiensis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU New Site 13 COL 9.897 -75.974 N/A A1d CK O colombiensis Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W guamachensis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU New Site 30 COL 12.466 -71.763 N/A A1d RP O guamachensis Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A A1d RP O guamachensis Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis VU New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A A1d RP O guamachensis Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 0 SUR 6.866 -53.956 N/A A1d RP O Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 1 GUF 5.979 -52.619 N/A A1d CK O Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 2 GUY 7.727 -57.346 N/A A1d CK O Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 7 GUY 8.477 -58.746 N/A A1d RP O Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 11 VEN 9.304 -60.368 N/A A1d CK O

Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU New Site 21 TTO 11.182 -60.887 N/A A1d RP O 99

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU Northern SUR 6.001 -54.555 IBA, Multiple A1d RP W Commewijne/ use Marowijne management area Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Breton USA 29.776 -88.967 National A1c RP W wildlife refuge Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Canaveral USA 28.795 -80.727 National A1c RP W seashore Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Chandeleur USA 29.773 -89.007 IBA, National A1c CK W Islands (Breton wildlife refuge National Wildlife Refuge) Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c RP W marine sanctuary Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Guana River USA 30.001 -81.298 Aquatic A1c RP W Marsh preserve Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Gulf Islands USA 30.295 -87.815 IMMA, National A1c RP W seashore Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA A1c RP W Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Matlacha Pass USA 26.633 -82.080 Aquatic A1c RP W preserve Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c RP W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management

Plan 100

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Mission- USA 28.070 -96.998 National A1c RP W Aransas estuarine research reserve Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A A1c RP O Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A A1c CK O Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR New Site 59 MEX 22.306 -97.724 N/A A1c RP O Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR New Site 75 USA 26.277 -82.595 N/A A1c RP O Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR New Site 95 USA 29.609 -81.175 N/A A1c CK O Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1c RP W seashore Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Pedro Cays JAM 16.987 -77.759 IBA A1c RP W and Bank - Marine Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Pelkermeer BES 12.166 -68.325 IBA A1c RP W Saltworks, Bonaire - Marine Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1c RP W County preserve Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1c CK W Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande 101

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Rookery Bay USA 25.920 -81.641 National A1c RP W estuarine research reserve Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1c RP W Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Active Delta USA 29.151 -89.255 IBA A1c RP W (Mississippi River Birdsfoot Delta) Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Alligator USA 29.899 -84.459 Aquatic A1c RP W Harbor preserve Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1c CK W Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Apalachicola USA 29.697 -84.949 Aquatic A1c RP W Bay preserve Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1c CK W Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1c RP W National seashore Seashore Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1c Ck W Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1c RP W Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire du Littoral Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1c RP W

RAMSAR site, 102 National park

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c CK W marine sanctuary Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Guyane GUF 5.190 -52.893 Regional nature A1c RP W park Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1c RP W Términos protection area Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Littoral GUF 5.497 -53.056 IBA A1c RP W Iracoubo - Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Matlacha Pass USA 26.633 -82.080 Aquatic A1c RP W preserve Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1c RP W seashore Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1c RP W County preserve Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W area Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR St. Martins USA 28.840 -82.704 Aquatic A1c RP W Marsh preserve Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1c CK W Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1c CK W Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1c CK W Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1c RP W Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire

du Littoral 103

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Guyane GUF 5.190 -52.893 Regional nature A1c RP W park Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1c RP W Términos protection area Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Littoral GUF 5.497 -53.056 IBA A1c RP W Iracoubo - Marine Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Marais De Kaw GUF 4.747 -52.028 RAMSAR site A1c CK W Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W biosphere reserve Rajiformes Rajidae Breviraja colesi DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja ocellata EN Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1c PK W Inshore Ocean Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja DD Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park B1 RP W yucatanensis Cozumel Rajiformes Rajidae Neoraja DD Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- B1 RP W carolinensis Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Rajiformes Rajidae Neoraja DD New Site 91 USA 29.103 -77.065 N/A B1 RP O carolinensis Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Rajiformes Torpedinidae Torpedo DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B1 PK O andersoni

Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B2 PK O 104 Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD New Site 77 BHS 26.265 -79.263 N/A B1 RP O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD New Site 77 BHS 26.265 -79.263 N/A B2 PK O Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD North Atlantic BHS 26.954 -77.715 IBA B1 RP W Abaco Cays - Marine Rajiformes Torpedinidae Torpedo DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O andersoni Rajiformes Torpedinidae Torpedo DD New Site 70 BHS 23.934 -79.426 N/A B1 PK O andersoni Rajiformes Urotrygonidae Urotrygon NT New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A B2 PK O venezuelae Squaliformes Etmopteridae Etmopterus DD Ciénaga COL 11.049 -74.515 IBA, AZE, B1 RP W carteri Grande, Isla de RAMSAR site Salamanca and Sabana Grande RAMSAR biosphere reserve Squaliformes Etmopteridae Etmopterus DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B1 CK W carteri Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande

105

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus acanthias VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

106

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C3. A list of KBAs identified for bony fishes and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed alphabetically according to the species that triggered it, by Order, Family then Species.

107

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

met designation W/O identified KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria

Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W brevirostrum Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W brevirostrum area Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN Active Delta USA 29.151 -89.255 IBA A1c CK W (Mississippi River Birdsfoot Delta) Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN Apalachicola USA 29.697 -84.949 Aquatic A1c CK W Bay preserve Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1c CK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine

108

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN New Site 74 BHS 26.197 -76.127 N/A A1c CK O Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN New Site 78 BHS 26.388 -78.739 N/A A1c CK O Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN New Site 82 BHS 27.472 -76.462 N/A A1c CK O Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN New Site 102 USA 30.255 -80.092 N/A A1c CK O Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c CK O Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Catesbya DD Southern BHS 23.980 -74.532 IBA B1 RP W pseudomuraena Great Lake - Marine Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W suensonii Reef System Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W suensonii shore and Barrier Islands Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W suensonii Reef monument Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O suensonii Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W suensonii Biosfera Seaflower Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W suensonii Caye 109

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Aprognathodon LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W platyventris Reef monument Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Aprognathodon LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O platyventris Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Callechelys DD Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring B1 RP W springeri area Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Membras DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B2 PK W argentea Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia colei EN New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B2 PK O Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia colei EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1a PK W biosphere reserve Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia colei EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B1 PK W biosphere reserve Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia colei EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W biosphere reserve Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1a CK W conchorum marine sanctuary Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1e PK W

conchorum marine 110 sanctuary

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B1 CK W conchorum marine sanctuary Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B2 PK W conchorum marine sanctuary Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN National Key USA 24.738 -81.388 Refuge A1a CK W conchorum Deer Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia EN National Key USA 24.738 -81.388 Refuge B1 CK W conchorum Deer Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b RP W Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b RP W shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands

111

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Caye Brokel BLZ 17.162 -87.941 Turneffe Atoll A1b RP W Conservation marine reserve Zone Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Caye Brokel BLZ 17.162 -87.941 Turneffe Atoll B1 RP W Conservation marine reserve Zone Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1b RP W near shore islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B1 RP W near shore islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B2 PK W near shore islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1b RP W Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B1 RP W Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B2 PK W Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General A1b RP W Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve

112

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General B1 RP W Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus barbatus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b RP W greenfieldorum Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W greenfieldorum Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W greenfieldorum Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W greenfieldorum Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b RP W greenfieldorum shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W greenfieldorum shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W greenfieldorum shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W greenfieldorum shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W greenfieldorum Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W greenfieldorum Caye

Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W 113 greenfieldorum Caye

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W greenfieldorum Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus johnsoni DD Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park B1 RP W Cozumel Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A A1a RP O reticulatus Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B2 PK O reticulatus Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1a RP W splendidus Cozumel Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park B1 RP W splendidus Cozumel Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1a RP W splendidus near shore islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B2 PK W splendidus near shore islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus EN La porción MEX 20.572 -86.780 Flora and fauna A1a RP W splendidus norte y la protection area franja costera oriental, terrestres y marinas de la Isla de Cozumel Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Thalassophryne LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O megalops

Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b CK W 114 gloverensis Reef System

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W gloverensis Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W gloverensis Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W gloverensis Reef System Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W gloverensis shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W gloverensis shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W gloverensis shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W gloverensis shore and Barrier Islands Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Emily or Caye BLZ 17.088 -87.988 Spawning A1b RP W gloverensis Glory aggregation site reserve Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Emily or Caye BLZ 17.088 -87.988 Spawning B1 RP W gloverensis Glory aggregation site reserve Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1b RP W gloverensis Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B1 RP W gloverensis

Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B2 PK W 115 gloverensis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b CK W gloverensis Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W gloverensis Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W gloverensis Caye Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W gloverensis Caye Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 RP W bermudensis Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W bermudensis Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W bermudensis Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W bermudensis Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 RP W collettei Whale EEZ MMS

Sanctuary 116

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W collettei Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W collettei Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W collettei Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus LC Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National B1 RP W collettei Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa aestivalis VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia majua LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W Biosfera Seaflower

Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia parvula DD New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O 117 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia parvula DD New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia parvula DD Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National B1 RP W Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Clupeiformes Clupeidae Lile piquitinga LC Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B1 RP W Clupeiformes Clupeidae Lile piquitinga LC Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B2 PK W Clupeiformes Clupeidae Lile piquitinga LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1a RP W choerostoma Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1e PK W choerostoma Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 CK W choerostoma Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W choerostoma Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1a CK W choerostoma Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve – Marine

118

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W choerostoma Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa EN Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W choerostoma Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoviella LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O elongata Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Cyprinodon LC New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B1 PK O formes dontidae artifrons Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Cyprinodon LC New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B2 PK O formes dontidae artifrons Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Cyprinodon LC Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W formes dontidae artifrons biosphere reserve Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Floridichthys LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W formes dontidae polyommus Reef System Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Floridichthys LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W formes dontidae polyommus shore and Barrier Islands Cyprinodonti- Cyprino- Floridichthys LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W formes dontidae polyommus Caye

Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU New Site 55 MEX 21.557 -87.834 N/A A1b PK O 119 formes grandissimus

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A A1b PK O formes grandissimus Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B1 PK O formes grandissimus Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B2 PK O formes grandissimus Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1b RP W formes grandissimus biosphere reserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus VU Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W formes grandissimus biosphere reserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Active Delta USA 29.151 -89.255 IBA A1b CK W formes (Mississippi River Birdsfoot Delta) Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Atchafalaya USA 29.428 -91.390 Wildlife A1b PK W formes Delta management area and game preserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Breton USA 29.776 -88.967 National A1b RP W formes wildlife refuge Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Chandeleur USA 29.773 -89.007 IBA, National A1b CK W formes Islands (Breton wildlife refuge National Wildlife Refuge) Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Gulf Islands USA 30.295 -87.815 IMMA, A1b RP W

formes Natioinal 120 seashore

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Pascagoula USA 30.373 -88.590 Coastal A1b RP W formes River Marsh preserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Yellow River USA 30.514 -87.021 Aquatic A1b CK W formes Marsh preserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus EN New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A B2 PK O formes persimilis Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1a RP W formes persimilis biosphere reserve Cyprinodonti- Fundulidae Fundulus EN Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B1 RP W formes persimilis biosphere reserve Cyprinodonti- Poecilidae Gambusia LC Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B1 PK W formes rhizophorae marine sanctuary Cyprinodonti- Poecilidae Gambusia LC Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B2 PK W formes rhizophorae marine sanctuary Cyprinodonti- Poecilidae Gambusia LC National Key USA 24.738 -81.388 Refuge B1 PK W formes rhizophorae Deer Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1d CK W atlanticus Marine Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1d RP W atlanticus Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1d CK W atlanticus Reef System Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d CK W atlanticus shore and

