An Analysis of Visual Religious Symbols Appearing in The

Home , Improvement Era, Religious symbol

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1974

An Analysis of Visual Religious Symbols Appearing in the Improvement Era, Ensign, and New Era Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints From 1952-1972

Carl Landus Christensen Brigham Young University - Provo

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

Part of the Graphic Communications Commons, Mass Communication Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Christensen, Carl Landus, "An Analysis of Visual Religious Symbols Appearing in the Improvement Era, Ensign, and New Era Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints From 1952-1972" (1974). Theses and Dissertations. 4594. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4594

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 70070 0 LA

AN ANANALYSIS OF VISUAL plfcofjb synolSYMOJSYMOJSS apparimr lisilsIIIIN111 THE

ay improvcmfnr ERAepa espiESPJS ant5antaai nrNE 1l ERALRA pulcshfl 3yY thluthiuTHETHII

T criupchC hljll1 H orOF jlfjg CL 7 OL tatp2rAT ER DAY SAINTSSAINUS FROM 19 c 2 1 99212

A theliothesthesioi s presentedP resen led to thebheghe department of art aioandaiaala design briotBricTbrighamharnhann young urauna rosityrsity

irin fulfillfirlF iriirllri llmceiibmmeate of thene rrquicqcnrquiiornrsn s fforfour th Ddareedqreebreegree nattmatt of artarb

y crul lcinds r irictgnn A pj 104194 this thesis by carl landus christensen is accepted in its present form by the department of fine arts and communications of brigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts 7 1 f atyt fo 154154i peter L myer committee chairman

rasmussvn committee member v date W doug ut ieparleparcepar ementghentghene ritanrilan

typed by linda hone

ii acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

sincere appreciation is expressed to committee members peter L myers and ellis T rasmussen for tactful criticism and important suggestions and for many hours of painstaking help A grateful knowledgementacknowledgementac is extended to the personnel of the computer research center of brigham young university and their many helps and suggestions thanks is due to lane raty who was a key figure at the outset of this project thanks is also extended to the editors of the publications and art staff and especially to doyle L green brian kelly and warren luch for sharing their valuable time A very special recognition goes to my wife without whose love and help this project would have been impossible linda hone is deserving of praise for her con- scientscientiousious effort and technical ability in typing this manusmanuscriotmanuscrintmanuscriptcrint

iii rableTABLEj OF CONTENTS

page

LIST OF TABLES s vi

LIST OF GRAPHS a 0 vii LIST OF PLATES viii chapter 1 introduction I11

1 background AND justification 0 0 0 0 SYMBOL HISTORY 4

QUESTIONS 9 STATEMENT OF delimitationsLIMITATIONSDE 10 METHODS AND procedures 11 definitiondefinitions OF TERMS 12

2 REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH 0 0 0 0 21

NO SIMILAR STUDIES 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 21 background information 21 A BRIEF HISTORY 22

THE improvementIMPROVII1MENT ERA 23 PILOT SYMBOLS 25

PILOT SYMBOL MEANINGS 0 0 27

COLORS 0 a 31

VALUE 0 0 0 0 s 36

SUMMARY 0 o f 0 0 0 0 45

3 ANALYSIS OPOF THE DATA 47 iv v chapter page REPORT OF interviews WITH THE EDITORS 49 TREATMENT OF THE DATA 56 individual SYMBOL appearances BY FREQUENCY 0 0 0 0 Is 59

SYMBOL DATA IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL COMPUTER CARDS PROCESSED 65

TREATNENTTREATMENT OF PILOT SYMBOLS DATA 74

SUMMARY 9 9 0 0 0 83 4 SUMMRYSUMMARY conclusions AND recommendations 85 A SUMYARYSUMMARY OF THE TUDYSTUDYS 85 justification 86

METHODS 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 88

FINDINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 89 conclusions 100 recommendations 101 bibliography 104 APPENDIX 110 LIST OF TABLES table page 1 interviews relative to pilot symbols 52 2 interviews relative to pilot symbols 57 3 the medium used to render the symbols by computer cards e 9 e a 9 s 0 0 72

4 pilot symbolsymbols3 by publications by computer cards 9 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75

5 pilot symbolsymbols3 by year by cards 76 606 pilot symbols by year by cards 77

7 pilot symbolsymbols13 by months by computer cards 78 8 pilot symbols by size by computer cards 79 9 pilot symbolsymbols bvby kind bvby Comcomoutercomputerouter cards 81 10 pilot symbols by doctrines by computer cards 82

vi LIST OF GRAPHS graph page 1 individual symbol appearances 60

2 symbols by individual appearances e 61 3 symbols by individual appearances 62

4 symbols by individual appearances P 63 5 symbols by individual appearances 64 6 volume of visual symbols as measured by the number of computer cards from 1952 through 1972 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 & 66 7 visual symbols distribution by month as shown by the number of cards processed relative to a 252 month period 1952- 1972 9 0 0 0 9 e e 0 0 0 0 0 68

808 individual symbols by computer ardscards 0 69

9 individual symbols by computer cards 0 0 70

loaioa10010 symbol size by card 0 0 0 0 0 71 111L doctrinal distribution by computer cards 73 12 individual pilot symbol distribution by years 95 13 individual pilot symbol distribution by years 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99

vii LIST OF PLATES plate page

1 pilot symbols 0 0 0 0 0 & 26 2 photo samples of pilot symbol types 37

viii chapter 1

introduction

the purpose of this study was to examine the use of religious symbols in illustrative art work in the era ensiensign and new era published by the church of jesus christ I1 of latter day saints from 195219721952 1972 the study attempted to determine whether there is a correlation between the visual symbols used and the doctrines they attempt to explicate

background AND justification

we live in an increasingly comolexcomplex world there is an expanding demand for clear communicative visual symbols in our modern world more and more signs and symbols are being used all the time designers are at work inventing new signs for international use

ijamesljames james E talmage jesus the christchri st 33rd ed salt lake city utahubah deseret book company 1961 p 769 the description of the church of jesus christ of latter day salSaisaintssainesritswas taken from dr taitalmagesbalmagestalmiagesTaldagesmages boorbookboole as fallofcllofollows on the sixth day of april AD 1830 the church of jesus christ of latter day saints was formally organized at fayette seneca county new york in accordance with the secular law governing the establishment of religious associations the persons actually participating in the organization numbered but six such being the minimum required by law in such an undertaking 11 hereafter the church of jesus christ of latter day saints will also be referred to as the church 2 organizations and governments all over the world are asking2forasking for more signs that people everywhere can understand 2 the church is also looking for ways to communicate visually one reason for this demand is the impact symbols have we live with symbols which communicate with such rapidity that they become part of us almost unnoticed there are good reasons for using symbols in fact it is nearly impossible to do without them this view is supported by one author when he disputed those who would do away with them the superficiality of this view is becoming clear as we penetrate the depths of our being through psychotherapy we are discovering that symbols are the primary mode of becoming aware of things they are the way we register meanings in our depths far from being unnecessary they are the first means we have of apprehending thinclsthings and the symbols which the unconscious throws tipuipup dominate our way of actingacting33 some people may find it distasteful to think that the church would even consider using visual symbols they have been taught that religious symbols are pagan and they fear such symbols will become substitutes for correct doctrines and principles such fears may be somewhat 4 justified4justified when their original meaning is lost however

9 aelizabeth2elizabethelizabetheilzabethellzabeth S helfman signs and Ssymbolsbolsbois around the world new york lothrop lee and shepard co inc 1967 p 3

0 bernest3ernesternest F johnson relirellreilreligiousous symbolism new york harper and brothers 1955395519551.955 p 2 4114 kings 1828182 8 3 jung points out our limitations in understanding and con- cludes we constantly use symbolic terms to represent concepts that we cannot define or fully comprehend this is one reason why all religions employ symbolic language or images 5 because symbols are used it is imperative that they be studied in many ways to determine the effect they have on society the writer agrees with inman when he says we infer that there is nothing repugnant to the minds of

the pious in an examination respecting the use of symbols 9 6 and into that which is shadowed forth by themtheme there are many volumes written about the use of religious symbols by different societies yet their importance escapes many persons who ought to be informed what the symbol does is to give reality meaning so that we can participate in it As we uncover the actual symbols by which we live and which form the foundations of our patterns of conduct we will be increasingly driven to see their dynamic importance 7 not all persons miss their importance in fact some informed individuals are calling for their judicious use one writer in the church had this to say

5car1carlcari G jung kannanman and his symbolssy bolsbois new york doubleday and company inc 1964 p 21

bthomas6thomasthomas inman MD ancient papaganan and modern christian lymbsymbsymbolismolismholism new york peter eckler publishing co 1922 p be8

7johnsontjohnson ppe be8 4 because you cannot say some things nearly as veilveliwellweliweil as you can show them it is vital that we move into this field of visual teaching it is an international language for more people see alike than hear or read alike we can keep people with their eyes and stop tossing them out by the ears 918 symbols of all kinds including religious types are important in our world we leableamlearn by them we live with them we are affected by them and we must reckon with them we also acknowledge that in the past man has been affected by symbols and it is not improbable that he will always be affected by them

SYMBOL HISTORY

it might be well to take a look at the history of natural and cultural symbols not that the writer would attempt a volume others have done better but rather he wishes to recognize the strong ties men have always had with symbols one author makes the distinction between natural and cultural symbols in the following way natural symbols are derived from the unconscious contents of the psyche and they therefore represent an enormous number of variations on essential archetypal images in many cases they can still be traced back to their archaic roots to ideas and images that we meet in the most ancientie records and in primitive societies the cultural symbols on the other hand are those that have been used to exoressexpress eternal truths and are still used in many religions 9

Q estephen8stephenstephen G covey you have received my kingdom salt lake city by the author 1960 p 11 this book is also referred to as the revelation monument buildibuildtbuilding

9jungdjung9jung p 93 5 religion in general inaymay be a good platform from which to examine symbol history we are quite safe in assuming that as long as man has lived on the earth he has had religion and where we find religion we discover men trying to express their ideas and concepts about it with the use of symbols the type of religion does not matter whether it be cave worship or a revealed religion allail have been served by symbol cultivation in our present world such symbols may seem absurd or irrelevant nevertheless they are important especially to those persons or religions they serve inman supports this notion may we think be taken for granted that nothing is itor has ever been adopted into the service of religion without a definite purpose if it be supposed that a relireilrelicionfelicionreligioncionclon is built unonupon the foundation of a distinct revelation from the almighty as the hebrew is said to be there is a full belief that every emblem right ceremoncaremonceremony dress symbol etc has a special signification y6ya10 everything around us has the possibility of being used in a symbolic way animals vegetable life and mi- nerals persons places and things whether they be abstrac- tions of man or nature all have conceivable symbolic meaning an insight into this idea can be found in one of jungesjung writings man with his symbol making propensity unco- sciousnsciouslyly transforms objects or forms into symbols thereby endowing them with great psychological importance and expresses them in both his religion and his visual art 10 the intertwined history of religion

10 inman pep 8 6

and art reaching back to prehistoric times 9 is the record that our ancestors have left of the symbols that were meaningful and moving to them even todays as modemmodern painting and sculpture show the interplay of religion and art is still alive 11 men in every age have taken objects and shaped them by carving or representing them as drawings or other ex- pressionspressions they have made these objects symbolic of their ideas and beliefs such artisans have been ascribed mystical powers and have been given many titles medicine man priest witch doctordocton alchemist shaman or artistartistsartistspsp to name a few regardless of their title they were men or women who symbolized their world in prehistorypre history we have the cave paintings of lascauxlascaud and spain they go back to the ice age it is important to note that these paintings are representations and symbolize the animal kingdon but it is equally important that there seems to have been ritual connected with them of this ritual kuhan wrote the strange thing is that a good many primitive paintings have been used as targets at Montmontespanespan there is an engraving of a horse that is being driven into a trap it is pitted with the marks of missiles 12i A clay model of a bear in the same cave has 42 holes one might argue against such objects having ritual behind them however it could be pointed out that destroying an effigy or statue is a symbolic substitute for the real thing even today

11 12 lljmgfjungajungv p 232 ibid p 235 7 in the old testament there are many signs and ideas which are symbolic of divine truths or events A good example can be illustrated by jacob he built an altar from the stones upon which he slept then he poured oil udonunonupon them and blessed the place where he had slept the place was called bethelbeth el 13 and it became important to the hebrew people as a holy dwelling place of god the egyptians too verevorewerewore lavish in their use of religious symbols we note their appearance in many parts

of egyptian society buildings 9 tombs and writings were highly pictorial and very much interlaced with religion in the time of christ we see symbols the master used symbolic terms stories and even objects to teach with today we call them parables or object lessons baptism was a well known symbol representing a newness of life death burial and resurrection traditionally the cross and the fish became visual symbols for the early christians some symbols were common to many the lamb of god the good shepherd the vine the door to mention a few even so there were some symbols that were intended for a select few we would note the washing of the discipledisciplesdisciplesfsf feet by the master according to inman this idea of secret symbolism is common practice in most if not all forms of religion there are tenants not generally imoartedimoimpartedarted to the vulgar and only given to a select few under the seal of secrecy4secrecy 144

13 14 genesis 2818192818 19 inman p 8 8 through the remainder of religious history up to the time of the restoration we are aware of symbols faiths of monastery mockrymonkry witchery all had a certain amount of visual symbols be they latin crosses vestments icons or incense all played an important part in more recent times there have come developments of visual religious symbols in the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the golden plates have become a symbol of the book of mormon when joseph smith worked on the translation of the plates he may not have intendeintendedd them to become a symbol of mormonism yet the motif for the pavilion at the worlds fair 1974 is golden plates the development of the endowment is a significant example of the use of religious symbols the beehive has become a symbol of the industry of thethebthem pioneer saints and of course the salt lake temple has come to signify many things about the church things like temple marriage work for the dead the pioneers and even the church the writer has been fascinated for a long time with visual materials which symbolize mormonismimormonism and its teachings the didactic use of symbols by the church has also been an important question to the writer and it is one of the reasons for this study an important issue facingacing the mormon artist is the type of art fostered by the church this study was designed to throw some light on that issue this study was also undertaken to determine if there 9 were policies concerning the use of religious symbols in these church publications more importantly thoughthought the study was undertaken for the benefit of those who might wish to produce works for the church the writer feels that an artists talents are god given and should be used for the advancement of truth and good this study may give insight to the artist regarding what has and has not been used in the past these insights might also be useful to the community of mormon artists

the eraE ra 9 ensign and new era publications were chosen because they reach a large community of mormon people and because their purpose is to promote faith and strengthen people with the gospel of jesus christ the fact that they are official publications fostered by the church was another reason for their selection the twenty year period was selected because it was current enough to be relevant and yet broad enough to show patterns of symbol use if such patterns should emerge the same editors 15 have served these publications for the time period covered in the study and it wavaswass felt that this would be a contributing factor to the consistency of the study

