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Anchoring Fibrils Form O Complex Network in Human and Rabbit Cornea

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Anchoring Fibrils Form O Complex Network in Human and Rabbit Cornea Anchoring Fibrils Form o Complex Network in Human and Rabbit Cornea llene K. Gipson, Sandra J. Spurr-Michaud, and Ann 5. Tisdale Anchoring fibril distribution, depth of penetration into the stroma, and pattern of histochemical localization of type VII collagen (the anchoring fibril collagen) were studied in normal human and rabbit corneas. Electron micrographs of cross sections and sections taken parallel to the basement membrane demonstrate that anchoring fibrils insert into the basal lamina and then splay out laterally. They are more readily seen in sections taken parallel to the basal lamina, where they are observed to form a complex branching and anastomosing network below the basal lamina. Distal to the basal lamina, anchoring fibrils appear to insert into patches of dense extracellular matrix termed "anchoring plaques." Average depth of penetration of anchoring fibrils into stroma is 0.60 and 0.54 urn for human and rabbit, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies to type VII collagen localize only to the basement membrane-anchoring fibril zone of both human and rabbit corneas. No obvious differences in anchoring fibril structure or distribution were observed between human corneas, which have a Bowman's layer, and rabbit corneas, which do not. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:212-220, 1987 Anchoring fibrils are uniquely cross-banded fibrils phica in which epidermal blisters form due to the ab- present on the connective tissue side of the basal lamina sence of the fibrils (for reviews, see references 4 and 5). of all stratified squamous epithelia. They are a com- Other stratified squamous epithelia in which an- ponent of the adhesion complex required for tight ad- choring fibrils have been studied include oral mucosa,6 herence of these epithelia, which are subject to abrasion. ectocervix,7 and cornea.8"10 Jakus in 1962" described The adhesion complex consists of the hemidesmosome, "fine-filaments" that extend from protuberances of which is the adhesion junction joining the basal cell the corneal epithelial basement membrane. Later membrane to the basal lamina. The hemidesmosome reports1213 described accumulations of short fibrous junction is connected in an as yet undefined manner material in pockets of duplicated basement membrane through the basal lamina to another portion of the in Meesmann's corneal dystrophy. Kenyon and complex, the anchoring fibril network. This network Maumenee14 ascribed the term "anchoring fibrils" to splays out into the subjacent connective tissue strata. crossbanded fibers in the central cornea of a case of 15 The structure and distribution of anchoring fibrils congenital corneal dystrophy. Subsequently, Kenyon 9 (formerly termed Special Fibrils) have been most thor- and Alvarado et al described accumulations of an- oughly studied at the epidermis-dermis junction.1"3 choring fibrils in duplicated epithelial basal lamina of Studies of amphibian skin demonstrate that the fibrils diabetic and aged humans, respectively. have a symmetrical transverse band pattern, are ~750 A study using an in-vitro corneal system indicated nm long and attach at both free ends to the undulating that new hemidesmosomes form over specific sites on basement membrane of the epidermis.3 Evidence that basal laminae where anchoring fibrils insert from the these fibrils function in holding the overlying epithe- stromal side.10 This site may be a "nucleation" site for lium and basement membrane to the dermis comes hemidesmosome reformation as basal cells of stratified from studies of forms of epidermolysis bullosa dystro- epithelium divide and constantly change positions in relation to the basal lamina. It is not known whether the anchoring fibril itself passes through the basal lam- ina to form the nucleation site or whether there are From the Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation and the Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, linking elements between anchoring fibrils and hemi- Massachusetts. desmosomes. Supported in part by research grant R01 EY03306 from the Na- Bentz et al16 reported isolation of a new type of col- tional Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mary- lagen, designated type VII, purified from human am- land. nion. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron Submitted for publication: June 11, 1986. Reprint requests: llene K. Gipson, PhD, Eye Research Institute, microscopy studies demonstrated that antibodies to 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114. type VII collagen localize to epidermal anchoring fi- 212 Downloaded from iovs.arvojournals.org on 10/01/2021 No. 2 ANCHORING FIBRILS IN HUMAN AND RADDIT CORNEA / Gipson er ol. 213 brils.17 Type VII collagen seems to have a tripartite Immunofluorescence globular nonhelical head region at the carboxyl ter- Normal rabbit and human corneas were frozen in minus of the filamentous triple helix portion of the Tissue Tek II O.C.T. Compound (Lab Tek Products; molecule.18 Triple helices of individual molecules as- Naperville, IL). Six-micrometer cryostat sections were sociate