Barrier Islands 121

Name of PA site

type

Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA

KBA KBA criteria met Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W atlanticus park Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1d RP W atlanticus near shore islands Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1d CK W atlanticus Marine Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1d RP W atlanticus Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire du Littoral Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W atlanticus Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1d CK W atlanticus RAMSAR site, National park Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W atlanticus marine sanctuary Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine A1d RP W atlanticus y Cayos national park Cochinos Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W atlanticus Pennekamp Coral Reef Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W atlanticus wildlife refuge Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Padre Island USA 26.999 -97.343 National A1d PK W

atlanticus seashore 122

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Pelkermeer BES 12.061 -68.256 IBA A1d CK W atlanticus Saltworks, Bonaire Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Pelkermeer BES 12.166 -68.325 IBA A1d RP W atlanticus Saltworks, Bonaire - Marine Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Sian Ka'an MEX 19.563 -87.565 WHMP, IMMA, A1d CK W atlanticus UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, National park Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1d RP W atlanticus Southwest - Marine Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1d RP W atlanticus Caye Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W atlanticus Monitoring area Area Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W lanthanum shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W lanthanum Reef monument Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W rubiginosus Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W

rubiginosus shore and 123 Barrier Islands

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W rubiginosus Reef monument Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W rubiginosus National wildlife refuge Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O rubiginosus Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O rubiginosus Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W rubiginosus Biosfera Seaflower Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W rubiginosus Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus DD New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B2 PK O kremnobates Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus nanus DD Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B1 CK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus nanus DD Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks

Bank Seabird 124 Cays - Marine

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus nanus DD Great Inagua - BHS 21.115 -73.347 IBA B1 RP W Marine Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus vittiger DD New Site 20 VEN 11.023 -65.587 N/A B1 RP O Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon briggsi LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W lavettsmithi Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W lavettsmithi Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W lavettsmithi Reef System Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W lavettsmithi shore and

Barrier Islands 125

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W lavettsmithi shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W lavettsmithi shore and Barrier Islands Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W lavettsmithi Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W lavettsmithi Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W lavettsmithi Caye Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W rupestris Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Calamopteryx LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O goslinei Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Calamopteryx LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W goslinei Biosfera Seaflower Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia mccoskeri DD Escudo de PAN 9.000 -81.593 Protected B1 RP W Veraguas landscape Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia mccoskeri DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B1 RP O Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia mccoskeri DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O

Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia mccoskeri DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O 126

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia tyleri LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia tyleri LC New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B2 PK O Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbia tyleri LC Point Sables LCA 13.793 -60.892 IBA B1 RP W National Park - Marine Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys EN Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1a RP W ferocis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys EN Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural B1 RP W ferocis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys EN New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1a CK O ferocis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys EN New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B1 CK O ferocis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys EN New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O ferocis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B1 RP O haitiensis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W kakuki Reef monument Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O longimanus Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Isla de Mona PRI 18.105 -67.902 Natural reserve B1 RP W puertoricoensis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Mona and PRI 18.102 -67.899 IBA, KBA B1 RP W puertoricoensis Monito 127

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B1 RP W puertoricoensis Biosfera Seaflower Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B2 PK W puertoricoensis Biosfera Seaflower Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B1 RP W tobagoensis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B2 PK W tobagoensis Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys DD Little Tobago TTO 11.296 -60.503 IBA, KBA, AZE B1 RP W tobagoensis Island Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Parasaccogaster DD Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural B1 RP W melanomycter national park Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Lepophidium LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W marmoratum shore and Barrier Islands Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Otophidium LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W dormitator Reef monument Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon mosavi LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon mosavi LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon mosavi LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Blenniidae Hypsoblennius LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W exstochilus Reef monument

Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O 128 maria betinensis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W maria greenfieldi Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W maria greenfieldi shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W maria greenfieldi Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W maria greenfieldi Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B1 PK W maria harpeza National wildlife refuge Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B2 PK W maria harpeza National wildlife refuge Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W maria harpeza National wildlife refuge Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O maria johnsoni Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O maria johnsoni Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B2 PK O maria johnsoni Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC St Giles Islands TTO 11.356 -60.523 IBA B1 RP W maria johnsoni Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W

maria paula Reef System 129

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W maria paula Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W maria paula Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W maria paula shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W maria paula shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W maria paula shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W maria paula Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W maria paula Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W maria paula Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemble- LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O maria rivasi Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W ocellata Reef monument Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis LC New Site 71 USA 25.391 -82.517 N/A B1 RP O roseola Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis LC New Site 99 USA 29.864 -86.085 N/A B1 RP O roseola

Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis LC New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A B1 RP O 130 roseola

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria DD Oranjestad ABW 12.464 -69.976 IBA B1 RP W culmenis Reef Islands / San Nicolas Bay Reef Islands - Marine Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W caldwelli Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W caldwelli shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W caldwelli Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W caldwelli Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W caycedoi Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC New Site 17 VEN 10.546 -64.032 N/A B1 RP O diphyodontis Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B1 RP O diphyodontis Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O diphyodontis Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O diphyodontis Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria LC New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B2 PK O

diphyodontis 131

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria DD Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine B1 RP W hyltoni y Cayos national park Cochinos Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria DD Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B1 RP W hyltoni Bahia park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria DD Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B2 PK W hyltoni Bahia park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve B1 CK W arawak Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA B1 CK W arawak Southwest - Marine Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W carib Reef monument Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 PK W dianae Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W dianae Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W dianae Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 PK W dianae shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W dianae shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W dianae shore and

Barrier Islands 132

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 PK W dianae Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W dianae Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W dianae Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b PK W pricei Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 PK W pricei Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W pricei Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W pricei Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b PK W pricei shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 PK W pricei shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W pricei shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W pricei shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1b RP W pricei

Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B2 PK W 133 pricei

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1b RP W pricei Bahia park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B1 PK W pricei Bahia park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B2 PK W pricei Bahia park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b PK W pricei Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 PK W pricei Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W pricei Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W pricei Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD Humedal VEN 10.736 -63.806 IBA, Marine B1 RP W randalli Chacopata national park Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B1 RP O randalli Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis DD New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O randalli Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W ruetzleri Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W ruetzleri shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W ruetzleri Reef monument Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W

ruetzleri Caye 134

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Chaenopsidae Hemiemblemaria LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W simulus Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Hemiemblemaria LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W simulus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Hemiemblemaria LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W simulus Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W zingaro Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W zingaro shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O zingaro Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O zingaro Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W zingaro Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W zingaro Caye Perciformes Chaenopsidae Protemblemaria LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O punctata Perciformes Chaenopsidae Protemblemaria LC New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B2 PK O punctata Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W hemphillii Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W

stahli Reef monument 135

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O

identified criteria met

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W tekla Reef System Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 Iba B3b PK W tekla shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W tekla Caye Perciformes Dactylo- Dactylagnus DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O scopidae peratikos Perciformes Dactylo- Gillellus inescatus DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B1 RP W scopidae National wildlife refuge Perciformes Dactylo- Gillellus inescatus DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B2 PK W scopidae National wildlife refuge Perciformes Dactylo- Gillellus inescatus DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B2 PK W scopidae National wildlife refuge Perciformes Dactylo- Myxodagnus DD Long Island BHS 23.259 -75.090 IBA, KBA B1 CK W scopidae belone and Hog Cay Perciformes Dactylo- Myxodagnus DD New Site 42 PRI 18.447 -67.161 N/A B1 RP O scopidae belone Perciformes Dactylo- Platygillellus DD Great Inagua - BHS 21.115 -73.347 IBA B1 RP W scopidae smithi Marine Perciformes Dactylo- Platygillellus DD Little Inagua BHS 21.493 -72.999 National park B1 RP W scopidae smithi Perciformes Dactylo- Platygillellus DD New Site 29 VEN 12.427 -70.919 N/A B1 RP O scopidae smithi

Perciformes Eleotridae Leptophilypnus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B1 CK O 136 fluviatilis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Eleotridae Leptophilypnus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O fluviatilis Perciformes Eleotridae Leptophilypnus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O fluviatilis Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1c RP W drummondhayi Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1c PK W drummondhayi park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1c RP W drummondhayi Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1c PK W drummondhayi Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research A1c RP W drummondhayi Oculina reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c PK W drummondhayi marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1c PK W drummondhayi Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1c PK W drummondhayi wildlife refuge

137

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c CK W drummondhayi Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c PK O drummondhayi Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W drummondhayi Monitoring area Area Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1c CK W itajara Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1c RP W itajara Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1c PK W itajara Cozumel Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Bahia Portete COL 12.217 -71.926 Natural A1c RP W itajara Kaurrele national park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1c CK W itajara Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1c RP W itajara Reef System Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1c RP W itajara shore and Barrier Islands

Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1c PK W 138 itajara park

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA A1c RP W itajara Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1c RP W itajara Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Cape Haze USA 26.805 -82.197 Aquatic A1c RP W itajara preserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Charlotte USA 26.759 -82.137 Preserve state A1c RP W itajara Harbor park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Ciénaga de CUB 22.127 -81.376 IMMA, Natural A1c RP W itajara Zapata park, UNESCO biosphere reserve, RAMSAR site Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1c RP W itajara near shore islands Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1c CK W itajara Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1c RP W itajara Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire

du Littoral 139

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1c PK W itajara Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1c CK W itajara RAMSAR site, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research A1c RP W itajara Oculina reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c PK W itajara marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Gasparilla USA 26.827 -82.150 Aquatic A1c RP W itajara Sound - preserve Charlotte Harbor Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Guyane GUF 5.190 -52.893 Regional nature A1c RP W itajara park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Humedal Sur CUB 21.633 -79.229 IBA, Marine A1c RP W itajara de Sancti national park Spiritus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Jardines de la CUB 20.898 -78.875 IMMA, National A1c RP W itajara Reina park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1c PK W itajara Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1c PK W itajara wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1c RP W itajara

Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1c CK W 140 itajara Términos protection area

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Laguna Madre MEX 24.794 -97.569 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W itajara y Delta del Río biosphere Bravo reserve, Flora and fauna protection area Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Las Picúas- CUB 23.055 -80.193 IBA, IMMA, A1c RP W itajara Cayo Cristo Wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Littoral GUF 5.497 -53.056 IBA A1c RP W itajara Iracoubo - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Lower Tampa USA 27.625 -82.732 IBA A1c RP W itajara Bay Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Marais De Kaw GUF 4.747 -52.028 RAMSAR site A1c CK W itajara Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Matlacha Pass USA 26.633 -82.080 Aquatic A1c RP W itajara preserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, A1c RP W itajara National wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1c RP W itajara Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Pine Island USA 26.581 -82.159 Aquatic A1c RP W itajara Sound preserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1c RP W itajara County preserve

141

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1c RP W itajara Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IbA A1c RP W itajara Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W itajara biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1c RP W itajara Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W itajara Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1c RP W itajara Caye Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c CK W itajara Monitoring area Area Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus CR Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1c RP W itajara

Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Acantilados PRI 18.504 -67.012 IBA, KBA A1c RP W 142 striatus del Noroeste