QUESTIONS

answers to the following questions were pursued

15doyle green was editor of the improvement era enensign and new era brian K kelly is managing editor of the new era 10 I11 what religious symbols were used in the leraerajera ensign and new era of youth during the years 1952 through 1972 2 hovhow often did individual symbols appear 3 will a pipilotot group of twenty four symbols appear a if so with what frequency b if not why 4 what other symbols will appear that were not included in the pilot group 5 did the symbols appearing have religious meaning 6 did the symbols aopearingappearing in the study relate to a preselected set of nine religious doctrines 7 Is there a frequent correlation between the symbols used and the text they illustrate 8 what is the frequency and distribution of the various symbols which may appear 9 what was the relative size and importance of symbols appearing in the study 10 with what type of art media were the symbols most frequently illustrated a which were used most often b which were used least often

STATEMENT OF delimitationsLIMITATIONSDE

this study was limited to the era ensensign and new era of youth published from 1952 to 1972 inclusive the 11 study does not attempt examination of other church bublipubli cationscanions with similar information in them photography considered by some to be an art form will not be included in this study except wherewhore it is felt such photographs are used as symbols it is true that all symbols appearing had to be photographed but the writer does not consider the two activities identical that is photographing drawings and illustrations for publication is not the same as submitting photographs for publication advertisements which appear will not be taken into consideration the study will riotnot attempt to explain or account for the aesthetics or kitsch of the symbols involved neither will an attempt be made to probe the psychological meanings of the symbols which appear only illustrative art will be examined the study will not endeavor to analyze all symbols which appear

METHODS AND procedures

A pilot group of symbols was selected symbols the writer expected to find they were taken from three art elements shape color and value the symbols were examined for their religious qualities and were correlated with a designated set of nine latter day saint doctrines this was done by researching the traditional religious meanings of the symbols and making an analysis of the nine doctrines allowance was made for other symbols which would likely appear and they were accounted for as the study progressed A count was made of the iinstancesns tances the symbols appeared in 12 illustrations over the twenty one years their chrono- logical distribution size and kind were noted A notation was made of each symbol in relation to the article it appeared with these notations were placed on IBM cards which stored the information until processing the pu- liblicationcation year monthmouthymonthy symbol size kind number of appearances meaning or no meaning were included for each symbol meaning was determined in a subjective way by using traditional meanings matched with articles and symbols for example if an article was illustrated with red and it was about a red man of courage it was assumed that red stood for courage because a traditional meaning of red is courage where the meaning was not emphatically apparent a score of no meaning was given the symbol the nine doctrines were subdividedsub divided and where there was a correlation in meaning it was noted under a doctrine or appropriate subsubheadingheading the data was collected tabulated and analyzed the information obtained formed the basis of the conclusions drawn from the study these were summarized and recommendations were expressed according to the findings

definitions OF TERMS art in this study art is defined as decorative or 13 illustrative elements in printed matter 16

art elements in this study art elements are defined as follows one of the data values on which calculations or conclusions are based the simplestsimylestsimy lestiest principles of a subject of study rudiments 7 artists whether painters sculptors architects industrial designers or craftsmen use the diadlaplasticolastic elements form line space texture and color 1810 when they express their niasticnianticplastic or graphic ideas

atonementA 4 when this terinterm is used in this study it refers to the entire mission of jesus christ the events which surrounded it and particularly the doctrine of his sacrifice only after adam and eve partook of the forbidden fruit transgressionstransgressiongtransgress longiong the law given tobo them by god their nature was changed and they became subject to both spiritual and temporal deaths because of their transgression they their posterity and all other things on earth became subject to the conditions of mortality an infinite atonement had to be made to overcome the power of death and sin thereby making possible the redemotionredemption and resurrection of adam and eve and their posteritypostposherty jesus christ was chosen in the grand council in heaven and foreforeordainedordained to come

16merriam webster Websterwebstersls new collegiate dictiodicciodictionary springfield massachusetts G &S C merriam company 1973 p 63

17 webster dpappp 367368367 368 18 faulkner zigfield hill art today new york holt rinehart and winston inc 1956 p 304 14 to earth to perform the atoning sacrifice As the only begotten son of god in the flesh our savior 19i 0 received ffromrom his eternal father power over death

the church the meaning of the church is the same as the church of jesus christ of latter day saints and the definition is ffound in ffootnote number one

color color is defdefinedined as a sensation produced by excitation of the eye by visible radiant energy or light of a particular wave length the color of a palpaipaintedntedanted object is the result of the chemical or molecular character of the pigment or dye20

elements websters new collegiate dictiodicciodictionary defdefinesines elements as follows constituent part as a plural the simplest 21 principles of a subject of study italit2l

19curriculum19 curriculum planning guide an unpublished supplement of the basic doctrines of the gosoelgogoel of jesus christ essential to developing a religious education curriculum as revealed to ancient andaridarld modmodemrn prophets approved by the church board of education on march 5 1971 and printed october 1972 p 8 this unpublished pader was given to the writer by dr T ellis rasmussen chairman ancient scripture department brigham young university 20 cantlandmantlandMant land graves thenie art of color and desdesipndesign ad2d ed new york toronto london mcgraw hill book co inc 1951 p 321 cited by welda beatebeatte lendt A study of the bases of a color language derived from traditional and present usage of color as mayay be applied by the painter unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1965 21 webster appp 367368367 368 15 family and famfamily exaltation the family is the basic unit of the church and of society and its needs and preservation in righteousness take precedence over all other things it always consisted of husband and wife who have entered into the new and everlasting covenant of marriage and if the couple so united are blessed with children they too become members of the family eternal families have their beginning in celestial marriage here in mortality faithful members of them continue in the family unit in eternity in the highest heaven of the celestial world where they have eternal increaseincrease2222

first principles and ordinances the first principles and ordinances refer to those things which deal with the teachings of faith repentance baptism by one having authority and the laying on of hands for the gift of the holy ghost

I1 improvementmprovement era ensignens new era eral in these are official magazine publications of the 23 church of jesus christ of latter day Saintsaintssisslosto judgment individuals are judged according to the light and knowledge received all men are held accountable for their attitudes thoughts and worksworks2424

22 bruce R mcconkie mormon doctrine ad2d ed salt lake city utah bookcraft 1966 p 273 2 3 23see history chapter two and memorandum no FP 38 in appendix

yl 24curriculum24 curriculum planning guide p 10 16 kind kind as it is used in this study designates particular media used to produce works of art they are factual renderings graphs and charts paintings oil or acrylic monogramsmonograms or stamp repeats graphic drawings and renderings including charcoal pencil pen and ink and so on lettering layout designs or color cartoons water color sculpture architecture renderings etchings or engravings mural paintings special photographs hand- icraft displays and woodcutswoodcuts monomonogramsgrams stamp repeats these items were small printed visual devices used repeatedly throughout the study they were for the most part monographic in that they were limited in subject matter mormon mormon is a term that refers to any member of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints it is also a nickname for the church of jesus christ of latter day saints it is taken from the book of mormon sacred scripture of the church 16251125962525

25 barbara hall pullan the patriot A readers theatre script unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1971 p 1 17 PLLa 1 fjr00P cobcooa 0 n jiin10cj xiiajixji encaencp iteirssteirsf 7 aichhich1 ch rriaterlatoelatealato0 I1 t Llo100 dansmansn i n s ccarchorrehrth I1lifeileeileyi r2ra iiin tthis1 I1 i s sstudyshudyt Ud aarere surarizedsuuimarized isns follows

carbh was orgaorganisedorganiorganizednizfidsedzed so that c r ich man zorzozcozcouldildiidlid this airtheirth och c bblainoblain a body of fleshflash 1cindind bonhonbonesbonee virithaith7ithth thetinie power olof01 procprocreationco ationaaion each resurrectedresurrocc ed person willwili have his body forefoyeforeverrecaerrer 1ienmenlen come oron earth to gain experience and to be testestedbestedkestedIL ed ienmenten aerearer thathatehatthad thetheyy inmightj-ght have joy eleelemaiL rnalanal happhappinessiness is the obobjectj ct and design ol-of manmasI1 s etisexistencetencehence allailali things anon tthi i eariearth have purpose in their creation 26 ti nine ioctrinaldoctrinalpoetrina1 headings A broad based selection ojofr nine biasicbasic doctrines halthalt the itriterwriter felt was important thcjhctheyv terewerelere chosen for limi tation of the studastudvstudy and are as fallofollowsvis pre eaearthrth life ROvelationrevelation atonement and mission nfof christchrishchristy restoration and Establisimentstablishmentestablishment of thetine Cchurchrurrucpuc h bricspricspriesthoodthoodchood the judgment family and familfamily exaltation first principles and ordinances and the 111mortal1 experience and probation

Ppilotpitotj 10 t Gcroupqroupuno the pilot grou-groupp is a selection of twenty four visual rerolroireligious1 4gag ous ssymbolsznbcls ilwhich k he uriurtwriwribprherkecler expected toL0 o aopearappear in the

I1 0 ro ve gnagn t ra ensign antemtencandundL teffey ejreraE ra they a re the ciC i rcleaclere 1 e square leewee shield oe0 david trianglegle I1 christ beehiveehivechive all seeing Leyeye slunsunsuun shield man the cross bebeibej 1 I1 salt lacebaicebalcelaca temolebemoletempietemple dovo star redrpd yellayellowi 13bluelue orcencroongrcen ourpurplepuroleoie or

oifoff cnriculum plannipcr caidcuid p 7 18 violet white black light value and dark value and joseph smith

pre earth life all mankind were as intelligences in the beginning with god all mankind are literal spirit sons and daughters of heavenly parents and dwelt with them before coming to this earth all mankind are spirit brothers and sisters every individual born on this earth comes into a lineage according to a pre earth life determinationdetermination2727

priesthood masmans finite mind does not fully comprehend godsgod infinite priesthood however god has revealed sufficient information to us about his holy order of priesthood priesthood is the power of god priesthood is the authority of god as delegated to man priesthood holds the right of presidency and officiating priesthood administeradministeretheth the gospel and holdethgoldeth the keys of the mysteries of the kingdom even the key of g knowledge of god priesthood is the law of theocracy 28

restoration the priesthood was first given to adam he is the head of all gospel dispensations through the priesthood the kingdom of god the church was established on earth in order to help man govern himself properly because of mans departure from this true order of priesthood it was necessary that the church of jesus christ be restored during the meridian of time again an apostasy occurred

27 curriculum planning guide p 7 28 oscar W mcconkie jr kingdom of god a study course for priests under 21 and bearers of the aaronic priesthood over 21 years old in the church of jesus christ of latter day saints prepared under the direction of the presiding bishopric 1962 19 and the church ceased to exist on earth the father and the son appeared to joseph smith and initiated a restoration of the gospelgospel2929 revelation in a theological sense the term revelation signifies the making known of divine truth by com- municationmuni cation from the heavensheavens3303 the term inspiration in a religious sense is substantially identical with revelation sometimes it connotes a less intensive spiritualsyiritualsylsyi ritual influence than is shown in some revelations3revelationsrevelations31sri331 rudiments rudiments are defined as

one of the necessarnecessaryY data or values on which calculations or conclusions are based one of the factors determining the outcome of a drocess32process32process 32 size size in this study refers to the amount of space occupied by a single appearance of a visual symbol on a full page size is an indicator of importance depending on context and is divided into the following values size one less than one fourth page or of little impact visually size two one fourth page or of increased importance size three one half page or of great importance sizecize four

29 curriculum planning guide p 9 30 james E talmage articles of faith west EueurodeanburodeaneuropeanroDean mission london the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1962 p 296 31 oscar W mcconkie p 349 20 three fourths page or of greater importance size five one full page or of greatest importance and priority size six a double fold or unusual and counted similar to size five josephjosei2hjoseiph smithsmithpsmithy jr joseph smithsmithpsmithy jr is the prophet and revelator through whom was restored to earth the gospel of jesus christ in these the last days he was bomborn in 1805 at sharon windsor county vermont 32

standard works we have in the church four basic books of scripture containing the mind word voice and power of god these

four books are called the standard works the bible 9 book of mormon doctrine and covenants and pearl of great price they are the standard of measurement in doctrine and saving truths 33 value value is the quality by which light and dark colors or steps of grey can be distinguished 34

32 talmage articles of faith p 7

330scaroscar W mcconkie p 277 34 A H munsell A color notation boston munsell color company 1919 p 18 cited by larry berg prestwich A visual interpretation of events and personalities from the book of mormon unpublished masters thesis 9 brigham young university 1966 chapter 2

revilREVIJREVIEWW OF PELATEDRELATED RESEARCH the purpose of this review was to determine if other studies of this particular problem had been undertaken further it was hoped some insight might be gained into the important information relating to this study it was anticipated that the review might clarify some ambiguities of the beginning phase of the study

NO SIMILAR STUDIES

an extensive review of the professional literature was made the review consisted of an investigation of the art theses of the last twentyfivetwenty five years especially those of utah institutions and indexes which contained studies about symbols and symbolism although no similar studies were discovered there was a wealth of related material

background information

it should be noted that over two hundred books about religious symbols were examined many had bearing on this study many were read others were scanned together with numerous articles which were assumed to be useful some of the studies conducted by masters candidates of the

21 22 brigham young university were particularly helpful the more prominent ones will be noted eitherelther directly or in the bibliography the information gleaned from the review helped link traditional meanings and definitions to the pilot symbols the nine doctrinal headings selected for this study were examined and interpretations were given to them from 1 appropriate sources 0 there follows in this chapter a brief history of the improvement era ensiensign and new era afafterter which the pilot symbols will be noted and their definitions given A consideration of added symbols which appeared in the study will be included

A BRIEF HISTORYTHISTORY

there is an excellent historical account of the magazine publications of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints it is found in the november 1970 issue of the improvement era it covers the seventy three year period of the era and is a good introduction to the ensensign and new era which are included in the last two years of this study this stucivstudivstudy covers only twenty one years however it was felt that a brief history would be helpful to those who would like a little background about these

ithethe writer considers the standard works of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints appropriate material for the interpretation of doctrinal headings also included were materials from general authorities who are the governing body of priesthood in the church 23 publications the history herein will be taken for the most part from the erajaraj5ra issue mentioned the improvement era has been the official voice of the church from 1897 1970 elder joseph fielding smith explained thithlthiss issue of the improvement era marks the co- mpletion of the seventy third year since the era began publication in november 1897 it also marks the second to last issue of the improvementimp vementrovementromovement era as we have come to know it throughout the church recognizing the need to strengthen the family the basic unit of the church the brethbrethrenren have directed that three new publications the ensign of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints for adults the new era for youth and young adults and the frfriendlend for children are to begin publication in january 2