to form the cross-banded fibril, and globular placed on gelatin-coated slides and air-dried overnight domains associate in the basal lamina and in patches at 37 C. The sections were rehydrated in phosphate- of electron-dense extracellular matrix (anchoring buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, and washed in PBS with plaques) located in the connective tissue region sub- 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 10 min. The pri- jacent to the basal lamina.19 mary antibody (mouse anti-human type VII collagen, Despite the reports regarding the accumulation of clone NP76 or 185) was then applied for 1 hr in a anchoring fibrils in corneal pathologies and in aged moist chamber. The slides were rinsed with PBS fol- humans, little morphological and morphometric data lowed by 10 min in PBS with 1% BSA. The secondary are available on the distribution of anchoring fibrils in antibody (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-conju- the normal human cornea. We report studies of the gated goat anti-mouse IgG; Cooper Biomedical Inc.; distribution and depth of penetration of anchoring fi- Malvern, PA) was applied for 1 hr in a moist chamber. brils in normal human corneas as well as in rabbit cor- After a PBS wash, coverslips were mounted with a me- neas, which do not have a Bowman's layer. In addition, dium consisting of PBS, glycerol, and paraphenylene- we report the pattern of immunohistochemical local- diamine.21 Negative control tissue sections (primary ization of monoclonal antibodies to type VII collagen antibody omitted) were routinely run with every an- in the epithelial basement membrane zone of both spe- tibody-binding study. The sections were viewed and cies. photographed using a Zeiss photomicroscope III equipped for epi-illumination. The primary antibodies were the kind gift of Dr. Robert E. Burgeson (Shriners Materials and Methods Crippled Children's Hospital, Portland, OR), who has verified their specificity.18 The antibodies recognize the All investigations involving animals reported in this nonhelical globular domain of the type VII collagen study conform to the ARVO Resolution on the Use molecule. of Animals in Research. Normal human donor corneas and corneas from adult (2.5 kg) New Zealand White rabbits were used. The rabbits were killed with an in- Results travenous overdose of sodium pentobarbital. Anchoring fibril structure and distribution is difficult to discern in corneas fixed immediately after dissection Transmission Electron Microscopy in routinely used glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde Donor human corneas (N = 9) and excised rabbit fixatives (i.e., half-strength Karnovsky's fixative). We corneas (N = 7) were fixed in either half-strength Kar- noted in previous studies that anchoring fibrils were novsky's fixative (2% paraformaldehyde, 2.5% glutar- more discernible in corneal tissue that had been organ- aldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4) or 3.75% cultured for 24 hr prior to fixation in half-strength 10 osmium tetroxide (OsO4) in 0.2 M s-collidine buffer, Karnovsky's fixative. Also, trials of various fixatives pH 7.4. In addition, 3 human stromas and 43 rabbit demonstrated that anchoring fibrils were more dis- corneas were incubated 1-24 hr in a completely defined cernible after fixation with osmium tetroxide in colli- organ culture medium20 prior to fixation in half- dine buffer.22 All electron micrographs in Figures 1 to strength Karnovsky's fixative. 4 are sections of tissues processed after 24 hr culture or after osmium fixation. Morphometric Analysis Anchoring Fibril Ultrastructure and Morphometry A Zeiss Videoplan Image Analysis System (Rainin Instruments; Woburn, MA) was used to measure the In sections of cornea taken perpendicular to the basal depth of penetration into the stroma of the five longest lamina, insertion of anchoring fibrils into the basal anchoring fibrils on each of 8-10 electron micrographs lamina can be seen (Figs. 1, 2). At the insertion site, per cornea (N = 9 for humans, N = 50 for rabbits). the fibril has several filamentous branches (Fig. 1, lower The anchoring fibrils were measured perpendicular to inset). These branches unite distal from the basal lam- the basal lamina from their deepest point in the stroma ina insertion to form the cross-banded fibril with a to their insertion into the lamina densa. The mean and banding repeat characteristic of these fibrils. The cross- standard error of the mean were then computed for banded anchoring fibrils extend into the anterior each group of corneas. stroma, splaying out among the collagen fibrils. Some Downloaded from iovs.arvojournals.org on 10/01/2021 214 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY b VISUAL SCIENCE / February 1987 Vol. 28 Fig. 1. Electron micrographs of cross-sections of rabbit cornea demonstrating anchoring fibrils (AF) in zone below basal lamina. Large micrograph: Anchoring fibril (large arrows) insertion into basal lamina is particularly evident at site along basal lamina opposite hemidesmosomes (HD). Insertion of anchoring fibrils distalty into electron-dense patches, recently termed anchoring plaques, is indicated by small arrows (X73,9OO). Upper inset: An anchoring fibril that inserts at each end into basal lamina.
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