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Anegada: VGB 18.717 -64.328 IBA A1c RP W striatus Western salt ponds and coastal areas - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1c RP W striatus Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1c PK W striatus Cozumel Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Arrecifes de la PRI 18.367 -65.525 Nature reserve A1c RP W striatus Cordillera Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Banco MEX 18.588 -87.337 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W striatus Chinchorro biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1c CK W striatus Reef System Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1c PK W striatus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1c CK W striatus Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1c PK W striatus park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1c CK W striatus Marine

Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA A1c PK W 143 striatus Nature

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Buenavista CUB 22.569 -78.980 IMMA, A1c RP W striatus RAMSAR site, UNESCO-MAB Biosphere ReserveProtect ed area of managed resources Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1c PK W striatus Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cayería Centro CUB 22.696 -79.307 IBA, KBA, AZE A1c RP W striatus - Oriental de Villa Clara Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cayo Campos - CUB 21.579 -82.104 IMMA, Wildlife A1c PK W striatus Cayo Rosario refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cayo Cantiles CUB 21.565 -82.032 IMMA, Natural A1c RP W striatus – Avalo – Park Rosario Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cayo Francés CUB 22.652 -79.171 IMMA, Wildlife A1c RP W striatus refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cayos de San CUB 21.953 -83.500 AZE, National A1c RP W striatus Felipe park, Faunal refuge

144

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Central CYM 19.321 -81.250 IBA, KBA A1c RP W striatus Mangrove Wetland Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Ciénaga de CUB 22.127 -81.376 IMMA, Natural A1c PK W striatus Zapata park, UNESCO biosphere reserve, RAMSAR site Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1c RP W striatus near shore islands Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1c RP W striatus Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1c CK W striatus Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Costa Occ. de MEX 21.133 -86.758 National park A1c RP W striatus I. Mujeres, Pta. Cancún y Pta. Nizuc Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Culebra PRI 18.341 -65.413 IBA, KBA A1c RP W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1c PK W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1c RP W

striatus RAMSAR site, 145 National park

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Exuma Cays BHS 24.414 -76.681 IBA, KBA, A1c RP W striatus Land and Sea IMMA, National Park park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c PK W striatus marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Gladden Spit BLZ 16.532 -87.977 Spawning A1c RP W striatus aggregation site reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1c RP W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Great Inagua - BHS 21.115 -73.347 IBA A1c RP W striatus Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Humedal Sur CUB 21.633 -79.229 IBA, Marine A1c CK W striatus de Sancti national park Spiritus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA A1c RP W striatus Blanquilla Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1c CK W striatus Bahia park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Jardines de la CUB 20.898 -78.875 IMMA, National A1c PK W striatus Reina park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1c PK W striatus Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1c PK W striatus wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Nature reserve A1c CK W

striatus 146

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1c RP W striatus Términos protection area Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Lanzanillo- CUB 22.755 -79.626 IMMA, Wildlife A1c RP W striatus Pajonal- refuge Fragoso Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Little Inagua BHS 21.493 -72.999 National park A1c RP W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1c RP W striatus Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Maximo River CUB 21.910 -77.445 IBA A1c RP W striatus - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Mona and PRI 18.102 -67.899 IBA, KBA A1c RP W striatus Monito Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, A1c RP W striatus National wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN North Atlantic BHS 26.944 -77.703 IBA A1c RP W striatus Abaco Cays Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN North Atlantic BHS 26.954 -77.715 IBA A1c CK W striatus Abaco Cays - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN North-west VIR 18.378 -65.055 IBA A1c RP W striatus Cays Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Offshore ATG 17.111 -61.774 IBA, KBA, AZE A1c RP W striatus Islands

147

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1c RP W striatus Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Península de CUB 22.139 -81.424 Protected area A1c PK W striatus Zapata of managed resources Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Pinar del Rio CUB 22.206 -83.280 IBA A1c RP W striatus Southern Wetland - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Princess TCA 21.822 -72.182 National park A1c RP W striatus Alexandra Land and Sea Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Saba Island VIR 18.306 -64.999 IBA A1c RP W striatus and Cays Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Sandy Point VIR 23.947 -74.562 IBA A1c RP W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Santuario del MEX 18.495 -88.070 Ecological A1c RP W striatus Manatí, Bahía conservation de Chetumal Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Sian Ka'an MEX 19.563 -87.565 WHMP, IMMA, A1c RP W striatus UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1c RP W striatus Arrecifal protection area

Lobos-Tuxpan 148

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W striatus Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN South Berry BES 25.395 -77.803 Marine reserve A1c RP W striatus Islands Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1c CK W striatus Southwest - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1c CK W striatus Caye Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W striatus area Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Southern BHS 23.980 -74.532 IBA A1c CK W striatus Great Lake - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Sur de la Isla CUB 21.593 -82.723 Protected area A1c PK W striatus de la Juventud of managed resources Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1c RP W striatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, National A1c RP W striatus Natural park Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General A1c RP W striatus Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Virgin Islands VIR 18.334 -64.780 National park A1c CK W striatus

Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN Virgin Islands VIR 18.300 -64.707 National A1c PK W 149 striatus Coral Reef monument

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus EN West Caicos TCA 21.690 -72.459 National park A1c RP W striatus Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 0 SUR 6.866 -53.956 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 7 GUY 8.477 -58.746 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 15 VEN 10.342 -65.600 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 25 COL 11.383 -73.741 N/A A1d CK O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 51 MEX 19.515 -92.624 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 80 USA 26.669 -83.621 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 88 USA 28.093 -84.474 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d RP O flavolimbatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Active Delta USA 29.151 -89.255 IBA A1c RP W nigritus (Mississippi River Birdsfoot Delta) Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Aransas USA 28.254 -96.651 National A1c RP W 150

nigritus wildlife refuge

met

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Buenavista CUB 22.569 -78.980 IMMA, A1c RP W nigritus RAMSAR site, UNESCO-MAB Biosphere ReserveProtect ed area of managed resources Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Cayería Centro CUB 22.696 -79.307 IBA, KBA, AZE A1c RP W nigritus - Oriental de Villa Clara Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Chandeleur USA 29.773 -89.007 IBA, National A1c RP W nigritus Islands (Breton wildlife refuge National Wildlife Refuge) Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c CK W nigritus marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1c RP W nigritus Banks sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Gulf Islands USA 30.295 -87.815 IMMA, National A1c RP W nigritus seashore Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Humedal Sur CUB 21.633 -79.229 IBA, Marine A1c RP W nigritus de Sancti national park Spiritus

151

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c CK W nigritus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1c CK O nigritus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c CK O nigritus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1c RP W nigritus Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus CR Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c CK W nigritus Monitoring area Area Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W niveatus park Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W niveatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research A1d RP W niveatus Oculina preserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W niveatus marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA A1d RP W niveatus Blanquilla

152

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W niveatus Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W niveatus wildlife refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d CK W niveatus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1d PK O niveatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d CK O niveatus Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W niveatus Monitoring area Area Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1d RP W interstitialis Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Arrecifes de la PRI 18.367 -65.525 Natural reserve A1d RP W interstitialis Cordillera Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Banco MEX 18.588 -87.337 UNESCO-MAB A1d RP W interstitialis Chinchorro biosphere reserve Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1d RP W

interstitialis Reef System 153

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1d RP W interstitialis Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Cayos de San CUB 21.953 -83.500 AZE, National A1d RP W interstitialis Felipe park, Faunal refuge Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Ciénaga de CUB 22.127 -81.376 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W interstitialis Zapata park, UNESCO biosphere reserve, RAMSAR site Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Culebra PRI 18.341 -65.413 IBA, KBA A1d RP W interstitialis

Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Desecheo PRI 18.382 -67.481 National A1d RP W 154 interstitialis wildlife refuge

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Escudo de PAN 9.000 -81.593 Protected A1d RP W interstitialis Veraguas landscape Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W interstitialis marine sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Florida Middle USA 28.448 -84.226 NOAA Non- A1d RP W interstitialis Grounds MPA Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d RP W interstitialis Banks sanctuary Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1d RP W interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Humedal VEN 10.736 -63.806 IBA, Marine A1d RP W interstitialis Chacopata national park Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Humedal Sur CUB 21.633 -79.229 IBA, Marine A1d RP W interstitialis de Sancti national park Spiritus Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Blanquilla Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1d RP W interstitialis Bahia park Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Jardines de la CUB 20.898 -78.875 IMMA, National A1d RP W interstitialis Reina park

Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1d RP W 155 interstitialis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W interstitialis Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d RP W interstitialis Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Mona and PRI 18.102 -67.899 IBA, KBA A1d RP W interstitialis Monito

Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A A1d RP O interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1d RP O interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU New Site 107 USA 33.098 -77.861 N/A A1d RP O interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1d RP W interstitialis Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Pinar del Rio CUB 22.206 -83.280 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Southern Wetland -

Marine 156

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Point Sables LCA 13.793 -60.892 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis National Park - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1d PK W interstitialis Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1d RP W interstitialis Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1d RP W interstitialis Southwest - Marine Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1d RP W interstitialis Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W interstitialis national park Perciformes Gobiidae Barbulifer LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W antennatus Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius DD Caño PRI 18.477 -66.601 IBA, KBA B1 RP W geminatus Tiburones Perciformes Gobiidae Chriolepis DD New Site 64 MEX 23.142 -89.057 N/A B1 RP O benthonis Perciformes Gobiidae Chriolepis vespa LC New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A B1 RP O Perciformes Gobiidae Chriolepis vespa LC New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A B1 CK O

157

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Anegada: VGB 18.717 -64.328 IBA A1b RP W alloides Western salt ponds and coastal areas - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b RP W alloides Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W alloides shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1b RP W alloides Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b RP W alloides Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1b RP W alloides Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Emily or Caye BLZ 17.088 -87.988 Spawning A1b RP W alloides Glory aggregation site reserve Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b RP W alloides marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1b RP W

alloides Bahia park 158

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1b RP O alloides Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Old COL 13.372 -81.341 IMMA, National A1b RP W alloides Providence Mc marine Bean Lagoon sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W alloides Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tee Cay, Goat BHS 24.578 -75.885 IBA A1b RP W alloides Cay and Long Rocks - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.334 -64.780 National park A1b RP W alloides Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b PK W eidolon Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b PK W eidolon shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1b PK W eidolon park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W eidolon Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1b PK W eidolon Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b PK W eidolon marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1b CK W eidolon

159

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1b CK W eidolon Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1b CK W eidolon Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1b CK W eidolon Southwest - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b CK W eidolon Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W eidolon national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.334 -64.780 National park A1b CK W eidolon Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.300 -64.707 National A1b RP W eidolon Coral Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1b RP W hyalinus Cozumel Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b CK W hyalinus Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W hyalinus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1b RP W hyalinus Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W

hyalinus Reef monument 160

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b CK W hyalinus marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Great Inagua - BHS 21.115 -73.347 IBA A1b RP W hyalinus Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1b RP W hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Mona and PRI 18.102 -67.899 IBA, KBA A1b RP W hyalinus Monito Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA A1b RP W hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 44 MEX 18.325 -94.586 N/A A1b PK O hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A A1b RP O hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 62 BHS 22.856 -74.339 N/A A1b RP O hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 78 BHS 26.388 -78.739 N/A A1b RP O hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b CK W hyalinus Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1b RP W hyalinus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W hyalinus national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tee Cay, Goat BHS 24.578 -75.885 IBA A1b CK W hyalinus Cay and Long Rocks - Marine

Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W 161 kuna Reef System

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W kuna shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W kuna Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b PK W lipernes Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W lipernes shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1b CK W lipernes Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W lipernes Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b RP W lipernes marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1b CK W lipernes Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 43 JAM 18.467 -77.407 N/A A1b RP O lipernes Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 72 BHS 25.679 -79.314 N/A A1b RP O lipernes

162

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1b RP W lipernes Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Saba BES 17.632 -63.236 IBA, KBA A1b RP W lipernes Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1b CK W lipernes Southwest - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W lipernes Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W lipernes national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.300 -64.707 National A1b RP W lipernes Coral Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b PK W personatus Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b PK W personatus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1b PK W personatus park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1b PK W personatus

163

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b PK W personatus marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1b PK W personatus Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1b PK W personatus wildlife refuge Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1b CK W personatus Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 10 PAN 9.306 -82.277 N/A A1b CK O personatus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 76 USA 26.316 -80.049 N/A A1b CK O personatus Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1b PK W personatus Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b PK W personatus Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b CK W thrix Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W thrix shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Booby Island - BHS 25.103 -77.284 IBA A1b RP W thrix Marine

164

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Booby Rocks BHS 22.445 -73.098 IBA A1b RP W thrix and Pirates Bay Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W thrix Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Conception BHS 23.835 -75.110 IBA, National A1b RP W thrix Island park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Emily or Caye BLZ 17.088 -87.988 Spawning A1b RP W thrix Glory aggregation site reserve Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b RP W thrix marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1b RP W thrix Banks sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1b RP W thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Great Inagua - BHS 21.115 -73.347 IBA A1b RP W thrix Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA A1b RP W thrix Lagoon, Curaçao Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Klein Curaçao, CUW 11.989 -68.651 IBA A1b RP W thrix Curaçao Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Little Tobago TTO 11.296 -60.501 IBA A1b CK W thrix Island - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA A1b RP W thrix

165

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon type

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Los Corales COL 9.959 -75.783 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W thrix Del Rosario Y national park De San Bernardo Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA A1b RP W thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 National A1b RP W thrix wildlife refuge Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1b RP O thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A A1b RP O thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 72 BHS 25.679 -79.314 N/A A1b RP O thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Point Sables LCA 13.793 -60.892 IBA, National A1b RP W thrix National Park - park Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1b RP W thrix Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Sound CYM 19.271 -81.358 Replinishment A1b RP W thrix zone Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b CK W

thrix Caye 166

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU St Giles Islands TTO 11.356 -60.523 IBA A1b RP W thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1b RP W thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W thrix national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.334 -64.780 National park A1b RP W thrix Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b CK W tortugae Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b PK W tortugae shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W tortugae Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b CK W tortugae marine sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Jan Thiel CUW 12.097 -68.958 IBA A1b RP W tortugae Lagoon, Curaçao - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Klein Curaçao, CUW 11.989 -68.651 IBA A1b RP W tortugae Curaçao Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1b CK W tortugae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1b RP O tortugae

167

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU North-east BHS 12.299 -69.073 IBA A1b RP W tortugae Curaçao parks and coast, Curaçao Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Old COL 13.372 -81.341 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W tortugae Providence Mc national park Bean Lagoon Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1b RP W tortugae Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1b CK W tortugae Southwest - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1b CK W tortugae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural A1b RP W tortugae national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b CK W venezuelae Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W venezuelae shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1b RP W venezuelae Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary

168

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1b RP W venezuelae Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1b RP W venezuelae Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1b RP W venezuelae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Humedal VEN 10.736 -63.806 IBA, Marine A1b RP W venezuelae Chacopata national park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Jan Thiel CUW 12.097 -68.958 IBA A1b PK W venezuelae Lagoon, Curaçao - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1b RP W venezuelae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Mochima VEN 10.316 -64.532 IMMA, National A1b RP W venezuelae park Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1b CK O venezuelae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A A1b RP O

venezuelae 169

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU New Site 41 VIR 18.385 -64.964 N/A A1b RP O venezuelae Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Berry BES 25.395 -77.803 Marine reserve A1b RP W venezuelae Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1b RP W venezuelae Southwest - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W venezuelae Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus VU Unknown VEN 10.290 -64.539 IBA A1b RP W venezuelae confirmed IBA Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius VU Laguna Madre MEX 24.794 -97.569 UNESCO-MAB A1b RP W claytonii y Delta del Río biosphere Bravo reserve, Flora and fauna protection area Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius LC Bigi Pan SUR 6.020 -56.716 IBA, Multiple B1 RP W phenacus use management area Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius LC Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA B1 RP W phenacus Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius LC Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA B1 RP W thoropsis Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN New Site 68 BHS 24.707 -76.229 N/A B1 CK O atronasus Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Tee Cay, Goat BHS 24.578 -75.885 IBA A1a RP W atronasus Cay and Long

Rocks - Marine 170

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Tee Cay, Goat BHS 24.578 -75.885 IBA B1 RP W atronasus Cay and Long Rocks - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA A1a RP W cayman Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA B1 RP W cayman Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Central CYM 19.321 -81.250 IBA, KBA A1a RP W cayman Mangrove Wetland Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Central CYM 19.321 -81.250 IBA, KBA B1 RP W cayman Mangrove Wetland Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B2 PK O cayman Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O cayman Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA A1a RP W centralis Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA B1 RP W centralis Nature Reserve -

Marine 171

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B2 PK O centralis Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O centralis Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B1 RP W Bahia park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B2 PK W Bahia park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus genie LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird

Cays - Marine 172 Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus horsti LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus horsti LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O illecebrosus Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN New Site 44 MEX 18.325 -94.586 N/A A1a PK O Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1a PK W Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B1 PK W Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B2 PK W Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1a PK W Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B1 PK W Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W

Reef System 173

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B2 PK W near shore islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B2 PK W Bahia park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System

Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W 174 Reef System

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus louisae LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus louisae LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus louisae LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W Biosfera Seaflower

Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O 175 panamensis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O panamensis Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Agoa USA 16.138 -60.249 IMMA A1b RP W prochilos Sanctuary & Caribbean Cetacean Network Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Arrecifes de la PRI 18.367 -65.525 Natural reserve A1b RP W prochilos Cordillera Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1b RP W prochilos Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b RP W prochilos shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b PK W prochilos Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Caye Brokel BLZ 17.162 -87.941 Turneffe Atoll A1b RP W prochilos Conservation marine reserve Zone Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Culebra PRI 18.341 -65.413 IBA, KBA A1b RP W prochilos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Gladden Spit BLZ 16.502 -88.005 Marine reserve A1b RP W prochilos and Silk Cayes Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Little Tobago TTO 11.296 -60.501 IBA A1b CK W prochilos Island - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA A1b RP W prochilos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Maugre Caye BLZ 17.406 -87.844 Nassau Grouper A1b RP W

prochilos & Species 176 Protection

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Netherlands SXM 17.869 -63.065 IMMA A1b RP W prochilos Antilles , Caribbean BES, Marine ANT Mammal Sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU New Site 34 VCT 13.006 -61.247 N/A A1b RP O prochilos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Point Sables LCA 13.793 -60.892 IBA A1b RP W prochilos National Park - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Sombrero / AIA 18.487 -63.211 IBA A1b RP W prochilos Scrub Island / Saba coastline / Dog Island / Îlets les Petits Saints et Gros Islets - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1b RP W prochilos Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU St Giles Islands TTO 11.356 -60.523 IBA A1b RP W prochilos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU St. Croix East VIR 17.733 -64.590 Marine park A1b RP W prochilos End Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General A1b RP W prochilos Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W

rubrigenis Reef System 177

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W rubrigenis Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W rubrigenis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W rubrigenis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine B1 RP W rubrigenis y Cayos national park Cochinos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine B2 PK W rubrigenis y Cayos national park Cochinos Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national B2 PK W rubrigenis Bahia park Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W rubrigenis Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W rubrigenis Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Evermannichthys DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B2 PK W bicolor National wildlife refuge Perciformes Gobiidae Evermannichthys DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 National B2 PK W bicolor wildlife refuge Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides DD Bigi Pan SUR 6.020 -56.716 IBA, Multiple B1 RP W grahamae use management

area 178

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides DD Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA B1 RP W grahamae Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A A1b RP O hildebrandi Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B1 RP O hildebrandi Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O hildebrandi Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma VU New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O hildebrandi Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma spes LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma EN New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O spilotum Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma EN New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O spilotum Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W heterochroma shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O heterochroma Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W heterochroma Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 RP W mowbrayi Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W mowbrayi Whale EEZ MMS

Sanctuary 179

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W mowbrayi Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W mowbrayi Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus LC Folkstone BRB 13.192 -59.651 Marine reserve B1 RP W mowbrayi Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis robinsi LC Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B2 PK W Lagoon, Curaçao Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis robinsi LC Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B1 RP W Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande

180

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis robinsi LC Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B2 PK W Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis robinsi LC Tayrona COL 11.322 -74.077 IMMA, Natural B1 RP W national park Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris alepis LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 CK W amblyrhynchus Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W amblyrhynchus Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W amblyrhynchus Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W amblyrhynchus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W amblyrhynchus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W amblyrhynchus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 CK W

amblyrhynchus Caye 181

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W amblyrhynchus Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W amblyrhynchus Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W batrachodes Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W batrachodes shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O batrachodes Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W batrachodes Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W batrachodes Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1b RP W Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B1 RP W Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei VU Netherlands SXM 17.869 -63.065 IMMA A1b RP W Antilles , Caribbean BES, Marine ANT Mammal Sanctuary

182

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei VU Netherlands SXM 17.869 -63.065 IMMA B2 RP W Antilles , Caribbean BES, Marine ANT Mammal Sanctuary Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei VU New Site 39 MAF 17.910 -62.890 N/A B1 RP O Perciformes Gobiidae Pycnomma LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W roosevelti Reef monument Perciformes Gobiidae Pycnomma LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W roosevelti Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Gobiidae Robinsichthys DD New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B1 RP O arrowsmithensis Perciformes Gobiidae Robinsichthys DD New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B2 PK O arrowsmithensis Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A A1a PK O harveyi Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius EN New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B1 PK O harveyi Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU New Site 44 MEX 18.325 -94.586 N/A A1b PK O redimiculus Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU New Site 44 MEX 18.325 -94.586 N/A B1 PK O redimiculus Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU New Site 52 MEX 20.764 -96.991 N/A A1b RP O redimiculus Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU New Site 52 MEX 20.764 -96.991 N/A B1 RP O redimiculus

183

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1b RP W redimiculus Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B1 RP W redimiculus Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B2 PK W redimiculus Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1b RP W redimiculus Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B1 RP W redimiculus Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius VU Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W redimiculus Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W Reef System Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W shore and Barrier Islands

184

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Emily or Caye BLZ 17.088 -87.988 Spawning B1 RP W Glory aggregation site reserve Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 RP W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W Caye Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus marilynae DD Experimental USA 27.692 -79.967 Research B1 RP W Oculina preserve Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma dejongi DD Booby Pond CYM 19.667 -80.076 IBA B1 RP W Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W melacara Reef System Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W melacara shore and Barrier Islands

185

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W melacara Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O melacara Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W melacara Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W melacara Caye Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD New Site 65 BHS 23.606 -74.491 N/A B1 RP O flavescens Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 RP W robinsi Reef System Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W robinsi Reef System Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 RP W robinsi shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W robinsi shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B1 RP W robinsi

Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve B2 PK W 186 robinsi

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma DD Southern BHS 23.980 -74.532 IBA B1 RP W robinsi Great Lake - Marine Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma LC La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Nature reserve B1 RP W rosea Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B1 RP W rosea Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B2 PK W rosea Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma LC Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA B1 RP W rosea Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 45 PRI 18.975 -67.375 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 49 HTI 20.294 -72.771 N/A A1d RP O Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 61 CUB 21.848 -85.481 N/A A1d CK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 92 USA 28.634 -77.939 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d PK O

187

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d CK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU New Site 61 CUB 21.848 -85.481 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU New Site 86 USA 27.594 -87.091 N/A A1d RP O Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d CK O Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Arrecife MEX 22.478 -89.702 National park, A1a RP W burekae Alacranes UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserve Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1a RP W burekae Banks sanctuary Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1a PK W socialis Reef System Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1e PK W socialis Reef System Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B1 PK W socialis Reef System Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W socialis Reef System Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W socialis Reef System

188

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1a PK W socialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1e PK W socialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 PK W socialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W socialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W socialis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1a PK W socialis Caye Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1e PK W socialis Caye Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B1 PK W socialis Caye Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W socialis Caye Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres EN South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W socialis Caye Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1d CK W maximus Reef System Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d PK W

maximus shore and 189 Barrier Islands

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W maximus park Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National A1d RP W maximus Reef monument Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Buenavista CUB 22.569 -78.980 IMMA, A1d RP W maximus RAMSAR site, UNESCO-MAB Biosphere ReserveProtect ed area of managed resources Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1d PK W maximus Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Cayería Centro CUB 22.696 -79.307 IBA, KBA, AZE A1d RP W maximus - Oriental de Villa Clara Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Cayo Campos - CUB 21.579 -82.104 IMMA, Wildlife A1d CK W maximus Cayo Rosario refuge Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Cayos HND 15.939 -86.492 IMMA, Natural A1d RP W maximus Cochinos marine monument

190

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Ciénaga de CUB 22.127 -81.376 IMMA, Natural A1d PK W maximus Zapata park, UNESCO biosphere reserve, RAMSAR site Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1d RP W maximus near shore islands Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W maximus Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1d RP W maximus RAMSAR site, National park Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W maximus marine sanctuary Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d RP W maximus Banks sanctuary Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Glover's Reef BLZ 16.821 -87.786 Marine reserve A1d RP W maximus Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Ilas de la Bahia HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine A1d CK W maximus y Cayos national park Cochinos Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1d CK W maximus Bahia park Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Jardines de la CUB 20.898 -78.875 IMMA, National A1d PK W maximus Reina park Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W

maximus Pennekamp 191 Coral Reef

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W maximus wildlife refuge Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1d CK W maximus Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d CK W maximus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1d RP W maximus Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1d RP W maximus County preserve Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1d RP W maximus Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1d RP W maximus Biosfera Seaflower

192

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Sian Ka'an MEX 19.563 -87.565 WHMP, IMMA, A1d PK W maximus UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, National park Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1d CK W maximus Southwest - Marine Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1d RP W maximus Caye Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Sur de la Isla CUB 21.593 -82.723 Protected area A1d PK W maximus de la Juventud of managed resources Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1d CK W maximus Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General A1d RP W maximus Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus VU Virgin Islands VIR 18.300 -64.707 National A1d RP W maximus Coral Reef monument Perciformes Labridae Sparisoma DD New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O griseorubrum Perciformes Labridae Sparisoma DD New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O griseorubrum Perciformes Labridae Sparisoma DD New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B2 PK O griseorubrum

193

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labridae Tautoga onitis VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d CK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Labridae Tautoga onitis VU New Site 111 USA 33.574 -78.434 N/A A1d RP O Perciformes Labridae Tautoga onitis VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d RP W Continental Shelf Perciformes Labrisomidae Brockius albigenys LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W bucciferus Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W bucciferus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W bucciferus Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O bucciferus Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O bucciferus Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O bucciferus Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W bucciferus Biosfera

Seaflower 194

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W bucciferus Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Haptoclinus DD New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B1 RP O apectolophus Perciformes Labrisomidae Haptoclinus DD New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B2 PK O apectolophus Perciformes Labrisomidae Haptoclinus dropi DD North-east BHS 12.299 -69.073 IBA B1 RP W Curaçao parks and coast, Curaçao Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W erdmani Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W erdmani shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W erdmani Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W erdmani Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O erdmani Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W erdmani Biosfera

Seaflower 195

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W cingulatus Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W grandicomis Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus infrons LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus infrons LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus infrons LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W naeorhegmis Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia atlantica LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia atlantica LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia atlantica LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia culebrae LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B1 PK W Reef monument

196

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia fasciata LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia fasciata LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia langi LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia langi LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia langi LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia langi LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird

Cays - Marine 197

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia leucovitta DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B1 PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia leucovitta DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B2 PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia leucovitta DD Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia melasma LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W

Biosfera 198 Seaflower

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W occidentalis Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W occidentalis shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O occidentalis Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W occidentalis Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia rava LC Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B2 PK W Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia rava LC New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia rava LC New Site 27 VEN 11.303 -63.042 N/A B1 PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O robertsoni Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O robertsoni Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Old COL 13.372 -81.341 IMMA, Natural B1 RP W robertsoni Providence Mc national park Bean Lagoon Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B1 CK W robertsoni Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B2 PK W robertsoni Biosfera Seaflower

199

met

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W robertsoni Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W sangreyae Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W sangreyae shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W sangreyae Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sella DD Little Tobago TTO 11.296 -60.503 IBA, KBA, AZE B1 RP W Island Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sella DD L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA B1 RP W Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sella DD St Giles Islands TTO 11.356 -60.523 IBA B1 CK W Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sluiteri LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W smithvanizi Reef monument Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W smithvanizi National wildlife refuge Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia springeri DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B1 RP W Lagoon, Curaçao Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia springeri DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B2 PK W Lagoon, Curaçao

200

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia springeri DD Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA B1 RP W Nacional Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia weigti LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W Reef System Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia weigti LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia weigti LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W Caye Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia y lineata DD New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B2 PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia y lineata DD New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia y lineata DD Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B2 PK W Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Chandeleur USA 29.773 -89.007 IBA, National A1d RP W campechanus Islands (Breton wildlife refuge National Wildlife Refuge) Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d CK W campechanus marine sanctuary Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d RP W campechanus Banks sanctuary Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Gulf Islands USA 30.295 -87.815 IMMA, National A1d PK W campechanus seashore

201

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d CK W campechanus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU New Site 51 MEX 19.515 -92.624 N/A A1d CK O campechanus Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1d CK O campechanus Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d CK W campechanus Monitoring area Area Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1d RP W cyanopterus Cozumel Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA A1d RP W cyanopterus Reef System Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1d RP W cyanopterus shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W cyanopterus park Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Cayo Campos - CUB 21.579 -82.104 IMMA, Wildlife A1d RP W cyanopterus Cayo Rosario refuge Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Cayo Largo CUB 21.639 -81.560 IMMA, A1d RP W cyanopterus Ecological perserve

202

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Cayos Romano CUB 22.199 -77.964 IBA A1d RP W cyanopterus - Cruz - Megano Grande Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Ciénaga de CUB 22.127 -81.376 IMMA, Natural A1d PK W cyanopterus Zapata park, UNESCO biosphere reserve, RAMSAR site Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W cyanopterus Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W cyanopterus marine sanctuary Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Islas de la HND 16.328 -86.398 Marine national A1d RP W cyanopterus Bahia park Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Jardines de la CUB 20.898 -78.875 IMMA, National A1d PK W cyanopterus Reina park Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W cyanopterus Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W cyanopterus wildlife refuge Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU La Parguera PRI 17.880 -67.049 Natural reserve A1d RP W cyanopterus Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1d RP W cyanopterus Términos protection area

203

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O

identified criteria met

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Parque VEN 11.833 -66.772 IBA, National A1d CK W cyanopterus Nacional park Archipiélago Los Roques Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1d RP W cyanopterus Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1d RP W cyanopterus Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU South Karst / PRI 17.933 -67.028 IBA A1d RP W cyanopterus Southwest - Marine Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve A1d RP W cyanopterus Caye Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d RP W cyanopterus Monitoring area Area Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus VU Suroeste PRI 17.956 -67.065 IBA, KBA A1d RP W cyanopterus Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W aurorubens park Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W

aurorubens 204

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W aurorubens marine sanctuary Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Florida Middle USA 28.448 -84.226 Habitat of A1d CK W aurorubens Grounds particular concern Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1d CK W aurorubens Banks sanctuary Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W aurorubens Pennekamp Coral Reef Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W aurorubens wildlife refuge Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W aurorubens Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU New Site 51 MEX 19.515 -92.624 N/A A1d CK O aurorubens Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA A1d CK W aurorubens Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana

Grande 205

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d CK W aurorubens Monitoring area Area Perciformes Malacanthidae Caulolatilus DD Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B1 RP W dooleyi Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Alderdice Bank USA 28.085 -91.996 Natural A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps heritage Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Bright Bank USA 27.892 -93.295 Natural A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps heritage Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Closure of the USA 29.194 -85.733 Sustainable A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Madison and production Swanson Sites Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN East and West USA 27.909 -93.725 Natural A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Flower Garden heritage Banks Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps marine sanctuary Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Flower Garden USA 27.948 -93.838 National marine A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Banks sanctuary Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Georgia MPA USA 31.642 -79.500 Marine A1c RP W

chamaeleonticeps protected area 206

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Blanquilla Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN New Site 85 USA 27.014 -94.316 N/A A1c CK O chamaeleonticeps Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN New Site 90 USA 28.196 -89.694 N/A A1c CK O chamaeleonticeps Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1c PK O chamaeleonticeps Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c CK O chamaeleonticeps Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN North Florida USA 30.400 -80.133 Marine A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps MPA protected area Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Monitoring area Area Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus EN Southern Mid- USA 34.506 -75.033 Closure area A1c RP W chamaeleonticeps Atlantic Waters Perciformes Opisto- Opistognathus LC New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B1 RP O gnathidae melachasme Perciformes Opisto- Opistognathus LC New Site 54 MEX 21.052 -86.286 N/A B2 PK O gnathidae melachasme Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 PK W bermudae Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W bermudae Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary

207

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W bermudae Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B3b PK W bermudae Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O otophorus Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus VU Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1d PK W saltatrix National seashore Seashore Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W saltatrix Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus VU Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1d PK W saltatrix Inshore Ocean Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d PK W saltatrix Continental Shelf

Perciformes Sciaenidae Ophioscion DD New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O 208 panamensis

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Sciaenidae Stellifer chaoi LC Ciénaga COL 11.049 -74.515 IBA, AZE, B1 CK W Grande, Isla de RAMSAR site Salamanca and Sabana Grande RAMSAR biosphere reserve Perciformes Sciaenidae Stellifer chaoi LC Isla De COL 11.047 -74.565 Park Way B1 RP W Salamanca

Perciformes Sciaenidae Stellifer chaoi LC Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B1 CK W Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Sciaenidae Stellifer chaoi LC Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B2 PK W Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W

