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C First Published in 1999 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Contents Newbury House, 900 Eastern Avenue, London IG2 7HH () f_ J.2't ;c First published in 1999 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Contents Newbury House, 900 Eastern Avenue, London IG2 7HH and in the United States of America by Introduction vii FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. Hassalo Street Regions and International Affairs: Motives, Opportunities Portland, Oregon 97213-3644 and Strategies Michael Keating 1 Website: www.frankcass.com Patrolling the 'Frontier': Globalization, Localization and Copyright c 1999 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. the 'Actorness' of Non-Central Governments Brian Hocking 17 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in the Redefinition of International Security: Dimensions of Conflict and Paradiplomacy in action : the foreign relations of Co-operation Noe Cornago 40 subnational governments. - (The Cass series in regional and federal studies; v. 4) The European Union and Inter-regional Co-operation Kepa Sodupe 58 1. Administrative and political divisions 2. Diplomacy 3. International relations 4. Negotiation - International cooperation 5. Central-local government relations Towards Plurinationai Diplomacy in the Deeper and I. Aldecoa, Francesco II. Keating, Michael, 1950- Wider European Union (1985-2005) Francisco Aldecoa 82 320.8 The Other Dimension of Third Level Politics in Europe: ISBN 0 7146 497t 6 (cloth) The Congress of Local and Regional Powers of the ISBN 0 7146 8018 4 (paper) Council of Europe Jose Luis de Castro 95 ISSN 1363-5670 The International Competence of US States and their Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Local Governments John Kincaid 111 Paradiplomacy in action : the foreign relations of subnational governments I edited by Francisco Aldecoa and Michael Keating. Federal-State Relations in Australian External Affairs: p. cm. - (The Cass series in regional and federal studies, A New Co-operative Era? John Ravenhill 134 ISSN 1363-5670 : 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. The Quebec Experience: Success or Failure? Louis Balthazar 153 ISBN 0-7146-4971-6 (cloth). - ISBN 0-7146-8018-4 (pbk.) 1. Subnational governments-Foreign relations. I. Aldecoa, The International Relations of Basque Nationalism Francisco. II. Keating, Michael, 1950- . III. Series. and the First Basque Autonomous Government JZ4059.P37 1999 99-20579 (1890-1939) Alexander Ugalde 170 327.l-dc21 CIP Making Sense of Paradiplomacy? An Intertextual Inquiry This group of studies first appeared in a special issue of Regional & Federal Studies (ISSN 1359-7566) Vol.9, No.I (Spring, 1999) about a Concept in Search of a Definition Ifiaki Aguirre 185 published by Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Abstracts ' 210 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Notes on Contributors 215 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the plior written permission of the publisher of this book. Index 219 Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire BACKGROUND TO THE BASQUE PRESENCE ABROAD TODAY 171 The International Relations of Basque (Duchacek, 1986). These concepts are used to explain the role of nationalist movements, national minorities and ethnic groups not dominant within Nationalism and the First Basque International Society as actors in international relations (Esman, 1990 and Autonomous Government (1890-1939) 1995; Mayall, 1990; Heraklides, 1990; Smith, 1991; Chazan, 1991; Schechtennan and Slann, 1993; Moynihan, 1993; Ryan, 1995; Esman and Telhami, 1995). This subject is arousing more and more interest both in the ALEXANDER UGALDE ZUBIRI field of historiography (Nunez, 1996) and in the theory of international relations (Cornago, 1996) and it also appears in other studies dealing with nationalism in general (Beramendi, Maiz and Nunez, 1994). The year 1995 was the centenary of Basque Nationalism, if we take a5 a THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF BASQUE NATIONALISM AS AN OBJECT point of reference 31 July 1895, when the first Biz.kai-Buru-Batzar (General OF STUDY Council of Biscay), the embryo of the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco), was constituted. From this date it gradually consolidated This contribution examines from a historical perspective the background to its doctrinal, programme and organization, gaining social influence and the present-day Basque presence abroad, namely, the international relations electoral presence to become an essential component of the Basque of Basque nationalism (1890-1936) and the first Basque autonomous contemporary history; today it remains part of the complex Basque socio­ government (1936-39) .. The presence of the Basque Country in political reality, albeit