METHE IMPROVEJimprovementtent ERA

era editor doyle L green reflected upon the importance of this publication and wrote on the table surrounding me are 73 volumes of the era bound in black and stamped in gold on many of them are engraved the words the glory of god is intelligenceintelli gence I1 turn through the volumes as I1 have done so many times before almost reverently memories flood in upon me3memea brother green gave some personal reflections and then he made some comments about the earlier format

ajoseph2joseph9 joseph fielding smith the old and the new magazines the imimprovementverentvementrovementromovement era LXXIII 11 november 1970 10

rdoyle3doyledoyledoyie L green the improvement era the voice of the church 189719701897 1970 the imimprovementvement era LXXIIIUOCIII 11 november 1970 12 24 the format of the magazine was much different then 1 the page size was 525 2 by 8118 there were few illus- trattrationsions the cover was plain the year 1897 was the pioneer golden jubilee year for the saints had arrived in the valley of the great salt lake just 50 years earlier the prophet joseph smith had been dead 53 years president wilford woodruff was the prophet 9 seer and revelator of the growing church whichthich would within three years have 40 stakes and a membership of 236236316316 the church as well as the country was in a rather severe financial condition having not yet recovered from the financial panic of 189341893.4 in spite of the difficult times

0 0 0.0 president woodruff president joseph F smith of the first presidency elder heber J grant of the council of the twelve and president brigham H roberts of the first council of the seventy 5.5 got the project underway 6 brother green continued after many months of planning the infant magazine called the im2rovementimprovement ereraa was begun as an organ devoted to the uplifting of the youth of zion and therefore an aid to help themselves parents in their efforts to educate and rear their children to walk in righteousness and honorable paths 7.7 elder grant with the help of his daughters was able to get a starting circulation of 2000 this was considered remarkable in 1929 there was a promising 50000 patrons but the subscriptions fell tobo a low 20000 because of the depression of the 19301s1930 in 1947 there were 80000 sub- scriptscriptionsions the following statement was given about sub- scriptscriptionsions over the years the circulation has grown and doubled and doubled again many times until this current issue of the magazine will be sent out to some 270000

5 4 ibid p 12 bidibid p 13 7 bibid6ibid6 ibid p 13 bidibid p 13 25 subscribers how the faithbof8ofof the brebrethrenthren who started the era haslias been justifiedjustified88 two other quotes seem appropriate for a conclusion they consider changes which have taken place in the era and the purpose of the magazine the purpose has not changed the success of a magazine really cannot be judged by its size or number or pages 9 by its layouts bvby its artwork or by the amount of color in it in the long run it can only be judged by what it has done for its readersreaders99 brother green quoted president joseph fielding smith the improvement era reDreorepresentsresents the church and carries its message to wards and branches in the stakes and missions throughout all the world we must make it the best religious magazine in the world and place it in the homes of all our people for their blessing and ediedledificationficationmication 100

PILOT SYMBOLS

the writer selected twenty four visual religious symbols which he expected to find in the publications of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints these symbols were selected before the study was undertaken they were selected on the basis of the religious meaning they com- municatemuni cate to the writer on the basis of his personal experience and interest in religious signs and symbols the pilot group are simlesigiesiglesimplesimpie symbolssymbdlssymbols and it was felt that their tra- ditditionalional meanings could be discovered plate one is a representation of these symbol types the standard meanings

10 bibid8ibidbid p 19 bibid9ibidbid p 19 ibid p 19 v-

01 09 17 carlfCRCLF- 0 MAN slugSLUC

on 10 TO 18 1 shieldSHILLD OF r AV I1 CROSS GQEE N

11 03 19 triangletpianglc VIOLET P F pwkple

04 L L 121 af 20 4ri 010 0 MA 9 SQUARE yv H S LT k E 0ITE ke

13 0 05s ai&i 21 m00 E buasuaSLA C- K

06 14 22 WKayaw VALJE yjw LIHT value v&ehi7e6echive y TA R s

07 15 23 LLSEEHIC 7aaa EYEEVEeyeE VE reoRED0 adziD ambageawe lye dzi

015okyosy 166 24 M 1

SU NM YELLO0W ICSE pv vello

plate 1 pilot 3 moolsttbolsmbols 27 which have been traditiontraditionalltraditionallyallailali y attached to them follows plate one after the definitions there is a representative photograph of the twenty four symbols taken from the pu- licatiblicationsons

PILOT SYMBOL MEANINGS

01 the circle the eye is the first circle the horizon is the second and throughout nature this primary figure is repeated without end is the highest emblem of the cipher of the world1worldworldy it111 12 the circle is a symbol of wholeness 4 the circle represents sun egg wheelwheels and represents the idea of eternityeternity1jefi f the circle or ring has been universally accepted as the symbol of eternitveternity and never ending existence As the monogram of god it represents not only the perfection of god but the everlasting god who was in the beginning is not and ever shall be world without end oiioilogi12

11 stephen G covey you have received my kingdom salt lake city by the author 1960 np 18 citing emerson this book is also referred to as the revelation monument builbulibullbuilding 12 carl G jung man and his sysymbolsbolsbois new york doubleday and company Tincnc 1964 p 241 13gary jennings black magic white magimaglmagicq new york dial press 1964 p 47 14george ferguson signs and symbols in christian art new york oxford university press nd p 275 28 02 the shield of david the shield of david is a symbol representing the jewish nation it sometimes represents the joining of the physical and spiritual elements jung suggested that it represents a union of opposites 15 webber stated its meaning the creation the father david 16

03 the triantriangle the equilateral triangle is the symbol of the 17 trinity suggesting three equal dartsparts joined into oneones jennings said they reDrenrepresentresent groups of three earth sky water father mother child 18

04 the square in most cases where the square appeared in com- mentariesmentaries and books it was related to things of earth and stability the square in contrast with the circle is the emblem of the earth and of earthly existence in this sense it is used in painting as the nimbus of living persons 111919 the square is a symbol of earthearthboundbound matter of the 20 body and reality

15jungjung p 24 16 F R webber church symbolism detroit gale research company book tower 1971 p 382 17 ferguson p 27 18 jennings p 47

19ferguson p 276 20jungjung p 249 29 05 jesus christ there are traditional visual images which represent jesus christ the son of god this figure is a symbol to represent pictures and drawings in which the traditional christ appears

06 the beehive

the beehive iis13 a symbol for the state of utah and most universally it is a symbol of work and industry

07 the all seeing eyeye because of the many scriptural references to the eye of god the eye has come to symbolize the all knowing and ever present god21

08 the sun shield in many societies representations of the sun express mansmanes indefinable religiousreligiou5 experience the sun represents life giving power2poverpowerpower22powers 22 the sun also represents christ 232 3 in most literature it was the symbol for light life power and truth

09 man and man forms this figure represents all of mankind it was expected that there would be many drawings of people the symbol can represent man in his various activities conditions and attitudes

21 ferguson p 64 22jung p 21 23ferguson23ferguson p 60 30 10 latin cross the cross in the christian religion is a meaningful symbol that expresses a multitude of aspects ideas and emotionsemotions2424 the cross is one of the oldest and most universal of all symbols it is of course the perfect symbol of christ because of hishie sacrifice upon the cross in a broader sense however the cross has become the mark or sign of the christian religion the emblem of atonement and the symbol of salvation and redemption through Christianitychristianity2525

11 the bell 26oagogg 11 symbol11symbol of heahearingring awakening or warning bells in church towers and spires summon the faithful to worship the sanctus bell at the altar announces the coming of christ in the eucharist27Eucharist 27 most literature described the bell as a warning symbol the liberty bell is a symbol of freedom

12 the salt lake tentempletempie prapar on the front of the book temples of the most highigh28 is a picture of the salt lake temple even though the book is about latter day saint temples this is typical for

24 25 jung p 91taistaip ferguson p 294 269 utah state board of education symbolism in art an unpublished supplement to the 1966 secondary art guide 1968 p 8

27 ferguson p 291 an 26n8n B lundwall temples of the most hiahhigh 12th printing salt lake city utah bookcraft inc 1960 31 this symbol it has come to mean so many things and only a few will be listed here it is a symbol for the whole church it symbolizes temple work and eternal marriage it has come to symbolize its pioneer builders

13 the dove the dove in ancient and christian art has been the symbol of purity and peace noah sent the dove out from the ark to look for land and it brought back an olive branch to show ththatat the waters had receded and that god had made peace with man in the law of moses the dove was declared to be pure and was used as an offering for purification after the birth of a child As an emblem of purity the dove sometimes appears on top of josephjosephs rod to show he was chosen to be the husband of the virgin mary its most important use in christian art is as the symbol of the holy Ghostghost2ghostoghost29292

14 the star and star forms the star lighting the darkness of the heavens at night is a symbol of divine guidance or favor the star of the east often seen in pictures of the macijmagij was the star that guided the wise men to bethlehem and stood in the sky over the manger where christ was bobbomborn twelve stars may symbolize the twelve tribes of israel and the twelve Apostlesapostles3030

COLORS

in the literature colors seemed to have the most stable meanings traditionally there are many books which agree with each other on the significance of color an

29utah state board of education symbolism in art p 5 3ofergusonferguson p 58058 32 excellent thesis was done of the subject of color language 31 and the writer found it particularly valuable

15 red red symbolized the lnoreinoremoremora primitive passions and emotions rage strife danger courage virility and sex in occidental religion it symbolized martyrdom for faith is an emblem of defiance and violenceviolence32violence93293232 it it is a symbol of fire which all over the world in all ages has been associated with divinity 33 red is described in appearance as being brilliant intense opaque andaridarld dry immediate impressions from this appearance would describe red as stimulating attractive active cheerful warm strong noisy and a dark red would suggest seriousness thus red becomes the symbol for extreme emotions sex excitement passion danger evil sin aggression extroversion glowing cozy strength triumph and dignity red is associated with the natural elements heart fruitfruitffruita sunset visible emotions for this reason it is the symbol for love danger war healing health warmth destruction beauty maturity wholesomeness anger shame and embarrassmentembarrassment3434

16 yellow yellow is a sacred color in china symbolizing royalty in christianity it is symbolic of the light

31 welda beate lendt A study of the bases of a color language derived from traditional and present usage of color as liayilaynaymay be applied by the painter unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1965 323 utah state board of education symbolism in art p 2 33 W J colville auras and colors rochester new york the austin publishing company 1911 p 13 34lendt p 95 33 and glory of god it can be cheerful gay and lively or in dirty shades it appears symbolic of treachery deceit cowardicecowardicercovardcowardicer death or illnessillness3535 36 yellow is thethemthey intellectual color

17 blue blue is serene passive and tranquil it sig nifiesunifies sincerity hope and serenity aristocracy sadness and fidelityf 37 the major applications of blue were connected with 0 the elements of nature sky air and sea 16381138

the Egyptianegyptiansst greeks 9 and christians let blue represent truth swedenborg defined blue as love of pure truth 39QQ blue is typical of faith trust and confidence serenity in a word of all that is meant by restfulness in the true sense when the thought of idleness in no way mars the beauty of our concept of repose40repose 40

18 green the vegetation of the earth which is the dominant association of greengraen led to its use for immortality youth hope and fertilityfertility4141

QC 35utahutah state board of education symbolism in art p 2 36colville p 13 37utah state board of education symbolism in art p 2 QQ 39QQ 383 lendt p 56 ibid p 62 40 41 colville p 13 lendt p 63 34 green represents faith immortaimmortal ty and con- templationtemp lation in religion at easter it symbolizes the resurrection it represents freshness raw callow youth and immaturity olive green is a symbol of peacee42peace

19 violet violet is cool negative and retiretiringringe A religious symbol 61436643114343 purple or indigo is called the royal color because it combines affection strength and dignity 44 purple is a color which is relatively uncommon because of its scarcity in nature for this reason very few general associations are made with it purple has been used mainly for mourning and penitence due to its negative retiring and solemn qualities and for royalty through specific applicationsapplications4545

20 white white stands for purity chastity innocence and truth it is a flagflag of surrender and in china a symbol of mourning 46 the fixed associatinsassociations for white within cultures can for the most part be traced to its relationship with light and purity 47

42utah state board of education symbolism in art p 2 431bidibid 44colville44colville p 13 45 46 45lendtlendt p 69 ibid p 2 47ibid p 18 35

21 a black black symbolizes sorrow gloom deathdeaths and rigid formality 48 the achomaticachoachromaticmatic color black is invariably associated with darkness and night and theretotherefore reprey applied 49 to the unknown evil sin and lack of knowledge A good summary of color language was given by weidaweldaweidalda beate lendt traditional uses of colors have established fixed associations which indicate specific meanings for the colors each color becomes a symbol in the color language table 28 shows the major symbolic meaning for each hue and its source using the saecificsoecificspecific meanings individually combined and broadened color can be applied as a means of expression and communication a languagelanguage5050 51 table 22851 the major symbolic meaning and source for each color hue meaning source white purity spirituality cleanness light black evievlevil1 negative quality darkness gray resignation passive quality red passion stimulating quality fire yellow glory light sun brown humility earth blue truth revelation sky green hope vegetation purple dignity solemn quality

48utah state board of education symbolism in art p 2 50 49lendt49lendt appp 20 and 27 ibid p 105 51 ibid 36

VALUE

larry prestwich quoting A H munsell stated that value isis the quantity of light by wwhich light and dark colors or steps of gray can be distinguished 52 the term value contrast as used in this study refers to contrasting relationships between varying degrees of gray or light and dark 53

22 light value most associations with this symbol were similar to white light purity and revelation closeness to god and away from evil

23 dark value dark values which have been used symbolically are most generally used to represent evil sin or darkness

24 josephjosegh smith jr joseph smith jr is a symbol of the restoration of the gospel symbol number 24 in plate 1 is repre- sentational of any pictures or illustrations of joseph smith jr

52 larry prestwich A color notation boston munsell color company 1919 p 18 53 53allenalienallen K reinhold achieving effects of luminosity in painting unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1962 p 10 37

plate 2 photo samples of pilot symbol types

wr 40

illILI

01 CIRCLE 02 SHIELD OF DAVID improvement era august 1969 ensign naymaytav 1972 Dp 12 D 13

theological qucuonouoquons

03 TRIANGLE 04 SQUARE new era septemberSeD temberrember 1971 new era september 11 0 24 D 23 ll 38

plate 2 continued photo saddlessamdlessamples of pilot symbol types

TITHES IN KIND

OTHER DONATIONS IN KIND

05 CHRIST 06 BEEHIVE improvement era Janujanuaryarv 1957 imorovpmentimolmo rovemen t eraE ra february D 19 1970 p 56

ri 1 I

K 07 ALIALL SEEING EYE 08 SMSW SHIELD new era july 1971 0 30 new dracraera july 1971 0 22 39

plate 2 continued photo samples of pilot symbol types

advout of mosmaemoe elyrryery rwalawal L ovatovwt

09 MANKIND 10 LATIN CROSS improvement draeracra january 1970 improvement era march p 49 1958 p 158 r

it ji

11 BELL 12 SALT LAKE TEMPLE improvement era january 1962 improvement era december p 40 1958 p 914 40

plate 2 continued photo samoles of pilot symbol types

YI1 7

0 7

13 DOVE 14 stzrstarST ir fortsfornsFORMS Imuroimprovementvement era april 1961 improvement era december p 244 1958 0p 908

