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De María Dueñas (2009) Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Katrien Devriese La transferencia de los nombres propios en la traducción neerlandesa de la novela “El tiempo entre costuras” de María Dueñas (2009) Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in het Vertalen 2015 Promotor Prof. Dr. Anna Vermeulen Vakgroep Vertalen Tolken Communicatie 2 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera expresar mis más sinceros agradecimientos a la doctora Anna Vermeulen por su ayuda profesional y dedicación durante todo el proceso de escribir esta tesina. Sus muchas sugerencias y consejos han sido fundamentales para llevarla a buen término. Además debo rendir especial agradecimiento a la traductora Jacqueline Visscher por haber contestado mis preguntas. A mi familia le agradezco su apoyo mental y sobre todo su eterna paciencia. Finalmente, he apreciado mucho el apoyo de mis compañeros de clase y de mis amigos en general. Les doy las gracias por su optimismo y por animarme a perseverar. 4 Índice LISTA DE ABREVIACIONES …………………………………………………………. 7 1 INTRODUCCIÓN …………………………………………………………………….. 8 1.1 La problemática …………………………………………………………………….... 8 1.2 Motivación y objetivos ………………………………………………………………. 11 1.3 Metodología ………………………………………………………………………….. 12 1.4 Material de estudio …………………………………………………………………… 13 1.4.1 La autora: María Dueñas …………………………………………………… 13 1.4.2 La novela: El tiempo entre costuras ………………………………………... 14 1.4.3 Contexto: El Protectorado español en Marruecos (1912-1956) ……………. 15 1.4.4 La traductora: Jacqueline Visscher………………………………………….. 18 2 MARCO TEÓRICO ……………………………………………………………………. 19 2.1 Definición y función de los nombres propios ………………………………………… 19 2.2 Clasificación de los nombres propios ………………………………………………… 20 2.2.1 Antropónimos …………………………………………………………….... 20 2.2.2 Topónimos …………………………………………………………………. 21 2.2.3 Marcas ……………………………………………………………………... 22 2.3 Estrategias de transferencia ………………………………………………………….. 22 2.3.1 Transcripción ………………………………………………………………. 22 2.3.1.1 Transcripción literal (TSlit) ……………………………………… 22 2.3.1.2 Transcripción adaptada (TSad) ………………………………….. 23 2.3.1.3 Restitución (RES) ……………………………………………….. 23 2.3.1.4 Exónimo (EXO) …………………………………………………. 23 2.3.2 Traducción …………………………………………………………………. 24 2.3.2.1 Traducción literal (TRlit) ………………………………………... 24 2.3.2.2 Traducción adaptada (TRad) …………………………………….. 24 5 2.3.3 Expansión (EXP) ………………………………………………………….. 24 2.3.4 Sustitución (SUS) …………………………………………………………. 25 2.3.5 Equivalente cultural (EQUI) ……………………………………………… 25 2.3.6 Reducción (RED) …………………………………………………………. 26 2.3.7 Omisión (OM) …………………………………………………………….. 26 2.3.8 Combinación (COMBI) …………………………………………………… 26 3 ANÁLISIS …………………………………………………………………………….. 28 3.1 Nombres propios ……………………………………………………………………. 28 3.1.1 Antropónimos ……………………………………………………………… 28 3.1.1.1 Personas reales …………………………………………………... 29 3.1.1.1.1 Nacionalidad …………………………………………… 29 3.1.1.2 Personas ficticias ………………………………………………… 47 3.1.1.2.1 Personajes de la novela ………………………………… 47 3.1.1.2.2 Personajes de otras obras ………………………………. 51 3.1.2 Topónimos …………………………………………………………………. 54 3.1.2.1 Países …………………………………………………………….. 54 3.1.2.2 Regiones, continentes, territorios ………………………………… 54 3.1.2.3 Provincias ………………………………………………………… 56 3.1.2.4 Ciudades y municipios …………………………………………… 56 3.1.2.5 Barrios y distritos ………………………………………………… 58 3.1.2.6 Lugares de interés ………………………………………………… 60 3.1.2.7 Plazas …………………………………………………………….. 61 3.1.2.8 Calles …………………………………………………………….. 62 3.1.2.9 Hidrónimos ………………………………………………………. 65 3.1.2.10 Montañas ……………………………………………………….. 66 3.1.3 Marcas …………………………………………………………………….. 66 3.1.3.1 Españolas ………………………………………………………... 66 3.1.3.2 Extranjeras ………………………………………………………. 67 6 4 RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIÓN …………………………………………………… 69 5 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ……………………………………………………………………… 74 6 APÉNDICE …………………………………………………………………………… 78 Apéndice I: Lista exhaustiva de los nombres propios …………………………………. 78 Apéndice II: Correspondencia con la traductora ……………………………………….. 109 7 LISTA DE ABREVIACIONES COMBI Combinación EQUI Equivalente cultural ERR Error EXO Exónimo EXP Expansión OM Omisión RED Reducción RES Restitución SUS Sustitución TRad Traducción adaptada TRlit Traducción literal TSad Transcripción adaptada TSlit Transcripción literal D-1 Dueñas (2009) D-2 Dueñas (2012) LF Lengua Fuente LM Lengua Meta 8 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 La problemática El tema del nombre propio ha sido objeto de muchos estudios en el pasado. Al principio, era popular sobre todo dentro de las disciplinas de la antropología, la lógica y la filosofía. Más recientemente, eso es, a finales de los años setenta del siglo XX, los lingüistas también empezaron a interesarse en la onomástica, como se denomina “la ciencia que trata la