divided into several ideological and political formations. contemporary international society, its role as another actor on the There are some outstanding studies of Basque nationalism.' The international scene, is a very topical subject. This can be observed in the fact centenary has brought a further wave of studies (Granja, 1994 and 1995; that Basque foreign action grew more and more intense, taking shape in all Pablo, 1995; Pablo, Granja and Mees, 1998). Yet the international aspects of sorts of events - political, economic, social, cultural - as well as in other Basque nationalism have been rather neglected, with some notable activities showing 'features of internationality' (Truyol, 1987). I am exceptions. Granja ( 1989) covers the Galeuzca pact and the agreement of its referring to the foreign action promoted by the Basque government ~ignatories to combine their efforts in pursuit of 'propaganda and (bilateral and multilateral co-operation among regions, co-operation across mternational action'. Estevez (1991, 1992) deals with relations among the nations, co-operation for development, activities promoting the economy peripheral penninsular nationalisms, one of whose features was that they and culture, attention to Basque communities living abroad, trips, offices in thought of their alliances as 'international', and with nationalist presence in other countries, the creation by the Basque government of the General European congresses. Nunez's (1992a) doctoral thesis is about the Secretariat for Foreign Affairs), and to the activities carried out by social nationalities in Europe between the wars and the Catalan, Galician and organizations, such as political parties, non-governmental organizations and Basque 'protodiplomacy' at the Congress of European Nationalities. The municipal councils. It is not a recent phenomenon we are dealing with; there same author has written on the repercussion of Irish nationalism on the are some antecedents to be considered. This is why my study about the Iberian nationalisms (Nunez, 1992b) and on the international relations of presence of Basque nationalism abroad is made from a historical Basque nationalism (Nunez, 1995a, 1995b). Conversi (1993) deals with the perspective. This requires us to employ the expression 'international actor' consequences of the international events on Basque and Catalan nationalism, in the broad sense in line with the trend in international relations from state­ and Lorenzo (1992) with the influence of Irish nationalism on Basque centred formulae to more modern approaches which underline the ·=-. nationalism. San Sebastian (1991) is a compendium of the materials of the existence, alongside the state and international or supranational Basque Delegation in New York. With regard to international relations, we organizations, of a series of 'transnational forces' (Merle, 1988) or which can note Aguirre (1987), who has studied historical models of an integrated consider the presence of unofficial actors within the 'plurality of members' Basque space and its articulation with other international spaces. of International Society to be significant (Arena!, 1990; Garcia, 1993). This article focuses on the crucial period from 1890 to 1939 and asks This aspect of Basque nationalism must be placed within the frame of whether Basque nationalism followed a definite model for its action abroad reference of a broader international phenomenon captured in concepts such during the these years, looking both at the theoretical basis for the policy, as 'non governmental diplomacy' (Zorgbibe, 1982) and 'protodiplomacy' and its practical application. Three broad conclusions emerge: 172 PARADIPLOMACY IN ACTION BACKGROUND TO THE BASQUE PRESENCE ABROAD TODAY 173 First, Basque nationalism as a political and social movement, structured enable us to identify and specify the pattern followed by nationalism with through several political organizations in different phases, took its first regard to foreign action. These fall into three types: doctrinal (sustaining steps in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and its action abroad principles); platform (aims pursued); and instrumental and auxiliary. In all, increased until the late 1930s. Its activities were in the beginning weak there are ten indicators: and irregular but they reached a considerable level during the years of the Republic. Historical Context Second, projection abroad is something inherent in Basque nationalism. In order to examine the foreign action it is essential to make reference, in Its doctrine, its sustaining principles, its goals and its platform made it each phase, to the triple Basque, Spanish and international frame. For establish its project of a Basque political space in relation to the instance, the consequences of the First World War influenced
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