Coastal MPA 209 Waters Area Programmatic

Species Management Plan

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU New Site 38 VIR 17.176 -64.524 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU New Site 92 USA 28.634 -77.939 N/A A1d PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1c PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN New Site 67 USA 24.159 -81.950 N/A A1c PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN New Site 84 USA 25.984 -83.790 N/A A1c PK O Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN Southern Mid- USA 34.506 -75.033 Closure area A1c PK W Atlantic Waters Perciformes Serranidae Bullisichthys LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W caribbaeus Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus DD Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B1 PK W atlahua Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus DD Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B2 PK W atlahua Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus DD Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B1 RP W atlahua Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus DD Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W atlahua Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano 210

reserve, National park

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna A1a PK W castroaguirrei Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus EN Sistema MEX 21.265 -97.237 Flora and fauna B2 PK W castroaguirrei Arrecifal protection area Lobos-Tuxpan Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB A1a RP W castroaguirrei Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B1 PK W castroaguirrei Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus EN Sistema MEX 19.149 -95.969 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W castroaguirrei Arrecifal biosphere Veracruzano reserve, National park Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W chlorurus Reef monument Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus DD Isla Contoy MEX 21.486 -86.793 National park B1 RP W ecosur Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B1 RP W floridae marine sanctuary Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National B1 PK W

floridae marine 211 sanctuary

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Florida Middle USA 28.448 -84.226 Habitat area of B1 RP W floridae Grounds particular concern Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National B1 RP W floridae wildlife refuge Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC New Site 44 MEX 18.325 -94.586 N/A B1 RP O floridae Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC New Site 52 MEX 20.764 -96.991 N/A B1 PK O floridae Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W indigo Reef System Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W indigo shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O indigo Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O indigo Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W indigo Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W indigo Caye Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B2 PK W maya Reef System Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1b CK W maya shore and Barrier Islands

212

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B1 CK W maya shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B2 PK W maya shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W maya shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B2 PK W maya Caye Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General A1b RP W maya Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus VU Turneffe Atoll BLZ 17.406 -87.844 IMMA, General B1 RP W maya Marine use zone, Reserve Marine reserve Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B2 PK W olneyi Lagoon, Curaçao Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.097 -68.958 IBA B1 PK W olneyi Lagoon, Curaçao - Marine Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma DD North-east BHS 12.299 -69.073 IBA B1 RP W olneyi Curaçao parks and coast, Curaçao

213

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma santi DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B2 PK W Lagoon, Curaçao Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma santi DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.097 -68.958 IBA B1 RP W Lagoon, Curaçao - Marine Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma santi DD North-east BHS 12.299 -69.073 IBA B1 RP W Curaçao parks and coast, Curaçao Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 RP W atrimanus Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W atrimanus Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 RP W atrimanus Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W atrimanus Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve -

Marine 214

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops LC Isla La VEN 11.850 -64.601 IBA B1 RP W atrimanus Blanquilla Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus bornoi LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W carpenteri Reef System Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W carpenteri shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W carpenteri Reef monument Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus LC Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA B3b PK W carpenteri Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W carpenteri Caye Perciformes Sparidae Calamus cervigoni LC New Site 19 VEN 10.748 -64.136 N/A B2 PK O Perciformes Sparidae Calamus cervigoni LC New Site 31 COL 12.114 -72.324 N/A B1 RP O Perciformes Sparidae Calamus cervigoni LC New Site 32 VEN 11.954 -70.403 N/A B1 CK O Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B1 CK W bermudensis Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus LC Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National B2 PK W bermudensis Whale EEZ MMS

Sanctuary 215

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B1 CK W bermudensis Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus LC Cooper's BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA B2 PK W bermudensis Island and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Belize Barrier BLZ 16.989 -87.968 WHMP, IMMA B3b PK W boehlkei Reef System Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Belize Off- BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA B3b PK W boehlkei shore and Barrier Islands Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Buck Island VIR 17.810 -64.622 National B3b PK W boehlkei Reef monument Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Navassa HTI 18.381 -74.993 IBA, KBA, B3b PK W boehlkei National wildlife refuge Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O boehlkei Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC New Site 47 CYM 19.298 -81.398 N/A B3b PK O boehlkei Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W boehlkei Biosfera

Seaflower 216

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC South Water BLZ 16.732 -88.143 Marine reserve B3b PK W boehlkei Caye Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes LC Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W jordani Biosfera Seaflower Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes wilki DD Buccoo Reef TTO 11.177 -60.826 Marine reserve B2 PK W Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes wilki DD L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA B1 PK W Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus LC New Site 46 HTI 18.756 -72.880 N/A B3b PK O arawak Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Citharichthys DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.086 -68.886 IBA B2 PK W amblybregmatus Lagoon, Curaçao Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Citharichthys DD Jan Thiel CUW 12.097 -68.958 IBA B1 RP W amblybregmatus Lagoon, Curaçao - Marine Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Citharichthys DD New Site 33 NIC 12.391 -82.464 N/A B1 CK O amblybregmatus Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Citharichthys DD Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA B3b PK W amblybregmatus Biosfera Seaflower Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus helena DD New Site 22 VEN 11.106 -68.071 N/A B1 RP O Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops DD Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B1 RP W belizensis near shore islands Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops DD Coastal and BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA B2 PK W belizensis near shore islands

217

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B2 PK O higuchii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops LC New Site 12 PAN 9.496 -79.330 N/A B3b PK O higuchii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops LC New Site 36 HND 15.391 -83.621 N/A B1 CK O higuchii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops wayuu DD New Site 23 VEN 11.133 -64.099 N/A B2 PK O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Ciénaga COL 11.049 -74.515 IBA, AZE, A1a CK W Grande, Isla de RAMSAR site Salamanca and Sabana Grande RAMSAR biosphere reserve Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Manglar De La COL 9.415 -75.878 IMMA, A1a PK W Bahia De Integrated Cispata Y management Sector regional district Aledaño Del Delta Estuarino Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Manglar De La COL 9.415 -75.878 IMMA, B1 RP W Bahia De Integrated Cispata Y management Sector regional district Aledaño Del Delta

Estuarino 218 Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 3 COL 8.003 -76.900 N/A A1a RP O

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 4 COL 8.112 -76.919 N/A A1a RP O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 5 COL 8.082 -76.814 N/A A1a RP O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 14 COL 10.339 -75.524 N/A A1a RP O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 14 COL 10.339 -75.524 N/A B1 RP O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN New Site 24 COL 11.137 -74.276 N/A A1a CK O Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 Protected A1a CK W Biosfera landscape RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 Protected B1 CK W Biosfera landscape RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai EN Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 Protected B2 PK W Biosfera landscape RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana 219

Grande

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius VU Manglar De La COL 9.415 -75.878 IMMA, A1b RP W neogranatensis Bahia De Integrated Cispata Y management Sector regional district Aledaño Del Delta Estuarino Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius VU Manglar De La COL 9.415 -75.878 IMMA, B1 RP W neogranatensis Bahia De Integrated Cispata Y management Sector regional district Aledaño Del Delta Estuarino Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Amana - GUF 5.724 -53.565 IBA A1d CK W Marine Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Basse-Mana GUF 5.689 -53.767 RAMSAR site A1d RP W Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Connétable - GUF 4.690 -51.953 IBA A1d CK W Marine Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Crique et GUF 5.517 -53.170 Land acquired A1d RP W Pripri Yiyi by Conservatoire du Littoral Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Guyane GUF 5.190 -52.893 Regional nature A1d RP W park Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Littoral GUF 5.497 -53.056 IBA A1d RP W Iracoubo - Marine

Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Alligator USA 29.899 -84.459 Aquatic A1d CK W 220 erectus Harbor preserve

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O

identified criteria met

KBA KBA type

KBA Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Apalachicola USA 29.697 -84.949 Aquatic A1d RP W erectus Bay preserve Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d CK W erectus park Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Cumberland USA 30.831 -81.421 IBA, National A1d RP W erectus Island National seashore Seashore Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1d PK W erectus RAMSAR site, National park Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W erectus marine sanctuary Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Gulf Islands USA 30.295 -87.815 IMMA, National A1d RP W erectus seashore Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Laguna de MEX 18.771 -91.667 Flora and fauna A1d CK W erectus Términos protection area Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Lower Tampa USA 27.625 -82.732 IBA A1d CK W erectus Bay Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W erectus Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU New Site 58 MEX 22.082 -86.987 N/A A1d CK O erectus Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU New Site 94 USA 28.900 -93.650 N/A A1d CK O

erectus 221

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU New Site 96 USA 29.179 -80.406 N/A A1d RP O erectus Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Pelkermeer BES 12.166 -68.325 IBA A1d RP W erectus Saltworks, Bonaire - Marine Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Pinellas USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1d RP W erectus County preserve Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus VU Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring A1d CK W erectus Monitoring area Area Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Minyichthys DD New Site 35 COL 13.123 -78.384 N/A B1 RP O inusitatus Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus DD Virgin Islands VIR 18.334 -64.780 National park B1 RP W dawsoni Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus DD Ría Lagartos MEX 21.587 -88.006 UNESCO-MAB B2 PK W makaxi biosphere reserve Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Bermuda BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1d RP W Whale EEZ MMS Sanctuary Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Biscayne USA 25.487 -80.210 IMMA, National A1d PK W park Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1d PK W Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1d PK W marine sanctuary Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Florida Middle USA 28.448 -84.226 Habitat area of A1d CK W

Grounds particular 222 concern

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU John USA 25.184 -80.328 State park A1d PK W Pennekamp Coral Reef Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Key West USA 24.557 -81.991 National A1d PK W wildlife refuge Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1d PK W Continental Shelf Tetraodontiformes Molidae Mola mola VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W Coastal MPA Waters Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides DD New Site 6 COL 8.914 -76.595 N/A B1 RP O georgemilleri Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B1 RP W georgemilleri Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y

Sabana 223 Grande

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides DD Reserva de COL 11.141 -74.615 IBA B2 PK W georgemilleri Biosfera RAMSAR Ciénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca y Sabana Grande

224

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C4. A list of KBAs identified for marine reptiles and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed alphabetically according to the species that triggered it, by Order, Family then Species.

225

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Agoa Sanctuary GLP, 16.138 -60.249 IMMA A1c PK W & Caribbean MTQ Cetacean Network Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Agoa Sanctuary GLP, 16.138 -60.249 IMMA A1c RP W imbricata & Caribbean MTQ Cetacean Network Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Arrecifes de MEX 20.347 -86.987 National park A1c CK W Cozumel Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Bancos de la DOM 19.759 -69.485 IMMA, Marine A1c CK W imbricata Plata y de la Mammal Navidad Sanctuary Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Belize Off-shore BLZ 16.940 -88.043 IBA A1c CK W imbricata and Barrier Islands Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Bermuda Whale BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1c PK W Sanctuary EEZ MMS Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Bermuda Whale BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1c PK W Sanctuary EEZ MMS Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Booby Cay Island NIC 11.526 -83.500 IBA A1c RP W imbricata - Bluefields Bay and adjacent landscape

226

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Caicos Bank TCA 21.352 -71.495 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Southern Cays / East Caicos and adjacent areas / Turks Bank Seabird Cays - Marine Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Cape Hatteras USA 35.170 -75.770 IBA, National A1c CK W National seashore Seashore Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Coastal and near BLZ 16.980 -88.440 IBA A1c CK W imbricata shore islands Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Costa Occ. de I. MEX 21.133 -86.758 National park A1c RP W imbricata Mujeres, Pta. Cancún y Pta. Nizuc Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Dry Tortugas USA 24.640 -82.874 National park A1c RP W imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c CK W marine sanctuary Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c CK W marine sanctuary Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1c RP W imbricata marine sanctuary Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Ilas de la Bahia y HND 16.180 -86.422 IBA, Marine A1c CK W

imbricata Cayos Cochinos national park 227

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Lac Bay, Bonaire BES 12.109 -68.218 IBA, KBA A1c RP W imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR L'llet - Marine DMA 15.352 -61.264 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c PK W Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1c PK W Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Testudines Dermo- Dermochelys VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W chelyidae coriacea Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Mission-Aransas USA 28.070 -96.998 National A1c CK W estuarine research reserve Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Morant Cays and JAM 17.415 -75.984 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Bank - Marine

