Selective Bibliography on African-Americans and Mormons 1830-1990

Home , Improvement Era, Juvenile Instructor

Compiled by Chester Lee Hawkins

INTRODUCTION

AFRICAN-AMERICAN MORMONS until recently have received little atten- tion, at least partly because of the limited bibliographical listings that coordinate the sources available for historical or scholarly research papers on their history. This bibliography, though selective, attempts to change that, to meet the needs of the LDS scholarly and religious community. This work catalogues a variety of reference materials on the role of African-Americans in Mormon history from 1830 to 1990. Included are books and monographs, general and LDS serials, newspaper arti- cles, theses and dissertations, pamphlets, and unpublished works such as journal entries, letters, and speeches, as well as materials relating to the 1978 revelation that "all worthy males" can be ordained to the priesthood in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. I have divided the bibliography into nine major divisions and have included many annotated entries. It is my hope that this work will assist others who are interested in undertaking research projects that will lead to a more definitive and scholarly study of African-Americans' contributions to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This Selective Bibliography is important for all who wish to contribute to the study of African-Americans in the Mormon church. It is my hope that Latter-day Saints today will understand and appreciate the joys and struggles that African-Americans have had throughout the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

CHESTER LEE HAWKINS is the government document clerk for the U.S. Senate library and has done a large amount of research on African-Americans and Mormons. He graduated from Brigham Young University and lives in Alexandria, Virginia. 114 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

1830-46 THE FORMATIVE PERIOD: JOSEPH SMITH AND JACKSONIAN AMERICA

Books and Monographs "Free People of Color." Evening and Pratt, Parley P. A Voice of Warning and Morning Star 2 (July 1833): 109-11. Instruction to All People. New York: W. "General Smith's Views of the Govern- Sandford, 1837. ment and Policy of the U. S." Times This pamphlet discusses race and and Seasons 5 (15 May 1844): 530. slavery. "Break off the shackle from the poor . Late Persecution of the Church ofblack man, and hire them [sic] to labor Latter-day Saints. New York: J. W. like other human beings; for an hour of Harrison, 1840. virtuous liberty on earth, is worth a whole This pamphlet discusses race and sla- eternity of bondage." very. "Joseph Smith's Views on the Abolition of Smith, Emma Hale. A Collection of Sacred Slavery." Times and Season 5 (15 May Hymns for the Church of the Latter-day 1844): 532. Saints. Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams "Minutes of a special conference of the &Co., 1835. Seep. 47. Smith, Joseph, Jr. General Smith's Views onCincinnatti [sic] branch of the Church the Power and Policy of the United States. . . . held at Elder Pugh's on the 1st day Nauvoo, Illinois: John Taylor, of J u n e 1845." Times and Seasons 5 (1 June Printer, 1844. See pp. 3, 7-9 on 1845): 916. blacks. "Joseph Smith's Views on Slavery." Times . History of the Church. Period 1. and Seasons 3 (1 March 1842): 722, Edited by B. H. Roberts. 2d ed. 7 724. vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Press, "LDS Charged with Tampering with 1978. Slavery." Evening and Morning Star 2 Includes references on blacks under (December 1833): 242-46. such headings as "The Prophet's Views Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate 1 on Abolition," "Lies Concerning Aboli- (August 1835): 163-64. tion Rebuked," "LDS Church's Position Adoption of a resolution which was on Negroes in Missouri," "Missouri Law made a part of Doctrine and Covenants Concerning the Negro," "Missouri vs. 134. Retribution, Fought Against the Negro," Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate 2 "Church's Stand on Slavery and (April 1836): 299-301. Abolition," "Saints Cannot Vote Any More "Negroes should be kept in Slavery than Negroes," "The Prophets' Views of rather than Emancipated." Latter Day the Negro Race," "The Negro Came into Saints' Messenger and Advocate 2 (May 1836): the World Slaves," "Two Negroes Were 313-14. Tried for Attempting to Marry White "Joseph Smith supports Advocate's Views Women," "Petition to Eliminate Slavery," on Slavery." "Would Send Slaves to Texas Annexation Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate 2 and then to Mexico," "Joseph Smith's (June 1836): 335. Comments on the Negro Chism's Case," Elijah Able [sic] listed as "Minister of the and "Case of Whipping Chism." The Gospel." above headings are scattered among the Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate 3 (March 1837): 400. seven volumes. Elijah Abel listed as Member of LDS Serial Publications Kirtland Safety Society. "Mormon Views on Slavery Criticised." "Citizenship Denied to Negroes in Times and Seasons 3 (1 June 1842): Missouri." Evening and Morning Star 2 806-08. (July 1833): 218. Reprinted from Alton Telegraph Review. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 115