A ildoldokd meow apmamiaymami ujjoujco i&chartasl an capicwpi

15 RED 16 YELLOW

ensign parch 1971 rD 54 Imorimprovementoverrent era tovembernovember 1965 p 987 41

plate 2 continued photo samples of pilot symbol typestynestypos

1 041reward C

A erhERAA OFF YO UTHT H ard 1962 0 A I1

17 BblubBLUETU F 18 GREEN improverrentimproverrpntImproverrentnent era june 1956 imorovpmentimnrovpment I1 ra aarilaoril 1621962 cover p257

eltelit 1I

riI1 4

19 VIOLET PURPLE 20 WHITE Imorimprovementoverrent era december ensign january iq721 0 3 1961 0 946 42

plate 2 continued photo samples of pilot symbol types

DEAD I1 4

21 blachBLACFBLACK 22 LIGHT VALUE improvement era march 1959 ensign january 1972 p 3 p 175

23 DARK VALUE 24 JOSEPH SKITHSMITH JR improvement era september imdrovementimprovement era november 1968 0 37 1958 p 286 1 43 other symbols appeared in the publications andnd are listed here in the order they were treated in thetho study they were assigned a number and verewere given a brief verbal description in many cases they overlap in meaning and content but were treated separately for reasons of con- venienceveni ence and continuity they are 25 A small salt lake temple and tabernacle representing the improvement era 26 moroni prophet of ancient america 27 A monogram of the old church officeof ice building 28 A small stamp repeat representing the universe 29 A circular morimorymonogramogram with inscription these tidestimestimesu 30 pioneer dicturespicturesDictures 31 A book monogram 32 hand card pioneer cymbalscymbolscymbols 33 A stamp repeat using a scroll repeat 34 an observatory repeat

35 A temple square photograph repeat 36 A repeat design of the salt lake temple tabernacle beehive and church office building 37 A repeat of a typewriter representing knowledge 38 A spoken word monogram 39 A group of young people repeat 40 A movie projection symbol repeat representing knowledge 44 41 aaronic priesthood restoration symbols 42 melchizedek priesthood sunshieldsunshield symbol 43 sea gull monument pictures 44 world globe design repeat 45 book of mormon monogram 46 temples other than salt lake 47 A chapel pipe organ geometrical repeat 48 the united states flag 49 political symbols 50 united states presidents 51 descriptive paintings and drawings not related to doctrines 52 A telescope repeat representing youth 53 A small exploring the universe repeat 54 books and book forms 55 the pioneer buffalo skull 56 baptismal font 57 sea gulls 58 religious man related to 09 59 leaders among men 60 man as scholar 61 man as artist 62 man as musician 63 man as poet and writer 64 sports man 65 man as homemaker 66 man as a builder and worker 45 67 man as soldier 68 social man 69 children and infants 70 youth and young adults 71 adult symbols having to do with older age activities 72 ethnic groups 73 man in theatrics 74 women dealing with vomenlywomenlywomanly things 75 pioneer explorers not mormon 76 the tabernacle 77 pagan symbols 78 genealogical stamostamp repeat 79 the new eraigra monogram 80 an arts monogram

SUMMARY

A review of the literature indicated that this is the only study of its kind however much material has been written about visual religious symbols and symbolism A review of such literature made the task of identifying the traditional religious meanings of many symbols possible in fact traditional meanings were found for all twenty four pilot symbols used in this study and many of the fifty six remaining ones there is an increasing demand for visual symbols which can communicate with greater ease and be more international in character the improvement era ensicmsi 46 and nevnew era published by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints from 1952 through 1972 contain visual religious symbols these publications are official vehicles of communication for the church and the use of visual materials in them is increasing it is important to understand how visual religious symbols have been used in these publications because of the tremendous influence visual religious symbols have in communicating ideas andzindaindbind because these publications are distributed to a large number of people who may be influ- enced not only by what they read but also what they see by way of illustrations chapter 3

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

this chapter contains an analysis of the data and information which is relevant to its treatment the data is correlative to the use of visual religious symbols in the imimprovementvementrovementromovement era ensign and nevnew era published from 195219721952 1972 the data will be organized under the following headings 1 report of interviews held with the editors 1 2 treatment of the data 3 individual sambolsvmbolsymbol appearances by frequency 4 symbol data in relation to the total computer cards processed a publication by symbol frequency b years frequency and distribution of visual symbols c months frequency of visual symbols d symbols e size of symbols by frequency

ithethe computer listed individual symbol andeanoeapoeappearancesarances by absolute frequency and distribution other information eg the size of a symbol the year in which it appeared and so on was stated in terms of the number of computer cards used to record such information however the number of cards is also a reflection of frequency and distribution of visual materials further explanation is given later on under the second heading 47 48 f kind ofoe media used to render visual symbols ggo the degree to which the symbols traditional meaning correlates to the articles in which it appeared 5 treatment of pilot symbols data the writer has been interested in the use of visual religious symbols since 1965 the interest was stimulated by contacts with the college of fine art and the college of religious instruction at brigham young university the writer was motivated to make a list of frequently used or commonly known visual religious symbols with the intent of seeing how they were being used by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the writer also desired to leableamlearn what other symbols if any were used by the church the author postulated that the official publications of the church would contain symbols found in the list A decision was made by the writer to study the use of visual religious symbols in the improvementimp vement era ensign and new era other church publications were omitted for the sake of delimitation the time period of 195219721952 1972 was selected because it was felt that patterns and trends of symbol use could be identified within a larger unit of time it was felt that a one or two year period would not yield sufficient data to make general statements about symbol use in june of 1973 interviews were arranged with doyle L green and brian kelly doyle L green is the editor of 1hethe improvement era aisaalsensignis and new era brian kelly is 49 managing editor of the new era A supplementary interview was also conducted with warren luchluchy design director of the new era the interviews were held separately and information discadiscudiscussedssedased in each interview was not explained or compared with individuals involved in any previous or ffollowingol lowing interview the format of the interviews included the following items I11 function of religious symbols in the publi- catcationsions 2 directives if any from the presiding authorities of the church about visual symbols 3 where the visual symbols come from who produces them 4 physical limitations of symbol production 5 A consideration of the symbol list brought to the interviews

REPORT OF interviews WITH THE EDITORS brian kellkelikellykeily visual symbolsymbols were discussed and the cross symbol number 10 on the list of 24 was used to particularize the problem of how symbols are used by the church in its publications

function of religious symbols in the publications the function of symbols was not discussed in this interview 50 directivesreceivesdirectivesrectives if anifanidany from the prespresidingldinaidina authorities of the church about visual symbols brian kelly indicated that the cross is usually associated with protestant and catholic religions there is a policy in the church of jesus christ of latter day saints not to use it this church places more emphasis on the resurrection not the crucifixion he pointed out that the church is becoming a worldwide church but it has no universal visual religious symbol like the cross the one symbol which has had the most universal possibilities 9 the salt lake temple symbol number 12 on the list of 24 is not now being used as often as formerly indications were that the temple has a tendency to confine the image of the church to an american utah church it was implied that most policies regarding symbols were felt or understood by the editorial staff when one gets an impression that something should not be included in an issue that impression is considered complaints from readers or a comment or two from general authorities have provided experience which teaches an editor what is most acceptable

where the visual symbols come from who produces them most visual material is created by the staff designers however when the new era artists have more work than they can handle commercial art companies are con- tracted to fill art needs brian kelly expressed a wish 51 to have an abundance of visual material from mormon artists however he indicated that there is not much art coming from that source

physical limitations of symbol 2roductionproduction brian kelly explained that some visual materials are used over and over in order to save on production costs he estimated that 30 to 40 percent of the visuals were used in this way concluding the interview brian kelly pointed out some of the difficulties one faces with the production of the new era the staff must deliver a new product every thirty days the deadline pressures make it difficult to have everything of ideal quality but there is an effort to make it good cost sometimes is a limlimitingitina factor in acquiring visual materials

A consideration of the ssymbol list brought to the interviews brian kelly marked a table of the twenty four pilot symbols the table indicated his opinion as to what symbols are used in the publications and with what frequency they occur see table 1 P 5252. mr kelly sugsuggestedtested that more information might be obtained from warren luch design director for the new era warren luch

function of reirelreligiousus symbols in the publications warren luch warned of the danger of arbitrarily reading meanings into symbols he pointed out the tendency many 52

table 1L interviews relative to pilot symbols

0S S SYMBOL USED 1r r w 0 0 1 0D UCO CO 0 cfCO CO 01 CTCIRCLECTRCLERCLE 0 02 SHIELSHIELD OF DAVID A i f

03 TRIANGLE 1

0404 squareSQUARE Q

05 CHRIST J 1

0606 BEEBEEHIVE 1 Affjrtl

007 EYE ik J 0909 MAN 1I

1I CROSS 1 r100 Acu3cua n rrtreltRFTBELT Q 1

12 SALT LAKE MA 1 TEMPLE 15 1513 DOVE fy t rylol7ccmmoncommomy NOTWUCH RED ot 15 CONSCIOUS mscuc us

n n 11 11 17 BLUE

11 18 GREEN A 21 WHITEWHI1TE 0 22 LIGHT VALUE 0 t

24 JOSEPH SMITHSMITEI 1 asek

EDITORS doyle L green brian kelly

interviews RFRElativedativeatintiatt TO PILOT sw601S jmf30l5S responsesges bajbvj 0 ReSPOSeS warkeclrylarkecl 69 ealeaieckl ors cisoscicusous s eiwaudlurnake&es fredencfrevencfluencyfruencygru ency of pilot symbols frub r 53 people have to read into symbols meanings which the artist never intended

di rectjvesdirectives difdlfif anany from the presidinqpresidingpresidj2residinqinQ authorities of the church about visual Ssymbolsolsois mr luch stated that there was no handbook about art work issued by the church officials however there are some general policies which are followed these policies are a reflection of the wishes of the general authorities the essential criteria for accepting works of art for publication in the church magazines are I11 they must be traditional style and generally deal with subject matter 2 they must reflect a positive attitude and must be slanted towards the positive aspects of life 3 they must be conserativeconservative not radical or revolutionary

where the visual symbols come from who produces them some art is produced by assignment some art work comes from individual artists who work alone called frefreelanceelance artists other work comes from commercial art firms

physaphys3physicalcalcai limitations of symbol reductionroductionproductionroduction the budget provided occasionally places a limitation on the amount and kind of art produced other limitations mentioned were printing difficulties and the availability of color materials and paper 54 LA rqideratioiconsiderationor off ththee symbol list broucbroughtfht to the interviewsintejaiews warren luch noted that there was no official symbol for the church athoughalthough1 he was working on a corporate symbol to be used in letterheads and so on

doyle L green the problem of the study was explained and doyle L green was asked to relate the process of producing the Imuroimprovementvement era and ensign for the church

function of religious ssymbolsbolsbois in the nublicationspublications art work according to doyle L green is used to entice people to read or get acquainted with the message and is seldom used for arts sake alone art and layout materials must play up or enhance the written word mr green did not feel much correlation between visual symbols and articles could be extracted from the study without interviewing each individual artist he felt only the artist could knowmow what he intends he further felt that some symbols had implied meanings but their association was only haptic he pointed out that sometimes color is used on the basis of availability and not for any specific symbolic purpose

directives if any from the Prespresidinapresidingpresidincridina authorities of the church about visual symbols decisions regarding visual materials are left to art directors and editors hovHowhoweverevero mr green pointed out that visual materials must 55 meet standards of spirituality and modesty they must be wholesome and uplifting and they must reflect the desires of the leaders of the church the cross symbol number 10 on the list of 24 was avoided for specific reasons but no directives have been issued as to its use doyle L green indicated one general unwritten policy the staff does not bother the general authorities wwithiith regard to visual material if a visual problem arises which creates a question that only a general authority could answer it is likely that the item in question would not be used after twentyfivetwenty five years experience one knows what is expected by the church authorities

where the visual SYsymbolsbolsbois come from who produces them the design staff produce art work or commercial art companies produce it for thetho magazines physical limitations of symbol production the time respecting publication of materials varies sometimes it takes three months before an article and its illustrative portions are published the amount of time depends on the various committees which read each article however 9 no committee screening is done for visual material finance was listed as a limitation each magazine must pay its own way language and the increasing international character of the publications were given as increasing problems 56 there are fifteen different languages and cultures to consider and the publication can no longer be considered an rf american publication

A consideration of the symbol list brought to the interviews the estimation of pilot symbol frequency was marked on table 2 page 57 and the interview was concluded

TREATMENT OF THE DATA

there were twenty four pilot symbols and fifty six additional symbols considered in this study each symbol appearance was treated separately and information relating to it was accounted for on one computer card the first part of the card had to do with frequency of appearance frequency of appearance was noted on a single card but does not necessarily represent one card one card could represent the recording of appearances from 1 to 99 however every other aspect of each symbol appearance is exexpressedDressed in the number of computer cards used to show a particular relationship to the symbol appearance for exampleexamples if there were ten star symbols counted which were all rendered as line drawings were equal in size ie less than one fourth page and they were connected to a single article ie an article about politics they were recorded on one card not twentyfivetwenty five cards therefore there would be ten appearances on one card and all other relationships to those ten appearances would be on one card the relationships C

table 2 interviews relative to pilot symbols

hyh y selsekSYMBOLB0L USEDUS ED ii 1 a 0 a u s 1 w71 0 c1cac Q a 03 cl cf 0 cCIRCLSmc 0 020 sh7f7S n 07 DAVIDDAV D

03 TRUGLS A 040 ssalarssylarsm Q 1

I1 rishCHRISTr- L 5 A 05 lsiishisi cyccyegye

0606 bsz2i7sI1 V aakaas i

07 EYE 411

09 manmax armamo

10 CROSSGROSS AC 3 1

11 bellB a U

SSALTL 1 E MA 12 ILJUG J z rtele lal3 islsl 13 dotEO E 1l 1 uan ucn RED rlotcornmomy 15 Q cosciosCo scioS mclmelacuncu us

11 17 BLUE 1

11 1 18 GRSEMgreengreem6711 T A 21 TTTtitlhit3 0 22 LIGHT V llellalueLUll3E 0 t 24 josepejosephJOSSPHtosJOS PH smiteSESMITHlaildalldali Q