228

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met

Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Netherlands SXM, 17.869 -63.065 IMMA A1c RP W imbricata Antilles BES, Caribbean ANT Marine Mammal Sanctuary Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR New Site 100 USA 29.171 -86.935 N/A A1c PK O Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1c PK O Testudines Dermo- Dermochelys VU New Site 108 USA 31.997 -78.677 N/A A1d PK O chelyidae coriacea Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN New Site 110 USA 33.549 -75.759 N/A A1c PK O Testudines Dermo- Dermochelys VU New Site 50 CUB 20.208 -73.841 N/A A1d PK O chelyidae coriacea Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR New Site 57 MEX 21.456 -89.881 N/A A1c PK O imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR New Site 69 BHS 24.988 -77.524 N/A A1c RP O imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR North Atlantic BHS 26.954 -77.715 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Abaco Cays - Marine Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Outer Banks USA 35.851 -75.619 IBA A1c PK W Inshore Ocean Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Outer USA 35.419 -75.280 IBA A1c PK W Continental Shelf Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Parque Nacional DOM 17.758 -71.518 IBA, KBA A1c CK W imbricata Jaragua Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Pedro Cays and JAM 16.987 -77.759 IBA A1c RP W

imbricata Bank - Marine 229

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met

Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Pelkermeer BES 12.166 -68.325 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Saltworks, Bonaire - Marine Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Reserva de COL 13.602 -80.978 IBA A1c PK W imbricata Biosfera Seaflower Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Saba BES 17.632 -63.236 IBA, KBA A1c RP W imbricata Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Sian Ka'an MEX 19.563 -87.565 WHMP, IMMA, A1c PK W UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, National park Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Sian Ka'an MEX 19.563 -87.565 WHMP, IMMA, A1c PK W imbricata UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, National park Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Sombrero / AIA 18.487 -63.211 IBA A1c CK W Scrub Island / Saba coastline / Dog Island / Îlets les Petits Saints et Gros Islets - Marine

230

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Sombrero / AIA 18.487 -63.211 IBA A1c RP W imbricata Scrub Island / Saba coastline / Dog Island / Îlets les Petits Saints et Gros Islets - Marine Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Southeast U.S. USA 27.399 -80.181 Monitoring area A1c CK W Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Vieques PRI 18.122 -65.428 IBA, KBA A1c PK W Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys CR Vieques PRI 18.122 -65.428 IBA, KBA A1c PK W imbricata

231

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C5. A list of KBAs identified for marine birds and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed alphabetically according to the species that triggered it, by Order, Family then Species.

232

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma VU Bermuda Whale BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1b RP W arminjoniana Sanctuary EEZ MMS Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Bermuda Whale BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1a PK W cahow Sanctuary EEZ MMS Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Cooper's Island BMU 32.344 -64.657 IBA, AZE A1a PK W cahow and Castle Islands Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Cooper's Island BMU 32.344 -64.657 IBA, AZE A1e PK W cahow and Castle Islands Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Cooper's Island BMU 32.345 -64.655 IBA A1a PK W cahow and Castle Islands Nature Reserve - Marine Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1b PK W arminjoniana Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1a PK W cahow Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

233

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1a PK W hasitata Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma EN New Site 104 USA 30.749 -77.603 N/A A1a PK O hasitata

2 34

APPENDIX C

LIST OF ALL KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND THE SPECIES THAT TRIGGER THEM

Table C6. A list of KBAs identified for marine mammals and the species that triggered them. RL = the global Red List Category for each species; CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient; ISO = 3 letter code (as defined by the International Organization for Standardization) for country the KBA was triggered in; Lat = Latitudinal centroid for KBA; Lon = Longitudinal centroid for KBA; “PA site designation” = the designation of each site identified as a KBA within the boundaries of an existing protected area; IBA = Important bird and biodiversity area, N/A = Not Applicable, KBA = existing key biodiversity area; “KBA criteria met” = the KBA criteria under which the KBA was triggered; RP = research priority; CK = candidate KBA; PK = proposed KBA; “W/O” = where KBA was identified relative to existing protected area sites, W = within, O = outside. Each site is listed alphabetically according to the species that triggered it, by Order, Family then Species.

235

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Cetartiodactyla Physeteridae Physeter VU Agoa Sanctuary GLP, 16.138 -60.249 IMMA A1d PK W macrocephalus & Caribbean MTQ Cetacean Network Cetartiodactyla Physeteridae Physeter VU Bermuda Whale BMU 32.214 -65.774 IMMA, National A1d PK W macrocephalus Sanctuary EEZ MMS Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Everglades USA 25.265 -80.916 WHMP, IMMA, A1b PK W manatus RAMSAR site, National park Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Florida Keys USA 24.833 -81.668 IMMA, National A1b PK W manatus marine sanctuary Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Gasparilla Sound USA 26.827 -82.150 Aquatic A1b PK W manatus - Charlotte preserve Harbor Cetartiodactyla Balaenidae Eubalaena EN Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1a PK W glacialis Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan

236

Name of PA site Order Family Species RL KBA ISO Lat Lon

designation W/O identified

KBA KBA type

KBA KBA criteria met Cetartiodactyla Physeteridae Physeter VU Mid-Atlantic USA 34.505 -75.183 NOAA Non- A1d PK W macrocephalus Coastal Waters MPA Area Programmatic Species Management Plan Cetartiodactyla Physeteridae Physeter VU New Site 85 USA 27.014 -94.316 N/A A1d PK O macrocephalus Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Pine Island USA 26.581 -82.159 Aquatic A1b PK W manatus Sound preserve Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Pinellas County USA 27.905 -82.814 Aquatic A1b PK W manatus preserve Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus VU Rookery Bay USA 25.920 -81.641 IMMA, National A1b PK W manatus estuarine research reserve

237

238

APPENDIX D

LIST OF TRIGGER SPECIES IN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN STUDY REGION

A list of all potential trigger vertebrate marine species in the Greater Caribbean. “RL” denotes the global Red List Category for each species. An asterisk (*) indicates species that did not trigger any Key Biodiversity Areas in this study. The superscript plus symbol (+) indicates that the species is both threatened and geographically restricted. The list is sorted alphabetically by Class, Order, Family then Binomial.

239

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser brevirostrum VU Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata EN Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Aprognathodon Aprognathodon platyventris* LC Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Catesbya pseudomuraena DD Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chilorhinus suensonii LC Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Bascanichthys inopinatus* DD Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Callechelys springeri DD Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Atherinella beani* DD Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Membras analis* DD Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Membras argentea DD Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia clarkhubbsi* DD Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia colei+ EN Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Menidia conchorum+ EN Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Porichthys oculofrenum* DD Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus astrifer+ VU Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus barbatus LC Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus greenfieldorum+ VU Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus johnsoni DD Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus reticulatus+ EN Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Sanopus splendidus+ EN Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Thalassophryne megalops LC Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Vladichthys gloverensis VU Actinopterygii Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus bermudensis LC Actinopterygii Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus collettei LC Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa aestivalis VU Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia majua LC Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Jenkinsia parvula DD Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Lile piquitinga LC Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoa choerostoma+ EN Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoviella blackburni* DD

240

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Engraulidae Anchoviella elongata LC Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Pristigasteridae Neoopisthopterus cubanus*+ VU Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon artifrons LC Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Floridichthys polyommus LC Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Fundulidae Fundulus grandissimus+ VU Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Fundulidae Fundulus jenkinsi VU Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Fundulidae Fundulus persimilis+ EN Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Poeciliidae Gambusia rhizophorae LC Actinopterygii Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops atlanticus VU Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus lanthanum LC Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Acyrtus rubiginosus LC Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus kremnobates DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus lombardii* DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus nanus DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Derilissus vittiger DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon briggsi LC Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon clarkei DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon lavettsmithi DD Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Tomicodon rupestris LC Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil margaritae* DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Calamopteryx goslinei LC Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Ogilbichthys longimanus LC Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbia mccoskeri DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbia tyleri LC Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbichthys haitiensis DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbichthys kakuki LC Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbichthys puertoricoensis DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Ogilbichthys tobagoensis DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Parasaccogaster melanomycter DD Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitideae Pseudogilbia sanblasensis* DD

241

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Lepophidium marmoratum LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon mosavi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Hypsoblennius exstochilus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemblemaria betinensis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemblemaria greenfieldi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemblemaria harpeza DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemblemaria johnsoni LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Acanthemblemaria paula DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis megalops* DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis ocellata LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Chaenopsis roseola LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria biocellata* LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria caldwelli LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria caycedoi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria culmenis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria diphyodontis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemaria hyltoni DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis arawak DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis carib LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis dianae DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis pricei+ VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis randalli DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Emblemariopsis ruetzleri LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Hemiemblemaria simulus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius zingaro LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Protemblemaria punctata LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus hemphillii LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus stahli LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaenopsidae Stathmonotus tekla LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Dactyloscopidae Dactylagnus peratikos DD

242

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Perciformes Dactyloscopidae Gillellus inescatus DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Dactyloscopidae Myxodagnus belone DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Dactyloscopidae Platygillellus smithi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Eleotridae Leptophilypnus fluviatilis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus drummondhayi CR Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus itajara CR Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus striatus EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus flavolimbatus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus nigritus CR Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus niveatus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca interstitialis VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Akko dionaea* DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Barbulifer antennatus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius geminatus DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Chriolepis benthonis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Chriolepis vespa LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus alloides VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus eidolon VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus hyalinus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus kuna DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus lipernes VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus personatus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus thrix VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus tortugae VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Coryphopterus venezuelae VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius claytonii VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius phenacus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius thoropsis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus atronasus+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus cayman+ EN

243

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus centralis+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus colini LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus genie LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus horsti LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus illecebrosus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus jarocho+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lobeli NT Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus lori LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus louisae LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus panamensis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus prochilos VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Elacatinus rubrigenis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Evermannichthys bicolor DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Evermannichthys convictor* DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides grahamae DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma hildebrandi+ VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma spes LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobiosoma spilotum+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus heterochroma LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Lythrypnus mowbrayi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis robinsi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris alepis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris amblyrhynchus DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris batrachodes LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Psilotris boehlkei+ VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Robinsichthys arrowsmithensis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius harveyi+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Tigrigobius redimiculus+ VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus imswe DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Varicus marilynae DD

244

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma dejongi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Grammatidae Gramma melacara LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma flavescens DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma robinsi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Grammatidae Lipogramma rosea LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres burekae EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres socialis+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Lachnolaimus maximus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Sparisoma griseorubrum DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Tautoga onitis VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Brockius albigenys LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Gobioclinus bucciferus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Haptoclinus apectolophus DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Haptoclinus dropi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus erdmani LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus cingulatus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus grandicomis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus infrons LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Paraclinus naeorhegmis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia atlantica LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia culebrae LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia fasciata LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia langi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia lepicoelia LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia leucovitta DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia melasma LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia nanodes LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia occidentalis LC