"Outrage in Jackson County, Missouri." the Mormons and Pacific Coast. Evening and Morning Star 2 (January Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles 1834): 122. and Co., 1865; New York: Hurd and Patten, David W., and W. Parish [sic]. Hough t o n , 1865. Letter to Oliver Cowdrey. Latter Day Greeley, Horace. An Overland Journey from Saints' Messenger and Advocate 1 (11 New York to San Francisco in the Summer of October 1834): 24. 1859. New York: H. H. Bancroft & "... [T]he power of tyranny that Co., 1860. exists in slave states." Payne, Buckner H. The Negro: What is His Phelps, W. W. Letter written from Ethnological Status? 2d Edition. Liberty, Missouri. LDS Messenger and Cincinnati: N.p., 1867. Advocate 1 (6 February 1835): 82. LDS Serial Publications "... [W]ith a black skin and of the need in which he incorporated the thought Cannon, George Q. "Emancipation of that Cain, Canaan and Ham were of the the Slaves . . . The Prophet Joseph's Plan —Result of Its Rejection." LDS background of the black skin." Millennial Star 25 (14 February 1863): "The Prophecy of Enoch, Cain and 97-101. Canaan." Times and Seasons 4 (1 . "Theories on the Origin of October 1843): 336-37. Man." Juvenile Instructor 3 (15 August "Residence in Missouri Prohibited 1868): 124-25. Negroes without Masters." Evening and -. "Peculiarities of Language." Morning Star 2 (December 1833): 227. Juvenile Instructor 3 (1 September "Speech of Brigham Young on April 6, 1868): 133-34. 1845 given in the City of Joseph." -. "From Caucasian to Negro." Times and Seasons 5 (1 July 1845): 954. Juvenile Instructor 3 (15 September "The gospel is adapted to the capacity 1868): 141-42. of all the human family, whether they be -. "Man and Varieties." Juvenile high or low, rich or poor, bond or free, Instructor 3 (1 October 1868): 145-46. black or white, young or old. ..." -. "The Negro Race." Juvenile Unpublished Works Instructor 3 (15 October 1867): 157-58. "Mixed Races — Effects of Hyde, Orson. Speech . . . Delivered Before Climate." Juvenile Instructor 3 (1 the High Priests' Quorum in Nauvoo, April November 1868): 165-66. 27, 1845. Liverpool: James and "Food — Habits — Religion, Woodburn, 1845. Etc." Juvenile Instructor 3(15 November This pamphlet discussed mainly race 1868): 174-75. issue policy that existed during the early Hyde, Orson. "Slavery Among the period of the church. Saints." LDS Millennial Star 13 (15 Minutes of the Seventies Journal. 20 February 1851): 63. December 1836, 25 June 1836, and 1 "Negroes —Cain descendants to eventu- June 1839. ally receive blessing." LDS Millennial These minutes mention Elijah Abel. Star 14 (14 December 1851): 418. Nauvoo High Council Minutes. 15 Pratt, Orson. "The Pre-existence of Man." Seer 1 (April 1853): 54-56. December 1839. . "Celestial Marriage." Seer 1 Elijah Abel was paid for "making the (August 1853): 122. coffin." "Protection Against Slavery." LDS 1847-96 Millennial Star 31 (March 6, 1868): THE PIONEER PERIOD: 167-68. BRIGHAM YOUNG TO Serials — General WILFORD WOODRUFF "Black Pete." Deseret Weekly, 21 December Books and Monographs 1864, p. 2. Bowles, Samuel. Across the Continent: A Chanless, W. "Mormonism." New Summer Journey to the Rocky Mountains, Quarterly Review (1855): 486. 116 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