1 FEDITORSD1T01S doyle L grenoreocegreigreoceaocen n brbrlanbrianlian kekeilykellykeidyly pt lntpvl5IN T E 9 NJ EW3 latvalatv& TO bilopilopilottort o rT sft1sol5 i rn t5.5 0 LSL S

pespo l 100 rspocrspo gesfigingses5 markzclriackzdbvj69 eaor5ehiediehlIT or QS loo ese irna1irnark aclactzct rrougrtcvjdeacgaacveac of iovlovIOT piloPI sy-syni6si doblimobli 58 like size year and publication remain constant as to card totals however the computer sorted the information and printed the results measured by card totals which were interpreted where necessary to get individual appearance and otherwise the data expressed in this study was left in card totals the computer center at brigham young university assured the writer that information expressed in card totals would be statistically valid representations of data frequency and distribution generally one card was used for each symbol appearance three thousand six hundred thirteen comcomputerDuter cards represented single symbol appearances ie any one of the eighty types one appearance one card five hundred thirty seven computer cards represented the recording of a single symbol twice on one card two hundred thirty nine cards represented three appearances of an individual symbol recorded on one card and 152 cards represented appearances of a single symbol four times this information is given so the reader can see that the majority of the cards recorded no more than four symbols only 385 carlscards of the 5080 cards treated recorded the appearance of any single symbol five or more times two cards treated appearances of a symbol eighty one times however the symbol was the circle symbol number 01 on the list of 24 and had no correlated meaning since the total number of symbols will be represented by individual appearances the remainder of the data 59 will be expressed in card totals this can be done because the great majority of cards represent only one appearance of any given symbol and this number plus those of four or less make up 924292.42 percent of the total study this leaves 758 percent of the computer cards representing appearances of five or more the majority of which belong to the monogram stamp repeat and 01 the circle in addition it should be remembered that the other data remains proportionately constant because it relates to symbols and was recorded by card

individual SYMBOL appearances BY FREQUENCY

graphs 151 5 show the total number of appearances by symbol they note the most frequent use to the least and give the computer number assigned to each symbol which do not appear in order the graphs record a range of 0 to 11000000ooo appearances this study contained twenty four pilot symbols and fifty six other symbol types the repeated appearance of these eighty symbol types totaled 1143811 438 individual appearances the approximate combined total of all pieces of information numbered 92275 this figure was calculated by the computer taking into account the following variables each symbol treated according to appearances publication in which it appeared year month size kind of media used to render it and the correlated meaning which was linked to it according to tradition and the article in which it individual appearances 100011000 rank 2 3 4 5 6 7 58 9 100 111 1zaz2 13 1aaa4 is15 16 95az8z 900goo 8001600800goo 800 770 765 753 700 600goo00 584 557

500 45z 445454 5 4277 400 36363 29621982498 500300joo 237Z 37 225425 200 214Z 14 leg1899 jQL z y 100 cy0 0 X 0 Z 0 1 cs Z 0 0 2 wiitniian 75 U 3 S 2 c U 51 50 13 0 Z UJ 0 Tx I uiUJ UJ j UJ z2 & Q- 5 b S 2 5 J of UJ UJ 25 UJ0 3 ticcifcic uj 5 ln 0 uj gCNa 0 ojuj ce C 0 1 CQ 0 3 0 0 0 0 ca Q 3 Z7zaz D i P 1 0 0 U 0 ejJ n I

1 SYMBOL 1 1 1 noberNWBERnu1ser1 5 ho 1 70 09 f15 b 5856 38 oi01 J 79791 18 05 65 zz4zza 71 51 19 lil111111 graph 1 symbols by individual appearances individual appearances 17 18 19 ZO0 221 222222.2z 2 4 25 21272.72.1 2.929 31 10001 000ooo 233 24 266 6 29 30 3zaz3 900goo 800

700 600600goo

500 i 400

500300noo 200200 183 172 170 9 0 49 147 Z 134 22122.2 1 22 116 1 OQ 100 01a 919 90 01 07 81 81 81 ZM a1 0 CO 0 UJ 76 75 10 UJ UUJ 73 0 3 e 2 0 0 UJ J 0 A UJ Z CAA 50 OC n 0 0 G z 1LOI u 0 1 u y uj 3 ui 0 S S 1 0 25 0 0 0 Z uj uj T j s uiu1ua 0 j 90 or 2 0 1 0 ujU 2 ul I1 D c 1 0 0 C clCO i 00CO P

1 1 SYMBOLSY1201L number1 I1 1 120 nudermuderMUIERnumbers 4zaz4- 122 16 z2zaZ 3333 7 1 F174174 446 67 59 20 04- 08 J 4 J 40 1664 1 80 f graph 2 symbols by Inaiindividualingiengividual appearanAppappearancesearaneesces fall iai A individual appearances 33 34- 35 36 37 38 39 400 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 41& 11000000ooo 900goo 800

700 600goo

500

hooboo400400 U UJ z 2 ui 0 0 J 500300000jooooo U h- rsJ u U y tslasl a w 5 he mo ui TQ s d c o LL F 0 i 200 0 n 2 0 & c 0 1 i 0 a a in 0 0 c 0 0 z UJ VJ y ck sj IZ 100 J T 0 t owloxr jl y y duj 0 Z j a oxl 0 UJ & IL z UJ 5 0 E or 00ca n ILLL 2 0 c 75 67 d J 0 nccMCC 0 n 03.3 3 V 5 1 x 0 CQ 4 55155 5363 7 l cii p P 5 3 I1 46 43 50 UJ 1 Z 44 33&a A 4 37 SF 0 36 35 UJ D X S 33 az A 25 2 b cc OL cc a UJ 3z 0 z7za7 0 00 0 5 000S 0 a c rt 5 a SYMBOL MMERNUMBER 13 03 49 554 zlalZ 1 07 la13l3388 78 66 z7za 45 &3Z 3 76 33 50 55

8 graph 53 symbols by individual appearances eli individual appearances 9 50so 51 56 57 58 59 60 GI 62 63 b 10001 000ooo 49 52sz 53 554 SS aj6j 900goo 800

700 rtkatk r UNX 600 n S T c n 500 0 0 10 t t- S 0Z 0 4001400 1 5 x 0 I u E 0 s arie4rie poo 5 3 4510 0 X ul 500300 b cy 2 01 2 C 0 0 W- J 0 2 0 Qso 200 E 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 IU 2E S UJ 0 Z 0 Q J LL ac2c U CO 7 J Z i4jU 0 j 100 J 0 LL ulu1ua cyc C 10 9 n lj 0 oe 1 a jmZ t J 0 CL u su 0 A Z U J 0 4 w 1eae 0 1 uiUJ 0 x 75 E 0 s 4 CL n x tu CL 0 t5ta Z en w co0a 0 3 z ti uj x S F 25 L12 C UCO1 ca ldLLJ 50 3 F d 0 z6za U 26 25 25 26 25 23 I1 25 24 4A 23 232.3 23 21 zlalZ 21 zo 9

NUMBER 1 SYMBOL 6 299 31 Z 4 1 26 ab363b 28 i 43 63 25 3 5zaz5 77 3 33 48 60 06 7755

4 by appearances i cr graph symbols individual U individual appearances g7fc7fo7gc 1000 65 66 68 69 70 71 727 Z 73 74 75 767 1777 7818 79 60800 900goo 800800

ON 700 t0u1ua

n 600 0 0 0 r- 50000 Z z U u c ILUL 0 cv sE z vn 400 0 a 09 0 Tx 0 0 0 0 u 0 z z poo 2 U ID 0 500300 T LLU OL SE 0 0 2 3 a S E teta EX Q s CL 0 5 200 g 0UJ 0 0 J 4 I1 0 3 fe Q 0 2 x X JI1 ILLL 1 itf & c intn 0 100 i 5 z uUJ 0 4 0 0 n A E a U 0 P i c 00 y 1U c1cac J t9ta3 fe 0 ft 0 J Z 3 s su z 75 3 z ckCL 2 F m ct d cc0 0 0 2 2 a 0 1 E a 1 J 0 fefc 5 VLV 0 i asw 4.4 s uw 0 z i LJ 1s 2 50 CO J F 1IT D r COn n s 25 ib16 15 1-4 IZ12 it1 n 11 11 10 9 8 6fo 6 0 5 3

221 1 1 SYYBOLSYMBOL NUMBER OZ 44 i 1 1 1 56 0 10 41 7zaz77 35 141441 477 t2ta62 73 57 68 5331695.3316953 69 1 39 61 graph 5 symbols by individual appearances K 65 appeared there were some other minor variables which were used but which the computer did not register as significant the total variables were registered as 80674806748.0674 this number multiplied by the total individual appearances of each symbol equals 92274921292274921292274.9212 this information was then stored on 5080 computer cards the information was then sorted and printed into different readouts

SYMBOL darraDATA IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL COMPUTER CARDS PROCESSED

publication by Ssymbolbolboi frequency information about the imimprovementvement era was recorded 81081.0 percent of the computer cards this number is 4116 cards however it should be remembered that this publication also represents nineteen years of the total study while the ensimeneimensicm and new era represent only two years the ensign accounted for 505 computer cards or 999.9gg percent and the new era accounted for 459 cards or about 919.1gi percent of the total years frfrequencyncy and distribution of visual symbols graph 6 gives the distribution of visual material by cards the high point is 1972 represented by 489 cards and the low is 1954 with thirty five cards CCAPDSDS 500boo00 189 1 475 grogao 50I1 o

400ccovoo4cd4co 371

050550obo35-1 0

300nooCO

250 232237

200JU j

locloo

7755

25 35

1 i 953h954h3 95 1955 i 19591196019f 1962ij9il9&419g3 j966 967ll96711 681 1 YRR 19t9219252 195 t s956ii95793b956 1351957 95 91 9 1960111 1962 i 19&4 1965 196f1196711068 19691969i97090119711 97 19797z

gr 1 graphaph 6 volume of Vlsualasualvisual syatiolssyn bolsbois as pleasured by dhetheohe i1mberniumber of0 comvutercompubercomputerCompuber cardsoards1 axis from 3521952 throughT n buglaougla 1972

0cr 67

months frequencfrequencefrequencyY of visual Ssymbolsjois graph 7 indicates all the months in the total study and which months represent the greatest and least visual volume by card november being high and july low

symbols the total number of IBM cards used for the recording of individual symbol appearances is expressed in graphs 898 9

size of symbolsS bolsbois by frequencyF req ency size the amount of visual space taken by each symbol is given in graph 10

kind of media used to render visual symbols the kinds of media used to produce the symbols visually are given in total and by rank in table 3 the deareedegree to which the symbols traditional meaningmean correlates to the articlesartic lesies in which it appeared the cards used to tabulate the volume of visual materials used to express various doctrines can be found in graph 11 graph r 7 0 0

600goo

icicio 0

CARDS 5005 00 406 400 360 Z 300 3nan 250 W 200 ys 150 10lobiob I110000 q loo 71 75 757 5 afe4fe ai3i 1 1 26 50 0 5 l y 47 25 0 7

OBOLSsymbolsSYKBOLSS abols of 02 03 04 0 06 07 00 09 lio1100 12 153 114 15 lo10 177 180 1 199 ZO 500 400 300 2502 50 200ZOO0 y 1 150 U

00100 ail114iil 75 i 3536 500 57- 3 50 2nan 37- iai5 262.625 v i ft i S 37383238 A z 1 1 SYMBOLS 1 1 1 yvo SDBOLS Z z2za2 10323 aq22. 12512z5za5 126121.266 27 088 z9za 30 331 3zaz3- 33 3134 35 1 5636 1 5737 1 56511311 1 39 140 0 graph 8 individual symbols by computer cards oardsCARIMCARDS 500 4004004 00 360 3 300 250 250 awlewiZVI 200 tso150ISO iollolidiidl101 11 00 75 44 U 30 50 5 400 2211 15S 10ID 6 7 ib 25 4 & 7

aq y c 50 651 2 55q 5 677 l579ii yae S 1 65 59 SYMBOLS 43 44 45 46 49 1 5- 53 1 5 1 56 1 5 60 y2e L 41 4at 144 146 47 4648 0 153 1 15 500 4fa6 40000 300 2502 50 237 ZOO 185 ibo150160 97 00loo100 75 52 4qaq 60 50 40 f 14 3 252.5 0 7 7 3 b 2 9 3

SYMBOLS aqgq &55 I1 I1 b 6zaz 05 W 5 ob66 67 6&6 69 70 7 7zaz 7714 7g7fcag 777 7 I1 79 79 so 1 73 75 7 1 1 1 L I I i 1 I graph 9 individual symbols by computer cards 71

CARDS iwolwo1400IWU 1291 15001300 1221 1200

1100

1000 920 898 900goo

800 728

700

600

500

400

300

200

100 22

0 SIZE 1 2 53 4 5 6 double i i 3 1 PAGE less 4 2 1 1 hanthan I4 I1 I1 A L graph 10 symbol size by card 72 table 53 the medium used to render the symbols by computer cards

CARDS RANK no KIND

4 16 17 WOODCUTS

10 15 16 OIL PANORAMA

2523 14 15 DISPLAY

41 11 14 SPECIAL photographs

232 14 1513 CRAFT

42 10 12 lithograph

179 6 11 MURAL

5838 12 10 ETCHINGS and engravings

55 8 9 architectural

140140 7 8 SCULPTURE

33 1513 7 WATER COLOR

197 5 6 CARTOONS

1045 2 5 LAYOUT LETTERINGTERING and background

2051 1 4 GRAPHIC drawlDRAWINGSDRAWTNGSDRAWTNGS

357557 4 53 PROTOTYPE STAITSTAMP REPEATS and MONOGRAMS

775773 53 2 PAINTINGS

54 9 1 FACTUAL CHARTS and GRAPHS 73

CARDSCAJIDS

16951693 1700

1500

15001300

1100

900goo

700 653

600goo 558 510 491 550000 457

400400

500300 284 253233

200 105 96 100

0 DOCTRINE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Q 2 OAQ 0 i hh cj FAF A 5 9 i rj H0 pl 3 el 0 P EAa 4 1 1 1 a 6gEag 1 EAE0A 1 0 YCO 1 S tx x 0

graph 11 Doctrixdoctrinaliallallai distribution by computer cards 74 TREATMENT OPOF PILOT SYMBOIZSYMBOLS DATA

the total number of pilot symbols the first twenty four symbols are called pilot symbols can be found on graphs 151 5 they represent 4887488748.87 percent of the total 11438 appearances symbol 09 represents a special problem in that there were other symbols which related to it therefore in addition to its treatment in the pilot group a summary of it will be given at the conclusion of the pilot data the information given in this section of chapter 3 will be expressed in cards with the exception of symbol totals noted above

pilot symbols by publication the breakdown of symbol by publication is expressed in table 4

pilot Sxmbolssymbols bbyy yeyearar two tables represent the distribution of symbols in the pilot group by year they are tables 5 and 6

pilotpi lot symbols by month table 7 treats the pilot symbols by month and gives consideration to the more visual months as opposed to the less visual ones pilot symbols by size there were six sizes considered in the study ranging from less than a quarter page to full spread see table 8 for the breakdown of pilot symbol size relationships table 4 pilot symbols by publications by computer cards publication CARDS d4proveyimprovement ERA 187 5 z5za SG faf8164184 133 4 36 329 8 zlal 67

Z 11 L Z ENSENSIGNI1 GN 18 Z 7 6060 33 4

7 NEW ERA z6za6 1 4 5 i 3 3 19 3 SYMBOLS 01 02 0503 0404 05 06 07 0808 09 10 11 12

LULAJ u uLU 0 i uj ulUJ V ui uuj 1 oe b QCL S 72 0 UJ 5cz z tt x 16 D 0 r 0 J 0 c0ca oj n J toi ln improvement ERA z9za9 33 286 75 257P 57 174az7z 66 56 30 lobiob106706 30 92