catalogación y el estudio de los nombres propios” (Cuéllar Lázaro, 2014, p. 361). Según la tipología de Van Langendonck (2007), existen muchas categorías distintas dentro de los llamados “nombres propios”. Además de los nombres propios prototípicos, es decir, los antropónimos y los topónimos, también pertenecen a ellos los nombres de edificios, instituciones, organizaciones, monedas, marcas, incluso colores etc. El presente trabajo, que es un estudio descriptivo, está basado en la tipología de Newmark (1988, p. 214-216) que se centra en los nombres de personas, de lugares y marcas, que constituyen el campo principal de la onomástica (Cuéllar Lázaro, 2014, p. 361). En cuanto a la traducibilidad de los nombres propios, existe mucha controversia. En general, se dice que no se traducen (Moya, 2000, p. 25). Ya en el año 1532, el humanista Juan Luis Vives, citado por Moya, dijo en su obra De ratione dicendi: Los nombres propios de persona o lugar deben pasar íntegros de una lengua a otra, sin cambio que intente reproducir su sentido etimológico, […] (Moya, 2000, p. 26) Aunque luego añadió: De estos nombres, como decía, sólo se puede elidir o añadir una letra o una sílaba para que resulten conformes y acordes con la lengua, […] (Moya, 2000, p. 26) 9 García Yebra (1989) tampoco consideraba la técnica de transferencia de los nombres propios como un procedimiento de traducción. Más recientemente, tanto Moya (2000) como Franco Aixelá (2000, p. 66) respectivamente hablan de “repetición” o “transferencia” cuando se copian literalmente y “adaptación” cuando se hacen asimilaciones fonéticas, fonológicas u ortográficas, para que el nombre propio corresponda al sistema lingüístico de la lengua meta ( Cuéllar Lázaro, 2014, p. 363). Al principio, en su obra de Approaches to Translation, Peter Newmark (1981) también defendía la teoría de la intraducibilidad, cuando decía que los nombres de personas u objetos no tienen significado ni connotaciones y por eso son intraducibles y no deben ser traducidos: In theory, names of single persons or objects are ‘outside’ languages, belong, if at all, to the encyclopaedia not the dictionary, have, as Mill stated, no meaning or connotations, are, therefore, both untranslatable and not to be translated. (Newmark, 1981, p. 59) Más tarde, en su Textbook for Translation (1988) matiza esta teoría, afirmando que en cuanto a los antropónimos hay que distinguir entre los nombres de personas sin y con carga semántica. En las obras de ficción, por ejemplo, los personajes pueden tener un nombre connotativo que explica su condición o sus acciones. Sigue partiendo de la idea que los nombres no se traducen, sino que se transfieren, a excepción de nombres de personas universalmente conocidas, como papas, monarcas, príncipes, santos, etc. Sin embargo, añade que cuando los nombres propios tienen una clara connotación sí se traducen a la lengua meta. Where both connotations (rendered through sound effects and/or transparent names) and nationality are significant, I have suggested that the best method is first to translate the Word that underlies the SL proper name into the TL, and then to naturalise the translated Word back into a new SL proper name […] (Newmark, 1988, p. 215) 10 Santoyo (1987) y Cartagena (1992) también son defensores de la traducibilidad del nombre propio, pero tampoco consideran la estrategia de transferencia o transcripción, término utilizado por Cartagena, como una forma de traducción. Más concreto, Cartagena divide los antropónimos en “traducibles” e “intraducibles”, en el último grupo, se transcriben o se aplica otra técnica de transferencia. Para Nord (2003), la transferencia equivale a la traducción: It is obvious that proper names are indeed translated, if we regard “translation” as a process of linguistic and/or cultural transfer. (Nord, 2003, p. 183) En resumen, la traducibilidad de los nombres de personas, lugares y por extensión de las marcas es un asunto bastante complejo y confuso. En la teoría, existe mucha vacilación en cuanto a la terminología usada por los diferentes lingüistas a la hora de definir la manera de tratarlos en la traducción y de denominar las estrategias. En la práctica, los traductores suelen recurrir a diferentes estrategias o técnicas para transferir un nombre propio, incluso dentro del mismo texto (Nord, 2003, p. 183). Franco Aixelá (2000, p. 69) señala que la perspectiva contextualizada es la perspectiva fundamental de la traducción en general y no la lingüística, de ahí que dependerá del contexto si el traductor transfiere el nombre inglés “John” literalmente o si se “adapta al uso español”, cambiándolo en “Juan” en un texto español: la perspectiva pertinente en traducción no puede partir de la lengua como sistema, sino que debe ser primordialmente textual y, ante todo, condicionada (admitir condiciones que señalan las circunstancias en las
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