245

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia rava LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia robertsoni LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sangreyae LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sella DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia sluiteri LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia smithvanizi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia springeri DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia weigti LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Labrisomidae Starksia y lineata DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus campechanus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus cyanopterus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Rhomboplites aurorubens VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Malacanthidae Caulolatilus dooleyi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Malacanthidae Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Opistognathidae Opistognathus melachasme LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis bermudae LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes otophorus DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Ophioscion panamensis DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Stellifer chaoi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Bullisichthys caribbaeus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus atlahua DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus castroaguirrei+ EN Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus chlorurus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus ecosur DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus floridae LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus indigo LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Hypoplectrus maya+ VU

246

Class Order Family Binomial RL Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma olneyi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma santi DD Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Parasphyraenops atrimanus LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus bornoi LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus carpenteri LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Calamus cervigoni LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus bermudensis LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes boehlkei LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes jordani LC Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneanectes wilki DD Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus arawak LC Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Citharichthys amblybregmatus DD Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Etropus delsmani* DD Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus helena DD Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Prionotus murielae* DD Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops belizensis DD Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops higuchii LC Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Cathorops wayuu DD Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius bonillai+ EN Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Notarius neogranatensis+ VU Actinopterygii Siluriformes Ariidae Sciades parkeri VU Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus erectus VU Actinopterygii Syngnathifromes Syngnathidae Minyichthys inusitatus DD Actinopterygii Syngnathifromes Syngnathidae Syngnathus dawsoni DD Actinopterygii Syngnathifromes Syngnathidae Syngnathus makaxi DD Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Molidae Mola mola VU Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides georgemilleri DD Aves Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Podiceps auritus* VU Aves Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma arminjoniana VU

247

Class Order Family Binomial RL Aves Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma cahow EN Aves Procellariiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma hasitata EN Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus obscurus VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus plumbeus VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus signatus VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus CR Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Proscylliidae Eridacnis barbouri DD Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini EN Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna mokarran EN Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna zygaena VU Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sycliorhinidae Galeus cadenati DD Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Sycliorhinidae Parmaturus campechiensis DD Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus minicanis DD Chondrichthyes Chimaeriformes Chimaeridae Chimaera bahamaensis* DD Chondrichthyes Chimaeriformes Rhinochimaeridae Neoharriotta carri DD Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias superciliosus VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Lamnidae Lamna nasus* VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus VU Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Odontaspididae Odontaspis ferox* VU Chondrichthyes Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus VU Chondrichthyes Pristiophoriformes Pristiophoridae Pristiophorus schroederi DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Anacanthobatidae Cruriraja atlantis DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Anacanthobatidae Cruriraja cadenati DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Fenestraja cubensis DD

248

Class Order Family Binomial RL Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela VU Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Mobulidae Manta birostris VU Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis colombiensis+ VU Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis guamachensis VU Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Narcinidae Diplobatis pictus VU Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Narcinidae Narcine bancroftii CR Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata CR Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Pristidae Pristis pristis CR Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Breviraja colesi DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja ocellata EN Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja yucatanensis DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Neoraja carolinensis DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Rajidae Raja bahamensis DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Torpedinidae Torpedo andersoni DD Chondrichthyes Rajiformes Urotrygonidae Urotrygon venezuelae NT Chondrichthyes Squaliformes Etmopteridae Etmopterus carteri DD Chondrichthyes Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus acanthias VU Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Balaenidae Eubalaena glacialis EN Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera borealis* EN Class Order Family Binomial RL Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus* EN Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera physalus* EN Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Physeteridae Physeter macrocephalus VU Mammalia Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus manatus VU Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus ancon* LC Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus caribbeaus DD Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus mendozai DD Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Eptatretus wayuu LC Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Myxine robinsorum* LC Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Rubicundus lopheliae DD

249

Class Order Family Binomial RL Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta CR Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas EN Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys imbricata CR Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Lepidochelys olivacea* VU Reptilia Testudines Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea VU

250

APPENDIX E

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY FOR KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS

A list of terms as defined in a narrow sense when used in the identification of KBAs (IUCN 2016a).

251

Aggregation: A geographically restricted clustering of individuals that typically occurs during a specific life history stage or process such as breeding, feeding or migration. This clustering is indicated by highly localized relative abundance, two or more orders of magnitude larger than the species’ average recorded numbers or densities at other stages during its life-cycle.

Area of Occupancy: The area within the range of a species that is usually occupied (IUCN 2012).

Assemblage: A set of species within a taxonomic group having: a) their ranges ≥95% predictably confined to a single ecoregion for at least one life-history stage; b) their ranges ≥95% predictably confined to a single biome for at least one life-history stage (for taxonomic groups with a global median range size >25,000 km2); or c) their most important habitats in common with multiple other species.

Biodiversity: ‘the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’, according to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Biodiversity element: Genes, species or ecosystems, as used by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) definition of biodiversity.

Biological processes: The demographic and life-history processes that maintain species such as reproduction and migration.

Bioregion: Major regional terrestrial and aquatic habitat types distinguished by their climate, flora and fauna, such as the combination of terrestrial biomes and biogeographic realms (Olson et al. 2001) or marine provinces (Spalding et al. 2007). These biogeographic units are typically about an order of magnitude larger in area than the ecoregions nested within them.

Complementarity: A measure of the extent to which an area contains elements of biodiversity not represented, or that are underrepresented, in an existing set of areas; alternatively, the number of unrepresented or underrepresented biodiversity elements that a new area adds to a network (Margules and Pressey 2000).

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Contributing/Contribution: the global persistence of biodiversity depends on the global distribution and the abundance of the biodiversity elements for which the site is important. Sites holding biodiversity elements that are globally restricted, or at risk of disappearing, make high contributions to the persistence of those elements. The global persistence of a biodiversity element occurring at any given KBA, unless it is entirely confined to the site, depends not only on the fate of the site itself but also on that of other sites and of the land-/seascapes where it occurs.

Ecological integrity: A condition that supports intact species assemblages and ecological processes in their natural state, relative to an appropriate historical benchmark, and characterized by contiguous natural habitat with minimal direct industrial anthropogenic disturbance.

Ecoregion: A ‘relatively large unit of land (or water) containing a distinct assemblage of natural communities and species with boundaries that approximate the original extent of natural communities prior to major land-use change’ (Olson et al. 2001). Ecoregions have been mapped for marine environments (Spalding et al. 2007) and are nested within bioregions or provinces.

Endemic: A species having a global range wholly restricted to a defined geographic area such as a region, country or site.

Extent of suitable habitat: The area of potentially suitable ecological conditions, such as vegetation or substrate types within the altitudinal or depth, and temperature and moisture preferences, for a given species (Beresford et al. 2011).

Geographically restricted: A biodiversity element having a restricted global distribution, as measured by range, extent of suitable habitat or area of occupancy, and hence largely confined or endemic to a relatively small portion of the globe such as a bioregion, ecoregion or site.

Global: implies that the contributions of a site to the persistence of a given biodiversity element are measured in relation to its worldwide population size or extent.

Irreplaceability: Either (a) the likelihood that an area will be required as part of a system that achieves a set of targets (Ferrier et al. 2000) or (b) the extent to which the options for achieving

253 a set of targets are reduced if the area is unavailable for conservation (Pressey et al. 1994). Irreplaceability is heavily influenced by geographically restricted biodiversity, but it is a property of an area within a network rather than of an element of biodiversity and is related to the concept of complementarity.

Manageability: The possibility of some type of effective management across the site. Being a manageable site implies that it is possible to implement actions locally to ensure the persistence of the biodiversity elements for which a KBA has been identified. This requires that KBA delineation consider relevant aspects of the socio-economic context of the site (e.g. land tenure, political boundaries) in addition to the ecological and physical aspects of the site (e.g. habitat, size, connectivity).

Mature individuals: The number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction, as defined in IUCN (IUCN 2012).

Persistence: the loss of a biodiversity element (e.g. species extinction, ecosystem collapse) or decline of a biodiversity element (e.g. of numbers of mature individuals of a species, ecosystem extent and condition) is avoided, both now and into the foreseeable future.

Population size: The total, global, number of mature individuals of the species (IUCN 2012). Population size is used throughout the standard rather than simply “population”, which IUCN (2012) use to mean the total number of individuals of a species.

Range: The current known limits of distribution of a species, accounting for all known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence (IUCN 2012), including conservation translocations outside native habitat but not including vagrancies (species recorded once or sporadically but known not to be native to the area).

Regularly: The occurrence of a species is normally or typically found at the site during one or more stages of its life cycle.

Reproductive unit: The minimum number and combination of mature individuals necessary to trigger a successful reproductive event at a site

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Significantly/Significant: an outstanding proportion of a biodiversity element (e.g. species population size or ecosystem extent) occurs at the site, as defined by a quantitative threshold.

Site: a geographical area on land and/or water with defined ecological, physical, administrative or management boundaries that is actually or potentially managed as a single unit (e.g. a protected area or other managed conservation unit). Large-scale biogeographic regions, such as ecoregions, Endemic Bird Areas and Biodiversity Hotspots, and land-/seascapes containing multiple management units are not considered to be sites. In the context of KBAs, “site” and “area” are used interchangeably.

Taxonomic group: Taxonomic ranks above the species level.

Threshold: Numeric or percentage minima which determine whether the presence of a biodiversity element at a site is significant enough for the site to be considered a KBA under a given criterion or sub-criterion.

Trigger: A biodiversity element (e.g. species or ecosystem) by which at least one KBA criterion and associated threshold is met.

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VITA

Michael S. Harvey

Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529

EDUCATION______

B.S. Biology. Marine Biology Concentration, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 2013.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE______

Research Associate, Global Marine Species Assessment Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Marine Biodiversity Unit, Old Dominion University, 05/2014 – present.

THESIS-RELATED PRESENTATIONS______

November 2017. Harvey, M, Carpenter, K. and Ralph, G. Identifying marine Key Biodiversity Areas in the Greater Caribbean. 70th annual meeting of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute conference, Mérida, Mexico, 6-10.

PUBLICATIONS______

Fernandes, P. G., Ralph, G. M., Nieto, A., Criado, M. G., Vasilakopoulos, P., Maravelias, C. D., Harvey, M.,…& Farrell, E. D. 2017. Coherent assessments of Europe’s marine fishes show regional divergence and megafauna loss. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1(7). DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0170.

Polidoro, B.A., Ralph, G.M., Strongin, K., Harvey, M., Carpenter, K.E., Adeofe, T.A., Arnold, R., Bannerman, Collette, B.B., et al. 2017. The status of marine biodiversity in the Eastern Central Atlantic (West and Central Africa). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Research 27 1021–1034. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2744.

Pippard, H., Ralph, G.M., Harvey, M., Carpenter, K., Buchanan, J., Greenfield, D., Harwell, H., Larson, H.K., Lawrence, A., Linardich, C., Matsuura, K., Motomura, H., Munroe, T., et al. 2017. The Conservation Status of Marine Biodiversity of the Pacific Islands of Oceania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Polidoro, B., Ralph, G.M., Strongin, K., Harvey, M., Carpenter, K.E., Adeofe, T.A., Buchanan, J.R., Mohamed Abdallahi Camara, K., et al. 2016. Red List of Marine Bony Fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Nieto, A., Ralph, G.M., Comeros-Raynal, M.T., Kemp, J., García Criado, M., Allen, D.J., Dulvy, Craig, M., Collette, B.B., Pollom, R., Harvey, M., et al. 2015. European Red List of Marine Fishes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.