151 5 7 15 j4 e21sENSIGNI1 GINgan 5 b 5 IS 200 9 Z S ja 3zaz3 Z

NEW ERA 2 9 Z 166 33 28 112 2 7

SYMBOLS 1513 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2523 24

5.5r Z2 1 uj oluj01 UJ j Q X ul a Y- u oc Q 01 3 0 r uiuj 0 x 5 7 n 0 ccicciecle co 9 CQ J 0 0vav

ln 76 table 5 pilot symbols by year by cards YEAR cards 1952 60

1951953 J 1954

1955 7 Z 2- 1956 7 1 5 3 1957 IS t 2 2- 3

1 1958 1 x7xa7 4

1 1959 t b J 1 4- Z

1 i960ig6oigho z6za 2 1 4 133 313 1961 z1za 4- 5 77 Z r li 4

1962 z3zazz 6 6 5 3 1 5 3zaz 0 1961063 2 53 ZL 3 414 3 9

1964 10 3 1513 4 2797 1 1 7

1965 5 1 16 1 4 15 12 C 1966 1 1 9 z3za3 8 1967 17 1 3 13 3 15 5 3

7 1 14 1968 37 0 n

19691969 9 Z 232 3 212 1 7 1970 2- 1 32 Z

1971 1 2 5 A it Z Z 499 Z 3

1 1972 25 133 53 7 303 1 6 SYXBOLSYMBOL 0 j 0027 c305ca 0404 05 06 07 0608 09 t0tafo i I1 Z ti U 0Z t0 0 J uj n UJ ceC S jy 5 2 J CL v 2 5 UJU 7 0 0 01 3 u r- 3 ace i-j or ltw i LU 2F CO cj3 0 cl in cji S u j ln 77 table 6 pilot symbols by year by cards yejoyej331 j cards

1 sug 1922 sig 1tat

1955 0 Z 8 7

191952- c 6 7

1 1955 1 I 1 li b 3 c 1956 lepleg 4 1 9 3 3

q c 1957 2 2 3sas lo10 1 6 j 1958 1 2 7 7 7 4 2zaz 5 5

1 1 195939593 959 i 2 7 3 3 6 4 1960 H W 1 1 I 14 6 14 7 2 iggi10611961 0 O 6 W 1 W 12 5 3 5 3 162 2z 5 100 o 4 6 6 2 5

10631965 2 fsas 3 115

1964c 64 2 2-Z- 331 1 a 4lf 6

12 H4 j 1965 3 2 6 13 5 1 7-

1 7 1966ngg 2-7- 11 Z 9 6 fc 3 1 Z 1967 3 14 z zoz o 222.2 25 2- 3 1968 f 4 c 20102.02030 6 4 4-zi- Z fc g 5 1 19691969 4 1 6 1970 3 6 2 7 1971 6 11 13 9 22 4- Z Z 9

1 1972 1 6 i 11 21 7 5 5 sylsol 133 1qaq1 155 140b 177 8 9 ZO 22 25Z 3 Z q

A 3 Z u0ua a UJ tij y OL f U wrt sof ui 3 j J UJ 0 0 3 0 0 ld 3 CX i 0 lv or co CO 7 82U-

7 symbols by months by computer cards table pilot 78

MONTH

1 1 DECEMBDECEMBERU 17 1 5 34 7 32 41 NOVENOVEMBERabeambea 272.7 4 1 599 2 1 4 39 2 q OCTOBER 28 1 6 3 5 33 2

1 SEPTEMBERSEPzeberzebeaTEBEa 13 1 3 b 11 8 34 3

n 1 AUGUSTAU GUS 1 25 3 3 60 7 3 5 252.5 2

1 JULY 6 4- 6 1 2 37 1

1 c JUNE 8 2 2 3 1 3 n

may 1 MAYMky 27 5 3 8 4 39 1 5 APRILapan 32 1 3 292.9 1 2 i1 42 2 9 MARCH 15 6 2 8 3 335 Z2 2 6

1 FEBRUARY 10 2 10 1 34 3 JAIXARYJANUARY 13 1 1 19 3 3 36 3 al SYMBOL 010 1 02 03 04 05 ob06 07 6808 09 to10 11 t U U UJ 0 3 ujulluli uiuj uiUJ 0too0 qt LA j J 0 b n Q u1ua Z 4 5x UJ j CC cc uj01 2 z 0 d acr 3X uiof v- du1ua MONTH t0ta Q 03 n 7- ca U U in J ln j inn DECEMBER 8 16 IS18 8 199 14 6 5 14 Z ZO2 0 20 NOVEMBER 3 2j 37 31 45 27Z 7 30 17 28 30 122 202.0ZO OCTOBER 2 G 19 9 22Zz ib 13 z 3 S& 4 4 SEPTEMBER 1 f IS18 77 ig18 pa8 to10 3 5 Z AUGUST t 3 242.4Z 4 11 37 z6zaZ5 7 1 1 2 JULY 5 31 b 222.2ac 9 7 1 3

1 q 7 imJUNE 4 28 5 8 19 4- 9 1 2 11 MAY 27Z7 7 29 20 4 Z 292.99 202.00 2 3 17 2 11 APRIL Z 5 30 6 itZZ fc0 5 ib 7 fo 4A 9 MAY 2 2 31 111 1aaa2-14 166 6 4- 77 3 3 FEEPURYFEBRUARY Z 2 37 4 29 io10 5 3 3 1 3 JANUARY 1 3 221 1 232.3 z3zaZ3 3 8 3 9 3 26 SYMBOL 13 i114 151 16 17 188 19 ZOZ0 ZI 222 2 23 Z214

n uj uj w uj UJ UJ w x UJ LU Q t V J A 0 OJ lilliiIII111 QC 0 X 5 S slPL c0ca ploeso Q 0 i ofc elo5 c0ca j OS table 8 pilot symbols by size by computer cards 79 SIZE

DOUBLE 1 1 t

1 PAGE 232.325 2 59 1 z 96 16

PAGE 25 4 3 39 1.1 1 z 76 3 Z 7

14 j PAGE 38 5 8 44 z 9 6 1 4 10

7IT PAGE 449 3 9 54-3 3 14 06106tog 3 5 232.3

l PAPAGEGE 1 Z 14 8 29 1 45 4 7 16 less than SYMBOL 0011 0-02 0503 004 0506 06 07 0009 09 10 it11 12

U U uluj ui 0 1 uluj uj bi x w toogoo 00o u j I1 T uj Z d i & ce LU Z S ujLU x a T ulUJ 3 sa SIZE i 3 0 cn UJ alt cj co s2 0cj P J rih a tfr

DOUBLE 1

1I PAGE 2 2 335 111 1 56 414 1 ZO 4 3 11 6 28

PAGE 5 3 36 24 31 z5z6za 11 ZI1 7 26 11 18

PAGE 77 5 s7sa z4za 56 37 15 Vz7za 5 43 9

PAGE 11 7 86 262.6 99 sfcist15osaciso150 3zuzl3zl 13 9 188 5 34

7 PAGE 3 24 10109tog 15 575 19 Z 8 13 3 232.3 less than 70

SYMBOL 1 15 A is15 16 177 18 1 C z zi 2zaz 233 1222. a4aa

3 uj UJ UJ LJ uj a 0 UJ 0 UJ 0 5 vs Q il D 1 c0ca Zj A 00 80 pilot symbols kind there were seventeen different art media used to express the symbols visually each was represented at least once in the pilot symbols see table 99.

pilot symbols doctrines and no meaningMean incino the correlation of doctrinal meanings and pilot symbols can be seen in table 10 this table gives the number of cards which expressed no apparent meaning as compared to those cards which registered a correlation of meaning when compared to the articles the symbols appeared with

pilot symbol 09 man the statistics of this study state that symbol 09 had 800 individual appearances on 408 cards 329 were in the improvement eraeras sixty in the ensignEnsicin and nineteen in the new era it had a reasonably even distribution throughout the study by month and year see tables 5 and 7 its dominate sizes were one fourth page one page and one half page it consisted mainly of drawings and some cartoons it is consistent with other related symbols in frequency and distribution and so they will not be examined any more extensively than they have already been treated in the fore- going tables of this chapter except one or more symbols relating to symbol 09 man may be mentioned by way of con- cluclusionssions and findings in chapter 4 4

table 9 pilot symbols by kind by computer cards KIND 177 wooclcwoodcutvt 1 166 001I1 1 fnorwnranorldma 5 1 1 Z IS15 display 4 z 00 Z t 1 Z m4 special bolophao 9 z2 3 ra4cralraaC 1 2 i 1 1 717 1 111 2 1zaz2 utho11160 Z i t 1 61 1 127 j 1 i 1 1 1 1 19 1 13 12 13 1 10 2- 1 murgi 11 4- 3 1 IZZ 1 2 murmucmuraimuralmuroi 4 t 3 2 4 3 I 20 9 ack&ckyhokhovcv enqravengravenqcav Z 2 4 2 1 t a

1 9 archi4ecarcec4ural 4ar Z 1 1 3 1 717 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 8 StulstulduresculpreSculpdurere 7 9 2 n i I I 212 3 131 1 1 7 wawcolorWaWwater loilotgoiColoror I1 5 Z 62 cartoons i 3 Z 6 3 3 2

1 1 5.5 lalayout 100 S 199 11 1 2 8 lbb 2 4 f t8ta 240zao 595 235239 ibb168lgb 61 77 2 lcmtlcev ifnalignaln 3 4 BBB 6 12 7 38 8 729799 283213783233 3 11 35 lb z3za 35 1112 ZM 1177 8 5 16 9 13 42 4 drvsinqsdrawings 1 1 4

amp 1 1 1 1 3a proto 3 1 3 moamonwoftortk0 4 rh M 4 pat n4 18 2 za 15 21 11 IZ 37 70 11 5mam 2 naabt nlinqtnqn9cnac 4 Z 3 38 4 6 6 4 Vz7 6 1 graphs 9 1 1 2Z 6 2- 1 2 2 SYMBOISSYMBOLS 01 02 03 1004 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 112 3 1 jaj4 15 166 177 18 19 ZO 2211 222 2 23 24 C L p 03 rn CP 0t3ta yn kp CP TZ 0 3 ri Sa 0 jrejr4r- 7 0 2 VSV S 0 0 1 fo 7 C 01 td 0 0 C & y 0 2 0 ic4ca a 0 r y TT p rt 13.1 1 U it faf0 0 0- co 3 V 9 T 3tat t- 0 3 1.1 i 0 1 ft 0 rs r y c SM V ft 0 C A tt tn 3 1 OD 0o I ft r table 10 pilot symbols by doctrines by computer cards DOCTRINES

5 vr r f w T CM 0 NJ tr 0 0 ca 0 r 0 CO a7 Um 0 vnv n r t T 0 0 s fv a- S l per gent correlationj70 0 zaz0 r c0ca 00 co U N CO Z rl 0 C tr toof- u cr cent correlationscorrelation D 0 0 0 CJcy s 14 00 r 0 a 00 cr 3D lr ln st 0a oofe 7 00 a-

1 1 1 57515 15 11 1 0 tranint2aninMEANINGG 3 7 0 0 3 0 s 4 10 166lgb 414411 140 99 70 I 4 s 5 i

2.1 1 1 1 21 13 t 1 1 mortalityYORTALITYMORTALITY 41 5 9 5 zil 5 15 15 144 8 I12112.1izz 777 10 3 iai515 11 13 3

FIRST PRINCIPTprinciples 2 1 3 10 199 6 5

1411 1 FAFAMILYy exaltationMALTATION W Z 73 Zs 4 2 2 3 27 t J 1 218 j THE JUDGJUDGEMENTementaMENT Z 2 it Z Z 1 1 t

priesthood 5 3 4 1 I1 1 5

restoration 3 1 6 7 1 55 7 3 20 2 3 2 8 3 6 5 3 107

ATONEATONEMENT 5 172 5 6 I1 Z 6 5 3 ib 3 212.1 1 1

1 21 10 4 PRE EARTH LIFE 56 Z 2 3 7 28 3 7 H 2 2

revelation 9 5 H 2 5 15 4 15 4 188 3 47 9 17 1 500 1 59 9 SYMBOLS 01 02 030 10404 0505 0600 07 08 09 10 11 12 1513 11414 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2523 24 a I1 T auj aU 1 Alaakat 3 UUJi t 0 U u E n fi j UJ C cf ulUJ JC U 0o 1 z 3 X 0 j y 0 A 5 aLL q U ul SU V- 0 J of U uj 2 ul U u3uaU UJ 3 5 2 a 5 s Uuj 0 U a 101QC 1 Q 3X 0 ef j 8U UJ J iolloc 0 I CQ 1 1 UJ 0 1 C10 1 1 0 015 t5ta cn0 U to ui 0 ca a 9 OC 0rv 1 in OD 83

SUMMARY

eighty symbols were scrutinized their appearances were noted over a twenty one year period in the publications of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the publications were the improvement era ens12nen steinstcinstern and new era of the eighty visual symbols twenty four made up a pilot group which were taken to personal interviews with the editors of the publications this was done to increase the writers understanding of editorial policies and procedures where possible each symbol was examined for its traditional religious meaning the symbols were also examined as to publication year month size kind total appearances and meaning correlated with articles the information was stored on 5080 computer cards the cards were then sorted into different readouts in ailsailoalloallail these symbols appeared 11438 times the imimprovementvement era accounted for nineteen years of the study and the ensiensicrn and new era for two years symbol 09 those things which related to man his environ- ment emotions conditions and attitudes appeared most frequently of all symbols studied 1972 seems to be the high year visually while 1954 was least visual the november months in this time period were recorded as the most visual while the months of july in the twenty one years were not most of the visual symbols included in the study were one fourth page in size and few were double folds drawing and background lettering or layout were the most common vehicles 84 for symbol presentation and woodcutswoodcuts the least subjects relating to man were numerous while visual materials relating to the judgment were limited pilot symbols were analyzed in depth and their statistics were proportionately consistent with regard to numbers kind and doctrines as stated above the cross was used least while symbol 09 mankind was used the most there was a high correlation recorded to symbol meaning and the concepts expressed in the article chapter 4

SUMMARY conclusionsCONCLUSIONSs AND recommendations

this chapter will be divided as follows 1 A summary of the study 2 justification 3 methods 4 findings 5 conclusions 6 recommendations

A SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

A twenty one year periodperiods 195219721952 1972 of the imnimpvementrorovementmovementrovemen t eraE ra ensignsimns and new era was examined to determine how visual religious symbols were used A list was made of twenty four preselectedpre selected commonly used visual religious symbols these were examined for their traditional religious meanings andaridarld a study was undertaken to determine if they were used in the publications other visual religious symbols which occurred in the publications were accounted for the research was designed to record the number of times each symbol appeared and in what publication year and month it occurred its relative size and the method used to

85 86 render the symbol the rsearchresearch was also designed loto10 measure the symbolsymbolsl sl traditional ineaninclsmeanings as coriccorrccorrelatedlatediatedlacedbated with the articlesirticlescies the symbols illiillustratedistrastr iledailed elcheicheach symbol vaswas

assigned a number the number assigned vaswasrasaas a reference for chinncoinncomputeriterlterleer identification when symbols other than thekhe first tTventytwenty four appeared theylheyahey were added to theLhebhe study computer cards werewore used to record thekhe appeuriappearancestncesances and record the different variables relreirelatingakingaLing to each symbol thephe ddataa ta was processed and printed by the computer

jusrijuerijustificationFI cattCATI ON

when one understands the importance of visual syrsymbolsinbolsingols it is easier to accept a study about the use of visualV suaisual religreligiousloustous symbols in ome of the publications of the chuchurchclclii of jesus christ of Tattorlatteractor day saints the world 1 compecompetesIieses for the mindsminde of men as does the church visual

