Sport and Physical Education: the Key Concepts Offers an Up-To-Date Companion to the Changing Face of Sport Studies

SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION Sport and Physical Education: The Key Concepts offers an up-to-date companion to the changing face of sport studies. This accessible and fully cross-referenced A—Z guide, written specifically for students of sport studies and physical education, introduces basic terms and concepts as well as offering excellent suggestions for further reading. Entries cover such diverse subjects as: • coaching • economics • drug testing • Gay Games • hooliganism • amateurism • cultural imperialism • extreme sports A complete guide to the disciplines, themes, topics and concerns current in contemporary sport, this book is an invaluable resource for students at every level studying sport and physical education. Timothy Chandler is Professor of Sport Studies at Kent State University, Ohio, USA. Mike Cronin is Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre for Sports History and Culture at De Montfort University. Wray Vamplew is Professor of Sports History and Director of Research in Sports Studies at the University of Stirling. ROUTLEDGE KEY GUIDES Routledge Key Guides are accessible, informative and lucid handbooks, which define and discuss the central concepts, thinkers and debates in a broad range of academic disciplines. All are written by noted experts in their respective subjects. Clear, concise exposition of complex and stimulating issues and ideas makes Routledge Key Guides the ultimate reference resources for students, teachers, researchers and the interested lay person. Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches Fifty Key Classical Authors Neville Morley Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash Business: The Key Concepts Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers Mark Vernon John Lechte Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (2nd edition) Fifty Key Figures in Twentieth Century British Politics Susan Hayward Keith Laybourn Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers Edited by Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick Dan Cohn-Sherbok Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick Edited by Joy Palmer with Peter Blaze Corcoran and David A.Cooper Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings Oliver Leaman Fifty Key Thinkers on History Marnie Hughes-Warrington International Relations: The Key Concepts Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations Martin Griffiths Popular Music: The Key Concepts Roy Shuker Fifty Major Economists Steven Pressman Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin Fifty Major Philosophers Diané Collinson Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Concepts Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing Fifty Major Thinkers on Education Joy Palmer Sport and Physical Education: The Key Concepts Timothy Chandler, Mike Cronin and Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education Wray Vamplew Joy Palmer Sport Psychology: The Key Concepts Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Ellis Cashmore Studies (second edition) Tim O’Sullivan, John Hartley, Danny Saunders, Television Studies: The Key Concepts Martin Montgomery and John Fiske Neil Casey, Bernadette Casey, Justin Lewis, Ben Calvert and Liam French Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy Oliver Leaman Fifty Eastern Thinkers Diané Collinson, Kathryn Plant and Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics Robert Wilkinson R.L.Trask Fifty Contemporary Choreographers Key Concepts in the Philosophy of Education Edited by Martha Bremser John Gingell and Christopher Winch Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers Edited by Yvonne Tasker SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION The Key Concepts Timothy Chandler, Mike Cronin and Wray Vamplew London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2002 Timothy Chandler, Mike Cronin and Wray Vamplew All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this title ISBN 0-203-46714-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-77538-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-23141-8 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-23142-6 (pbk) CONTENTS Introduction vi Acknowledgements xi List of concepts xii KEY CONCEPTS 1 Further resources and bibliography 228 Index 247 v INTRODUCTION At the start of the 2001/2 football season in Britain, there was a mass of media comment about the amount of football that would be screened on television during the season. It was claimed that by switching between the different terrestrial, satellite and cable providers, the avid fan could watch four live games every day, amounting to over forty hours of viewing per week. ITV had paid over £70 million to secure the rights to screen a highlights package of Premier League action on Saturday night, yet their flagship programme attracted barely five million viewers on the first day of the season. Press commentators, callers to radio phone-in programmes, and even some seasoned football analysts, argued that there was too much football on television, and that the fans were turning their sets off. It was felt by many commentators that the football bubble was bursting. The scale of sports activity across the world at the start of the twenty-first century is immense. The multi-million pound figures that are paid for television rights, and to top performers in wages and sponsorship agreements, rely on the idea that there is an insatiable appetite amongst the viewing population for sport. Modern sport emerged as part of a range of social changes that were the product of the industrial revolution. In the ensuing century and a half since many of the major sporting associations came into existence, the sport and leisure industry has grown to be one of the biggest in the world. In recent years the continuing speed and scale of growth within the sports market on a global scale has appeared unstoppable. The cost of television rights for sporting events of all kinds have soared, sports clubs have been successfully floated on the stock market, and major events such as the football World Cup finals and the Olympics grow ever bigger and costlier. Whether sport can continue with its incredible level of success remains to be seen. Will the Athens Olympics of 2004 be as successful as those held in Sydney in 2000? Will the viewers begin to desert televised football in large numbers? Will Nike continue to sign multi-million pound deals with sports stars vi INTRODUCTION to promote its products? All the answers to these questions lie in the future. They are, however, indicative of the importance of sport within the global society, and illustrative of its social, economic and political importance. Sport, it can be argued, is everywhere. From children kicking or throwing a ball on any patch of ground, to the stars of the football pitch or basketball court, sport captivates us all. Its global presence is undeniable. We cannot turn on our television sets without seeing sport. General and dedicated radio stations keep us constantly abreast of the latest sports news, while the ever-growing number of daily sporting newspaper supplements and specialist magazines inform us of every minutia of sporting activity. The internet has been embraced by sports clubs and organisations, as well as fans across the world, as another medium through which sport can be promoted, discussed and enjoyed. In all forms of sponsorship and advertising, the sports star is dominant. There is not a product that is not connected to either individual sports players or an event. From Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods’ embrace of Nike, through to the N-Power Ashes series in test cricket, companies believe that the sponsorship of sport will bring them much needed publicity, raise their profile and increase their sales. Sport has a great cultural resonance. It is important in people s daily lives, and serves to bring people together. For many sport is central to their sense of identity. It provides them with a focus for their lives, a group of friends with a common interest, and a series of games and events around which they can organise and centre their life. Sport is centrally important as an activity that promotes physical health and well-being, and is embraced as such by education, welfare and medical systems across the world. Physical and sporting activity, at whatever age, is to be applauded for improving health and sociability, as well as providing many people with an outlet for their competitive streak. Sport then, has a myriad of different functions. From the school child throwing their first ball as part of an educational process, through to the multi-million dollar pitcher on a major league baseball team, sport is an important focus for, and a central part of, the society in which we live. Why sports studies and physical education? The argument of what actually constitutes a sport is one that will keep any discussion group, whether in a classroom or over dinner, talking for hours. The argument is not one which is central here. We have taken a broad approach to the subject of what constitutes sports studies vii INTRODUCTION and physical education, and are more concerned with an area of activity that has a multitude of different forms, styles and influences across the globe. The approach taken here is one which, along with the majority of academic studies, is centred on an understanding of sport and physical education within a predominantly Western context. This is not to deny that sport has a great importance within non-Western societies, but a recognition that the majority of previous work has focused on Western sports, organisations and styles of play.

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