Analisis De Diversidad De Las Especies De Mariposas (Nymphalidae, Papilionidae Y Pieridae) En Las Cordilleras Occidental, Central Y Oriental De Colombia

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Analisis De Diversidad De Las Especies De Mariposas (Nymphalidae, Papilionidae Y Pieridae) En Las Cordilleras Occidental, Central Y Oriental De Colombia ANALISIS DE DIVERSIDAD DE LAS ESPECIES DE MARIPOSAS (NYMPHALIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE Y PIERIDAE) EN LAS CORDILLERAS OCCIDENTAL, CENTRAL Y ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA MARIANA ZETHELIUS UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES AGOSTO DE 2003 TESIS DE BIOLOGIA ANALISIS DE DIVERSIDAD DE LAS ESPECIES DE MARIPOSAS (NYMPHALIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE Y PIERIDAE) EN LAS CORDILLERAS OCCIDENTAL, CENTRAL Y ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA POR: Mariana Zethelius DIRECTOR: Gonzalo Andrade C. Director Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Entregada en cumplimiento parcial de los requerimientos para optar al título de Biología. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES Agosto de 2003 A Magnus, por su gran respaldo y confianza A Cédric, por su paciencia y amor Y a mi familia, por estar siempre ahí. AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer en primer lugar a Gonzalo Andrade, Director del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, por su apoyo académico y científico en la realización del estudio que sustenta este trabajo; y al personal del Instituto por su colaboración. A la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Los Andes y a su cuerpo docente. A Magnus, por haberme apoyado durante todos estos años, ya que gracias a él he podido llegar hasta aquí. A Cédric por brindarme respaldo incondicional, a mis papás por haber sido mi guía, y a mi hermano por ayudarme a conservar el espíritu biológico. A mi familia, a mis amigos y en general a todas las personas que de una u otra forma han ayudado a la elaboración de esta tesis. INDICE INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................3 OBJETIVO GENERAL....................................................................................................................4 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS...........................................................................................................4 MARCO TEORICO..........................................................................................................................5 FAMILIA NYMPHALIDAE............................................................................................................8 SUBFAMILIA ACRAEINAE .........................................................................................................8 SUBFAMILIA APATURINAE.......................................................................................................9 SUBFAMILIA BIBLIDINAE .......................................................................................................10 SUBFAMILIA BRASSOLINAE...................................................................................................16 SUBFAMILIA CHARAXINAE....................................................................................................17 SUBFAMILIA DANAINAE .........................................................................................................20 SUBFAMILIA HELICONIINAE..................................................................................................21 SUBFAMILIA ITHOMINAE........................................................................................................23 SUBFAMILIA LIBYTHEINAE....................................................................................................28 SUBFAMILIA LIMENITIDINAE ................................................................................................29 SUBFAMILIA MELITAEINAE ...................................................................................................31 SUBFAMILIA MORPHINAE.......................................................................................................31 SUBFAMILIA NYMPHALINAE .................................................................................................32 SUBFAMILIA SATYRINAE........................................................................................................35 FAMILIA PAPILIONIDAE ...........................................................................................................40 SUBFAMILIA PAPILIONAE.......................................................................................................41 FAMILIA PIERIDAE.....................................................................................................................43 SUBFAMILIA COLIADINAE......................................................................................................43 SUBFAMILIA DISMORPHIINAE...............................................................................................45 SUBFAMILIA PIERINAE ............................................................................................................46 MATERIALES ................................................................................................................................48 METODOLOGÍA............................................................................................................................49 RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................................50 ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS......................................................................................................52 LOCALIDADES CON ESPECIES EXCLUSIVAS......................................................................52 ESPECIES DIFERENCIADORAS DE LOCALIDADES ............................................................66 SEGÚN ESPECIES REGISTRADAS...........................................................................................91 SEGÚN MAPAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ........................................................................................93 CONCLUSIONES ...........................................................................................................................95 BIBLIOGRAFIA .............................................................................................................................97 ANEXOS ANEXO 1. ESPECIES PARA LAS CORDILLERAS ANEXO 2. ARBOL. Coeficiente de Disimilitud ANEXO 3. LISTADO POR LOCALIDADES ANEXO 4. MAPAS 2 INTRODUCCIÓN Colombia es un país privilegiado tanto por su posición geográfica, como por su topografía, lo cual hace que tenga una gran biodiversidad. La gran variedad de especies que aquí se encuentran nos permiten diferenciar una extensa cantidad de zonas biogeográficas. Las mariposas, al igual que la gran mayoría de los insectos son excelentes colonizadoras, por lo que se adaptan fácilmente a los diferentes climas, latitudes, sistemas y altitudes. Por esto en Colombia podemos encontrar una gran cantidad de especies de mariposas, incluso en áreas despobladas. Sin embargo son muy sensibles a los cambios drásticos en el medio, por lo cual también son buenas indicadoras del tipo de hábitat en el cual se encuentran. Durante muchos años, varios investigadores han registrado y recolectado mariposas, caracterizando los diferentes tipos de hábitat donde han sido encontradas. Gracias a estos trabajos, hoy en día se sabe que las mariposas hacen parte del grupo más diverso de animales que existe en Colombia, contando más de 3.000 especies y subespecies. Cada especie de mariposa representa un ecosistema específico, ya que se encuentran asociadas a determinadas especies de plantas y animales. 3 OBJETIVO GENERAL Se pretende hacer un estudio de la forma en la que se encuentran distribuidas en las cordilleras colombianas, las diferentes especies de mariposas que pertenecen a las familias Nymphalidae, Papilionidae y Pieridae. OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS Definir las zonas de distribución de cada una de las especies de las familias en estudio. Correlacionar los rangos de distribución de cada una de las especies. Comparando las poblaciones en las diferentes cordilleras. 4 MARCO TEORICO El levantamiento Andino se produjo aproximadamente hace 65-50 millones de años, cuando la placa del pacífico glpeó con fuerza a toda Sur América, generando la subducción que daría origen a la construcción de la cordillera Occidental colombiana (Arteaga.1996; Estévez et al.1997). Hace 5 millones de años, en la transición Mioceno-Plioceno la antigua isla de Centro América arrmetió al norte de Sur América, permitiendo que los Andes llegaran a las alturas actuales y creando además un puente intercontinental con el cual se facilitaba la migración de las especies, quienes lo hicieron en su mayoría hacia el sur. De esta manera mucha fauna del norte se incorporó a estas nuevas tierras estableciéndose y diversificándose exitosamente (Arteaga. 1996; Hernández et al. 1997; Brown et al. 1998). La cordillera de los Andes surgió por una combinación de presiones de las capas tectónicas de la Tierra y actividad volcánica. Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Chile experimentan las consecuencias de esas tensiones: sismos y erupciones volcánicas. La Masa Andina colombiana es la parte más compleja, ocupa 323.000 km2 que equivalen al 27.6% del área continental, se implanta entre el Andén Pacífico, la Amazonía y la Orinoquía. La extensión territorial de Colombia, tanto continental como marina, se localiza en la faja intertropical del mundo. El territorio continental esta enmarcado dentro de los 12º30’40’’ de la latitud norte y los 4º13’30’’ de latitud sur y entre 66º50’54 longitud oeste del meridiano de Greenwich y 79º01’23’’ al oeste del dicho meridiano. El elemento fundamental que configura el medio físico natural de Colombia es la presencia de la cadena montañosa de Los Andes. Los Andes Colombianos se originan en el Nudo de los Pastos donde se dividen las cordilleras
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