11 symbols treareire anlantan important dartdarbpartparleparteparge 0ofL the competition we can nonotnoe1 arqueargue wiwithch symbols they find their way intinto our hearts irirmiedarmiedimmediatelymied iralayiy or not at allailali fymbosymbosymbolsjs are more powerfpowerpowers ulfuituteul than wowordsworderds the doiidemandand forfoccor visual cccommunicationrnaiuni ca lionkionklon is increasing in the church of jesujjesua christ- of Ialtoratterahterlatteriatter day saints the pu- licatiblicationsi ca lionelorelonorsonss susurveyedi devedreved in tthisthiethles Fstudyt lidy shoshowr an iacreincreincreasedased use 0off visual materials wehaqweeeme il ve in a day of vision covey gives

steohenstephenshephenS teohenphen G coveC oveyovoyy you have rlreceivedc ivo d mvmy K ingloa gaitgaltsajt ilakodakoukeuko city by the authorsauthor7r 1651960 p 18 thisch i booboorbookk is a to rereferrederred tobo aas3 jC ic revrem eiaela t lonionlom monumpn t dnildjdoidol ldinang 87 us a good reminder of our visual responsibilities when he quotes the church must ffaceace up to the modern competition for mensmen minds 9 hearts and attention e the saints ought to lay hold of any door that shall seem to be opened to them to obtain a foothold on earthearthsearthy said the prophet joseph smith audiovisualaudio visual education has proven effective in all areas of learning on all subject matters and for all ages thithlthiss iiss ttruerue in all levels of instruction industrial business socibocisocialal religious about 83 of masmans knowledge is brought to him by his ability to see and his ability to read n hustonhus ton timesti mes 2 this study dealt walw3lvithwithth the visual and written word correlations of religious materials covey wrote we had best not neglect the other senses because combinations of the media of communication often bring best results and 3 leave more lasting impressions A statement about the importance of symbols and impressions they make on us was given by a president of the church harold B lee he said here on temple square we have standing the holy temple wherein we may find the symbols by which dowernowerpower might be generated that will save this nation from destruction the spires on the eastern towers of the temple are to represent the presidency of the melchizedek priesthood 4 if one is an artist he is often a symbol maker and uses his talents to prorogatepropogate his ideas one of the late apostles richard L evans said

2ibidbibidbid p 11 31bidbid

41bidbid p 18 88 one generation makes history while succeeding generations interpret and glorify it and while this generation is making its ounownoum history it is also per- petuatingpetuating the achievements of its pioneer founders5founders 5 therefore it is most important to keep in mind the vital part visual religious symbols play in our efforts to communicate ideas we should take the opportunity to examine religious symbols and see how they are used in the hope that we may better understand how they affect our ideas

METHODS

A computer program was set up to keep track of the hundreds of relationships which were sure to occur with the individual symbol appearances among the various items considered were three publications twenty four pilot symbols and fifty six other symbol types with multiple individual appearances totaling 11438 twenty one yearspearsoyearso embracing the 252 months in which the symbols appeared six fixed size categories seventeen kinds of media used to render the symbols and nine doctrinal headingsheadings9 9 with accompanying headingssubsubheadings the approximate combined total of all separate pieces of information processed by the computer was 92000 A one way frequencyfrequency and distribution of the individual symbols appearances was made together with a cross

5monteamontemonte B degraw A study of representative examples of art works fostered by the mormon church with an 89 tabulation of the symbols against the following variables 1 publications 2 years 3 sizes 4 kinds and 5 traditional meanings of symbols linked with the articles they illustrated some technical information was given by the computer which the writer did not feel qualified to analyze however assistance was obtained from the computer center 6 at brigham young university to make sure the procedures and methods used by the writer which related to the computer were proper for the data processed it may be observed that there is a difference between the number of symbol appearances and the number of computer cards used to record the appearances this is due to the fact that some cards recorded multiple appearance of a given symbol see tables and graphs in chapter 33.

FINDINGS

the findings and conclusions will be given according to the following pattern

analysis of the aesthetic value of these works unpublished masters thesis 1959 p 13 athe6thethe author gratefully acknowledges the consulting services provided by the survey research center brigham young university provo utah the survey research center disclaims any responsibility for the analysis of the results of the survey and the report or conclusions reached by the author 90 1 general findings 2 findings relating to the interviews with the editors of the publications 3 findings about specific symbols 4 general conclusions 5 conclusions relating to the interviews with the editors of the publications 6 conclusions about specific symbols and 7 Recommendationrecommendationsrecommendationssss

general findings visual religious symbols are used in the improvement era ensiensign and new era published from 195219721952 1972 by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints each symbol of the pilot group was represented at least once the pilot group represents about 48 percent of the total symbol appearances there were fifty six other symbol types accounted for in this study all symbol appearances totaled 11438 traditional religious meanings were found through research for each of the pilot symbols and many of the other symbol types the correlation of traditional religious meanings with the text illustrated by the symbols was high some symbols had high correlation and some had much lower correlation with textual materials but the combined correlation measured 871587.15 percent nine doctrinal headings were the framework for recording meaning visual symbols dealing with mankind 91 and the mortal probation were most common the doctrines of the judgment and first principles faith repentance baptism and holy ghost recorded a low registration of visual symbols pre earth visuals were also low A list of their rank can be seen on graph 11 the ensign and new era use more visual symbols than the improvement era was in fact together they account for a doubling of visual material used in 1971 as compared to 1970 this time period however represents the introduction of these new publications it was also noted that there has been a steady increase in the use of visual materials over the twenty one years covered in this study see graph 6 november was the month most consistently high in visual material while july was low see graph 7 most visual symbols covered in this study occupied one fourth to one half page and many were three fourths of a page however if all sizes considered in this study are taken separately then those symbols of less than one fourth page registered the highest number of incidents see graph 10 line drawings were by far the most common form of rendering visual religious symbols with background layout registering high woodcutsWoodcuts and craft were the least used form of symbol renditions see table 3 92 findings relating to interviews brian kelly suggested that christ 05 would be used often the beehive 06 salt lake temple 12 and joseph smith 24 would be used some and the cross 10 would rarely be used he suggested that there was an unwritten policy not to use the cross 10 his estimates turned out to be generally accurate except in the case of the beehive which was used less often than he suggested it might be see table 1 page 52 warren luch suggested that it might be easy to read into a symbol some meaning which the artist did not intend and that symbols are tools of communication the church of jesus christ of latter day saints has no official symbol but he indicated that he was working on a corporate symbol for the church which could be used on letter heads and for other0 ther purposespurposapos es doyle L green estimated that the following symbols would appear often christ 05 man symbols 09 the salt lake temple 12 the color white 20 his estimates were correct except for the salt lake temple 12 which did not appear as often as estimated he suggested the beehive 06 would be used it was used less than anticipated those symbols which he suggested would appear seldom were the circle 10 the shield of david 02 the tritrltriangleI1 angleangie 03 the bell 11 and the dove 13 his estimates were correct except for the circle 01 93 which appeared much more often than anticipated those symbols which he expected to appear never were the square 04 the all seeing eye 07 and the cross 10 his estimates were generally correct see table 2 page 57 doyle L green suggested that color was used often in terms of availability and not for symbolic reasons he suggested that visual symbols are subordinate to the written word and should be used to attract the reader to investigate the articles they illustrate some visual symbols are used repeatedly to save production costs

findings reiaRelarelatingtincI1 tto0 specific samsxmsymbols1sas data about the pilot group can be noted in the tables and graphs of chapter 3 the symbols considered in this section will be referred to by a verbal description followed by their computer number

the circle 01 1pap this symbol was used quite often but usually it was incorporated as background material to emphasize or set apart ideas when it had a correlated meaning it was most commonly connected to eternity and or the creations

the shield of david 02 it was used very little when it was used it represented things pertaining to the jews 94 lhalrithe trianglean JOi033 thithlthiss symbol was not statistically significant when it was used it was for emphasis or background decoration

the square 4 04 not statistically significant

the chrischrlschristchrish 05 the traditional christ symbol was used quite often and had a high degree of correlation with the accompanying articles it was rendered mostly in paintings or drawings and generally was given a prominent space in the article see graph 12

the beehive ogi06106 it was seldom used but did have a high correlation of meaning dealing with vorkworkworky industry and utah

thetheallallail seeing eye 07007 this symbol was not statistically significant

the sun shield 08 the sun shield was used very little however there was a high degree of correlation when it was used

the mankind forms 09 these were used very often and had a high degree of correlation the drawings

and paintings relating to man and his various conditions 9 circumstances and attitudes were rendered repeatedly throughout all the years of the study they occupied a major portion of the visual material in each year 95

COMPUTER CARDS 70 60 T

50 43

40 54 35 26 as 30 20 144 to 10 4- 9

YEAR 52 53 54 3555 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 SYMBOL NUMBER 700 YOUTH

CARDS 70 60 40 30 20 19 10

YEARzega T52525353 554 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 636 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

SYMBOL UMBERNUMBER 05 CHRIST CARDS 70 60 50 20

15 1 Z 9 10 7 3 3 Z 3 jaj4 3 YEAR 1252 5553 554 55 56 57.57 58 595 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

SYMBOL NUMBER 12 SALT LAKE TZQLETEMPLE

graph 12 individual pilot symbol distribution by years 96 the Ccrossrossnoss 101 A high degree of correlation was shown in the few appearances of the cooss but it was very seldom used not statistically significant

the bell 11 not statistically significant the bell was used as christmas decoration most of the time

.12212 the salt lake temdletempletempie122 122 this symbol did not appear as often as expected generally it represented the church of jesus christ of latter day saints it was used more prominently in the 1960s1960 but in the 1970s1970 its use declined considerably see graph 12 page 95

the dove libilibl1121.112113 this symbol was used very little but had a high correlation of its traditional meanings linked to the articles it illustrated it was used to represent peace on earth more than a representation of the holy ghost

the star forms 14 these were not used often fairly high correlation

red J 15 this symbol was used often with a 48 percent correlation it was used mostly for emphasis or as layout background it was used as decoration to make the article it represented more colorful its most prominent symbolic associations were danger or courage

yellow 16 V yellow was not a popular color however it was used occasionally and usually had symbolic 97 associations with closeness to god and revelation blue 17 blue was used quite often it had an approximate 55 percent correlation and was usually associated with virtue or truth it was otherwise used most commonly as a blackbackgroundground to add color or interest to an article

green 1811018 green was not used as often as red and blue however it appeared more often than yellow or violet in its traditional meanings it was usually associated with articles about youth spring or life it had an approximate 50 percent correlation

violet 191191.19 violet had the least deareedegree of correlation of all symbols and was not used very much when it did have a correlated meaning it was usually associated with royalty or christ

white 2pj20 white was not used symbolically very often but when it was it had a high degree of correlation and was usually associated with virtue purity or revelation

black 21 black was not used very ofoftenten and was not statistically significant however its meaning when used was associated mostly with death 98 light value 22 this symbol was used occasionally and had a fairly high correlation with revelation and closeness to god

darkdank vavaluelue 23 this symbol was not statistically significant but when it was used it generally was associated with stress or sin

joseijoseljoseehjosephah2h smithsmithpsmithy jr 24124 this symbol was used occasionally and was generally given a prominent space in the layout the symbol had a high correlation with the articles it illustrated most often it was associated with the restoration and revelation its use is increased in 1972 see graph 1313.

youth 701070 youth is mentioned first among the other symbols because it is the most often used symbol form in the study this was a surprise to the writer but since it was sossopso a graph was made to determine its dis- tribtributionution see graph 12 page 95 the graph shows a steady emphasis and an increasing one from the 1950s1950 to the 1970s

pioneerspi ondersoneers 30 2.2 32 and 55155 symbols about pioneers were high from 1959 and to 1969 then they declined sharply and were again strongly emphasized in 1972

the artistartleta rtiarti s t 61 the artist was used least of any symbols in the study 99

COMPUTERCOYLPU CARDS 70 6060 50 4040 5030 20 12 9 10 3 3 4- 5 2 2 3 3 4 Z 4

harmtrMAR 15252 335- 5 5434 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 636 64 65 66 677 68 69 70 71 72 SYMBOL nmbhNUMBERR 24 josepeJOSEPH smiteSMITSMITHH

graph 13 L pilot symbol by years individuaindividual distribution 100 conclusions

visual religious symbols are used because they are important forms of communication some symbols communicate because of the strong traditionally fixed meanings associated with them it is very hard to render visually abstract subjects like the judgment or faith artists usually choose to render subjects that one can identify with directly it is easier to create religious symbols about the experi- ences of mortality visual communication is on the increase and the later editions of the ensiensign and new era employ more visual material than did the imorovementimprovement era november issues were found in this study to be high in visual symbols because they were preparations for christmas the december issues were low in visuals because they contained the general conference talks and were almost exclusively printed material june and july were low june was probably low because of the printing of april conference talks for july there was no apparent reason paintings of christ and joseph smith were often given full page spreads or prominent emphasis in articles but usually other symbols were small so as to be eye catching not domineering drawings are the most common form of symbol rendition this may well be because they are more easily 101 recognized and because drawings lend themselves to repro- ducductionti on the editors of the magazines are quite knowledge- able as to what is being used in the publications they are also aware of unwritten policies and make the final decision as to what as to what goes into the publication they were correct in their estimates about the cross and all seeing eyeeyes most colors in this study have a high degree of traditional meaning many colors were probably used unconsciously nevertheless 9 they were used symbolically some symbols do not apply culturally and therefore are not used some are religiously controversial and therefore are avoided

recommendations

1 from the findings of this thesis study it is recommended that artists who wish to produce works for the publications of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints keep the following information in mind a there is a need for visual religious symbols which are international in nature b there is a need for works of art produced by faithful members of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints who have an appreciation for the church and its doctrines 102 C works of art accepted by the publications considered are generally conservative in approach and traditional in style d Drawldrawingsngs and paintings are used more often than other forms of illustration it may be veilvellveliwellweil for those artists who work in other media to explore possible ways their works could be used in church publications e december and june are low months in terms of visual materials f most visual materials published have to do with people therefore it is recommended that artists who wish to produce for the publications master figure drawing g be aware of the doctrines emphasized by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints and produce work which is in harmony with the themes emphasized h some symbols are avoided the cross and all seeing eyeeyes and an artist must be willing to produce what is needed and conform to the standards and desires of those who are responsible for the publications i no appropriate substitute has been form- ulated to take the place of the traditional christ symbol 103 j the use of the salt lake temple 12 as a symbol deprereprerepresentingbentingsentingSen ting the church of jesus christ of latter day saints is on the decline symbols and illustrations about youth are on the increase Sseeee graph 1212. the use of joseph smith as a symbol is on the increase 2 it is recommended that additional studies be made to determine the effectiveness of visual symbol com- municationmuni cation in these publications 3 it is recommended that additional studies be made using the computer to determine the histories of doctrinal distributions by years and publications 4 it is recommended that the church of jesus christ of latter day saint publications consciously cap- italize on the visual impact and traditional meanings of symbols by continuing to use symbols which are in harmony with the doctrines of the church 5 it is recommended that an attempt be made to conceive and produce visual symbols which would be acceptable to the leaders of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 6 because of the impact of visual religious symbols it is recommended that a review committee similar to committees which review articles be formed to review visual materials bibliography