"The Colored Population." Deseret Evening ordained an elder. 19 May 1847. News, July 1891, p. 4. Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the "Protection of Slavery." New York Daily Territory of Utah. Tribune, 4 February 1869. Brigham Young's Speech to the Joint "Race Troubles." Deseret Weekly, 26 Session of the Legislative Assembly, 5 Jan- January 1889, 146. uary 1852; Speech by Governor Young in Counsel on a bill relative to the "Affrican Unpublished Works [sic] Slavery," 23 January 1852. An Ordinance to Incorporate the City oj Pay son.Kane, Thomas L. Letter to Brigham Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials of Young, 26 October 1869, Kane County, the Legislative Assembly of the Terri- Pa. Church Historical Department. tory of Utah. Salt Lake City, 1866. "All male citizens of the United States Statutory Provisions were abolished over 21 years of age having residence of 6 that prohibited Blacks from voting and months in this state (State of Deseret) shall holding public office. be entitled to vote; the words 'free, white, Andes Mission, "The Negroes." Brigham male,' having been struck out. The num- Young University. ber of votes polled on this amendment was Mimeographed pamphlet (between 14,000 for, and 30 against." 1850-1900). Mission president was in- Naked Truth about Mormonism. Oakland, structed to avoid seeking out the "negroes." California: n.p. January 1888. "Civil Practice Act." Acts, Resolution, and Memorials of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah Salt Lake City, 1876. 1897-1950 Women (black and white) were given DEFENSE AND CONSOLIDATION: the right to vote in territorial elections. THE CHURCH IN THE EARLY Diary of L. John Nuttal. Harold B. Lee TWENTIETH CENTURY Library, Brigham Young University. An account of a meeting held in Provo, Utah, 31 May 1879, where discussions Books and Monographs were held on "Negro and Priesthood." Alter, J. Cecil. Early Utah Journalism. Salt Eunice Kenney. "My Testimony of the Lake City: Utah State Historical Latter-Day Work." Church Historical Society, 1938. Department. Brodie, Fawn M. No Man Knows My Testimony of the work of Elijah Abel, History: The Life of Joseph Smith. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945. who served as a missionary in New York Brown, John Zimmerman. Autobiography in 1838. of John Brown, 1820-1896. Salt Lake Journal History, Minutes of First Council City: Press of Stevens and Wallis, of Seventy, 1859-63. Inc., 1941. Elijah Abel appointed to be an under- Carter, Kate B. "The Negro Pioneers." taker in Nauvoo, see p. 494. In Heart Throbs of the West. Vol. 2. Salt Journal of Abraham H. Cannon. Brigham Lake City: Daughters of Utah Young University. Pioneer, 1947. Cannon claimed that Joseph F. Smith Cowley, Matthias F., ed. Wilford told him that Joseph Smith taught that Woodruff: History of His Life and Labors as Recorded in His Daily Journals. Salt all of Ham's children were not black, that Lake City: Deseret News, 1909. Ham had children born before he was Esshom, Frank Elwood. Pioneers and cursed, hence that Egyptian Pharaoh is Prominent Men of Utah. Salt Lake City: white in this picture. See vol. 16, 29 Utah Pioneers Book Publishing March 1882, p. 23. Company, 1913. Journal of William Appleby. Church Flake, Osmer D. William J. Flake, Historical Department. Pioneer — Colonizer. Salt Lake City: While traveling in New York, Appleby Church News Press, 1948. confronted a "coloured Brother" who was Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 117

Jenson, Andrew. Encyclopedic History of the Widtsoe, John Andreas. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Interpretation: Aid to Faith in a Modern Vol. 3. Salt Lake City: Andrew World. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Jenson Company, 1941, 1901-36. 1947. . Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol 3. Salt Lake City: LDS Serial Publications Andrew Jenson History Company, "Are Negroes Children of Adam?" 1901-36. Millennial Star 65 (3 December 1903): See biographical sketch of Elijah Abel. 776-78. Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. London and "Aunt Jane James, Joseph Smith, The Liverpool: LDS Bookseller, 1854- Prophet." Young Woman's Journal 16 1886. (December 1905): 551-53. McKinlay, Lynn A. "Summing Racial Badger, Ralph A. "A Victory Over Discrimination by the Church." In Prejudice." Millennial Star 70 (17 Life Eternal: A Series of Four Lectures November 1907): 60-61. Delivered to Young People's Temple Group of "Booker T. Washington's Views of the the South Davis Stake. Earth Life in the Mormons." The Improvement Era 16 dispensation of the Fullness of Times (June 1913): 807-08. Given at Bountiful 3rd Ward Chapel, Eastmond, Frank H. "Slavery and the 8 July 1949. N. p., cl950. Apostasy." Millennial Star 76 (23 April Roberts, B. H. Seventy's Course in Theology: 1914): 269-71. 1st Year: Outlined History of the Seventy "The Negro and the Priesthood." and a Survey of the Books of Holy Liahona, The Elders' Journal 5 (18 April Scriptures. Salt Lake City: Deseret 1908): 164-67. News Press, 1907. Smith, Joseph Fielding. "The Negro and See Part V, Lesson VIII, "The Law the Priesthood." The Improvement Era of the Lord in Ancient and Modern Rev- 27 (April 1924): 564-65. elation Applied to the American Negro Washington, Booker T. "The Dignity of Race Problem." Labor." The Improvement Era 13 (March 1910): 420. . A Comprehensive History of the . "The Thing Worth While." Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Improvement Era 13 (March 1910): Century. Vol. 1. Salt Lake City: 445. Deseret News Press, 1930. Widtsoe, John A. "Were the Negroes See p. 8, letter of Asael Smith to Jacob Neutral in Heaven?" "Evidences and Town, Junior, " . . . I have taken up with Reconciliation." The Improvement Era the eleventh commandment that the negro 44 (June 1944): 385. taught to the minister, which was thus . . . 'The minister asked the negro Serials — General man how many commandments there Bellers, Jack. "Negro Slaves in Utah." were, his answer was 'eleban, sir' 'Aye,' Utah Historical Quarterly 2 (October replied the other, 'what is the eleventh? 1929): 22-26. That is the one I never heard of.' 'The Booker, Simeon. "The Religion That eleventh commandment, sir, is mind your Bars Negroes." Negro Digest 5 own business.' " (September 1947): 52-55. Smith, Joseph Fielding. The Way to Merkel, Benjamin. "The Abolition Perfection. Salt Lake City: Gene- Aspects of Missouri's Anti-Slavery alogical Society of Utah, 1935. Controversy, 1819-1865." Missouri Smith, William Benjamin. The Color Line: Historical Review 44 (1948-50): A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn, 223-36. reprinted in Seventy's Course in Theology: First Year. Salt Lake City: Deseret Newspapers Press, 1907. "Booker T. Washington's Letter to the Werner, Morris Robert. Brigham Young. Editor Regarding His Views Toward New York: Harcourt, Brace & the Mormons." New York Age, 17 April Company, 1925. 1913, 1-2. 118 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