104 CITED bibliography

A BOOKS covey stephen G you have received mvmy kinkingdom salt lake city by the author 1960 this book is also referred to as the revelation monument buildibuildtbuilding fergusferguson on george simssterns and symbols in christian art new york oxford university press nd graves cantlandmantlandMantland the art of color and design ad2d ed new york toronto london mcgraw hill book co inc 1951 helfman elizabeth S sign and symbols around the world new york lothrop lee and shepard co inc 1967 hill faulkner zigfield art todatoday new york holt rinehart and winston inc P 1956 inman thomas MD ancient pagan and modemmodern christian symbolism new york peter eckler Pubpublishinpublishinglishing co 1922 jennings gary black macricmachicfagic white magic new york dial press 1964 johnson ernest F relirellreligiousus symbolism new york harper and brothers 195519550 jung carl G man and his SyEsymsymbolsbolsbois new york doubleday and company inc 1964 lundwall N B compiler temples of the most high 12th printing salt lake city utah bookcraft inc 1960 mcconkie bruce R mormon doctrine ad2d ed salt lake city utah bookcraft inc 1966 munsell A 11 A color notation boston munsell color company 1919 taimagetalmage james E articles of faith west european mission london the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1962

105 106 jesus the christ 33d ed salt lake city utah deseret book company 196111961 webber F R church symbolism detroit gale research company book tower 1971 webster merriam websters new collegiate dictiondictionary springfield mass G & C merriam company 1973

B PERIODICperiodicalsaisATS green doyle L the improvement era the voice of the church 189719701897 1970 the improvement era LXXIII 11 november 1970 12 smith joseph fielding the old and the new magazines the 2rovementimprovementIM era LXXIIILKXIII 11 november 1970 10

C scriptural WORKS genesis 2818192818 19 II11 kings 1828182 8

D unpublished WORKS

curriculum planning guide an unpublished supplement of the basic doctrines of the gospel of jesus christ essential to developing a religious education curriculum as revealed to ancient and modern prophets approved by the church board of education on march 5 1971 and printed october 1972 degraw monte B A study of representative examples of art works fostered by the mormon church with an analysis of the aesthetic value of these works unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1959 lendt welda beate A study of the bases of a color language derived from traditional and present usage of color as may be applied by the painter unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1965 107 mcconkie oscar W jr kingdom of god A study course for priests under 21 and bearers of the aaronic priesthood over 21 years old in the church of jesus christ of latter day saints prepared under the direction of the presiding bishopric 1962 Prestprestwichvichwlchwich larry berg A visual interpretation of events and personalities from the book of mormon unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1966 pullan barbara hall the patriot A readers theatre script unoublishedunpublished masters thesis brigham young university proveprovo utah 1962 utah state board of education symbolism in art an unpublished supplement to the 1966 secondary art guide 1968

E PAnHPAMPHLETSLETS colville W J akrcaurcaurasis and colors rochester new york the austin publishing company 1911 BIbibliographyBLI OGRAPHY CONSULTED BUT NOT CITED

A BOOKS bosch F D K the golden germ an introduction to indian ssymbolismolismholism Gravengravenhagehage mouton and company 1960 crosby sumner mck helen gardnersGardgardenersners art through the Aagesso new york harcourt brace and company 1959 davidson stibbs and kevan new bible commentary 1953 digby george wingfield symbol and image in william blake london oxford and clarendon press 1957 dillenberger jane style and content in christian art nashville abingdon press nd dreyfussdreyfuss henry christian art and symbolism durham reed C dr revelation and scrinscriptureturehure 1971 fingesten peter the eclinseeclipse of lmhsmhsymbolism0 lise columbia university of south carolina press 1970 gettings the meaning and wonder of art new york fredpress golden 9 nd goldsmith elisabeth ancient palan symbols new york G P putmans son 1929 harlan calvin vision and invention englewoodengieEnglevoodwood cliffs NJN J prentice hall 1970 pool henry and others symbolism for artists 1 greacreativetive and Apdreciativeappreciative cleveland davis press 195195192 raphaelian harry M dictionary of SsymbolsYmbolsmools new york A sivas 1957 scott thomas scotts commentary on the bible Brattlebrattlebarobaro sendenfesendenfessendenFe andzindbind company 183518381835 1838

108 109 smith joseph jr doctrine and covenants salt lake city the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 9 1960

4 joseph smithssmithy egyptian alphabet and grammar salt lake city utah modemmodern 111illcrofilmmicrofilm co 1840 smith joseph fielding teachingsTeachinasinos of the prophetpro et joseph smith salt lake city deseret book company 1967

B periodicals niblybibly hugh the passing of a church jewish quartequarterly review XXX june 1961 131154131 154

0 limitation of symbols jewljewishsh quarterly review vol 50 appp 596059 60

C unpublished WORKS anderson max velan arnold friberg artist his life his philosophy and his work unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1970 hulet grant visual impact in the printed unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1972 luch warren A proposed graphic design program for the B F larson gallery of art unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1966 malouf julie M A study in design Sarpsarpantineantine motif unpublished masters thesis brigham young university provo utah 1970 mccarl williams B visualivisual image of joseph smith unpublished MastErmastersls thesis brigham young university provo utah 1962

D- OTHERorCHER SOURCES educataducateducationionlon microfilm index Conconcerticoncerniconcerningcerni nacnccnag the processes and problems related to symbolismnbolism vols 4 7 196919721969 1972 370822370822370.822 religious symbols color symmetry symbols and Monomonogramsgrams brigham young university library provo utah APPENDIX

110 LETTER RELATIVE TO interviews

turtirrTUB cuuCUVCCTVBCHclyCIS OF0 3nusjsuaanus cffbiCUBISTvr OF0 lamn DAY SALVTS dcparunentdeparlancnt of seminaries ndand initirucesinjticucel of rdigioqreligionrejigion

SALT LAKE vallexVALLEY SOUTH SIESEMINARYliilil311 NARY DISTRICT 5260 ourene drive salt lasit city utah 84117

6 june 73 tzlholfatelrpaosb 2772069277 26892069

dr frank day 50 east northnortlinorchnouthnordli templetemplatempie ath9th floor city 84150

dear frank one of our teachers carl christensen froiafrom crantsvllleGrantsgrantsvilleville Is writing his thesis for his masters degree he needs someone to give him permission toco talk vithwith one of theche general authorities or tetheche editors of the church publications carl is taking his astersmastersmmastersro in art and his thesis has to do with art symbols as used in church publications A letter of permission from you to contact one of the editors or cneoneon of the general authorities who serves on the publication committee would be greatly appreciated carl is one who will not abuse this privilegepriveprivelegeprtvelegelege nor will he in any way embarrass the churchcharchochurcho 1 think he has a very interesting subject upon which he is writing hisillstits thesis thanks again for all you do for us sincerely your brotherbrothedbrobeyheyber a p vavgav6 A LYMAN C berrittBERRETT coordinator

7 i lt efmallfll 0 ffmlu T

ff yi4kivyiayiv 6cac 112

SAMPLE COMPUTER CARDS

STP f IGS 1 stntimcshloJJZwio 149459 I1 publicationpubllvationpublivation 1 14945.91.49 1 459 L 4 symbol 5 size cross tab 1 by 4 by 5 by 9 9 liepningliepjaepkaep ningg 0 0 0000 00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LT000 0000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 100 111 17I1 13 144 15 16 177 1819 19 20 2122 2 23 24 25 26 27 25 A9 30 5131 32 33 34 5 JCJG 37 38 39 400 411 l 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 5 530 545 55SS 55 57 5358 59 60 616 c2ca II11 111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

222222 2 2 2222 2 2 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 31 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3333333 1 j hah3

1 1 i4444444444444444144444444444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 114 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4444444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

655555555555555555505555555555555555555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8 E 6666gg86666 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66g6g6 6 6 6688086 6 G 6 6696668666666 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6666666 6 6 6 6866 6 666 68 68 68 6886668666 6 6 6 6 6 6 6808866666G 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6666

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 771 1711 111111111111111111111111111111111177777777777777777777777777777777117777777777777777777777777777777771 1111111111111111111111 9u8ua8 8 888 8 8 888888 8 88 8 88888 8 8 8 8 8888888888888888888838888888888888888888888 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 999999 9 9 9999 999999999999999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 14 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1513 17 18 1019 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 328 39.9 1030 P3 32 333 34 35 A36 37 38 233 40Q 411 l 42 43 444 45 46 47 48 433 50 bl51 525 5 544 55 506 57 5358 53 CO0 61 62 00508100 5081

i1 PU bi I1 C AT I1 ON ilg1191191812 05304010530401 jaj8 pueuction 3 5SIZEZF 112i2paoPA6 C 3 lqiq A R q 1.1 rejsajsej I1 VE 70 040 birdkind pwmcpwDRAVV MC sjj vlqZMONTH L- alqOFCOF C tr0ofa ol01 appgagat ices 0 oweOWFo n IJ 2 APIACS 050 braulwraul JB meam10angAMG L kl71vi 1 cnt ltivity 11 1 chr II crt C 3 0 C C G CG nl CG 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 17 I1 S 1 S .3 3 2 .3 4 4 6 8 A SO 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 9 100 11 12 i3 1 i 17 11 1115 3 2 25 ai2i 2127 26 13 23 31 32 3 4 L 36 37 1 IS9 4 43 44 03 46 41 46 0 51il I 5 1i 17 SS 1 I Qc3ca 1161 UC f I1 1 11111111 11111 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

222222 2 2 2 2 2222 2 2 2222222222222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 i2 222222 2 2 2 22223222 2 22222222222222 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 22222222222222222222232222222222222222 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3333333333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333.3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

444444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 b 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 j 5 5 J 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 G 5 5 5 5 C 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 C 6 6 6 8 8 S 5 56 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 68 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 c G 6 8 i 3 6 6 6 6 6 68 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 68 6 S 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 i

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 17 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

88888888888888888838 8 8 8 8 3 8 C 8 8 8 8 3 8 9 8 8 8 3 tto813913glo8 b 3 0338008088838388030800888 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 888 3 3 38 8 0 838 3 s8sa8 8 8 6a 8 8 c8ca8 88 382888082 3 8 8 8 8sas8 u 8 8 888 8 18L 8 888 8

n1 9993 9 9 9 9 90 9 9 9 89 9 9 9 59 93.3 8 9 9 9S 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 G 9 9 S 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 59 9 9 9 0 9 9 5 9 9 5r 9 9 9

1 I1 1 I1 r 1 1 I1 12 3 4 5 56 8 9 101110 11 i 13 151716IS 17l6 N 1.1 27 e I 2 5 ia 3731 13 3 3 i 9 3 il 5 15 8.8 C illiloll 12 1 J jl 0 i oloGLOCLOSEF nl I11 SANDARO fc7yFC M 15061

an SPSS subprogram for tabulating frequency distributions COBOL language 113 memorandumMEMORNDUM FROM SEMINAPIESEMI narlesNAPLESS AND institutes OF RELIGION PJELATIVE TO THE NEWNE ERA

THE CHURCH 0 seminaries AND institutes OF RELIGION OF JESUS CHRIST 83468834B 34634 SMOOT BOWING BRICHABRIGHAM YOUYOUCyoug146 university CAMPUS OF LATTERDAYlarterlatteaLATTER DAY PROVO UTAH 84601 SAINTS

november 24 1971

memorandum NO FP 38 TO allailaliAU seminary and institute personnel

since the new era is now the organ of the first presidency and the council of the twelve to youth and since it presentsrepresentsle all the church agencies sernsennseminaryinary included we wish to use our iruirdinfluenceluence in promotiagpromotingpromotmg its use the lesson is designed to help you the seminary or institute teacher impress your students with the important purposes served by this official church publication and to motivate them to subscribe to and make use of this inspirational magazine since most subscriptions to the new era expire december 31 it is essential that this lesson be taught inm the immediate future

give the lesson your best effort emphasizing the application 1notimotivatingvatingbating your students to accept the challenges included on the student handout cards

it is hoped that you will continue to lend support to the new eraE r a in the months that follow listed below arearc sobesomesorzesorne suggested activities that might be implemented you the teicherteacher can likely add many more stimulating promo- tional activities

SsuggestedU g ed activities9

1 the seminary teacher will kecikeep himself informed through current reading of the new era and make references to articles or features particularly as they relate to present lessons being taught new eraena features may be skillfully woven into lessons giving them the freshness of being current as well as sustaining student interest in thetilefile magazine 2 one day per month may be set aside as new fra day wherein the teacher may review and discuss withwun his ststudents the latest policies articles and question and answer features A variety of techniques could be eemployednalnpl yed to accomplish this such as student reports panel discussions etc

3 senseminarydearydnary oneszones or special concommitteesmaittees could be assigned to construct bulletin board displays in which dissectdissectedcd pages would show articles topics pictures questions etc from the latest editions of the nevne era 4 A new fraera bowl could be conducted or if the sernsennseminaryinary bowl is lunctionaliunctionalfunctional in your sernsennseminaryinary a percentage of questions could originate from newNPW era sources

5 have competitive activities within classes relating to students subscribing u to and rnakinanakinrnmakingahinakinabin 1 use of ththethu new fra AN ANALYSIS OF VISUAL RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS APPEARING IN THE

improvement ERA ENSIGN ANDAIND NEW EPAERA PUBLISHED BY IMETOEwoemoe

CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTERDAYLATTER DAY SAINTS

FROM 195219721952 1972

carl landus christensen Ddepartmentepartment of fine arts and communications MA degree august 1974

ABSTRACTNBSTRACT this study analyzes the appearance of eighty visual religious symbols in the improvement era ensimeneimensicm and nevnew era published by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints from 195219721952197201952 19721972o the study notes their frequency and distribution as veilvellwellweli as noting their size the medium used to render them and thethemthey correlation of their religious meanings to the articles they illustrate the findings of this study indicate that visual religious symbols are used and that many of them have a high degree of correlation to the articles they illustrate this study gives suggestions to those artists who wish to produce works of art for the above named publications and gives some reflection of editorial policies concerning the use of religreligxoilouxoixouLO jajahosins hosinbosinin the publications com19COMMITTEETTEE APPROVapprovjgc L petepeterpeeer L myermyer7corm6itteecomaitteecommittee chairman

ellisIE S rr rasmusrasmusenen committee member

W douglasxoutdouglasstoutDouglas o000oaStout Depdepartmendepadepartmentartmenrtmehtt l11iairmancealchaichal rmanaman