"The Colored Races." Deseret Evening Oliver, Louise D. "The Mormons and News, 14 March 1908. Missouri, 1830-1839." Master's thesis, "Death of Jane James, Utah's Black University of Kansas City, 1943. Pioneer of 1847." Deseret Evening News, This thesis touched upon the 21 April 1908, 2. anti-slavery tendencies of the Mormons. "Demand Social Equality for Negro." Deseret Evening News, 24 November Unpublished Works 1921. George Albert Smith Papers. University "Emigration of Negroes." Deseret Evening of Utah Library and Church News, 29 April 1901. "Green Flake Passes Away." Deseret Historical Department Archives, Salt Evening News, 22 October 1903, 1. Lake City. Green Flake was a Black pioneer who Minutes of the Quorum of the Twelve came to Utah in 1847 with Brigham discussing Church policy on blacks. Young. Requests had been made to the Quorum "Minority Races Seek Rights Law in for endowments, and questions had been Utah." Deseret News, 5 January 1945. asked about blacks and other ethnic "Negroes and Communism." Deseret groups with black skin. News, 28 April 1948. Journal History. Church Historical De- "Negroes and Heaven." Deseret Evening partment Archives. News, 17 December 1903. Journal of John M. Whitaker. Vol. 2, 27 "A Negro Exodus." Deseret Evening News, March 1913, 167. 30 May 1901. Whitaker visited with Booker T. Wash- "The Negro Problem." Deseret Evening ington, the president of Tuskegee Insti- News, 12 May 1903. tute, a guest speaker at the University of "The Negro Problem." Deseret Evening Utah. News, 9 September 1903. "Original Pioneer Party Contained Three McKay, David O. Letter to Lowry Negroes." Deseret News, 31 May 1947. Nelson concerning Negroes in LDS "Political Rights of Negroes." Deseret Church, 17 July 1947. Brigham Evening News 28 May 1903. Young University. "Salvation for the Negro." Deseret Evening News, 28 November 1903. "Utah Pioneer (Green Flake) Laid to Rest." Deseret Evening News, 23 DAVID O. MCKAY AND THE October 1903, 5. INTERNATIONAL CHURCH

Books and Monographs Theses and Dissertations Berrett, William Edwin. "The Church Christensen, James Boyd. "A Social and the Negroid People." In Survey of the Negro Population of Salt Mormonism and the Negro, edited by Lake City, Utah." Master's thesis, John J. Stewart, 54. Orem, Utah: University of Utah, 1948. Community Press, 1960. Geis, Gilbert. "A Study of Racial Atti- . Readings in LDS Church History. tudes and Problems in the Vol. 1. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, Educational Program, Provo, Utah." 1953. Master's thesis, Brigham Young Brooks, Melvin R. LDS Reference University, 1949. Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Salt Lake City: References to Blacks and Mormons Bookcraft, Inc., 1960. throughout. The discussion on Negroes includes McKay, Alice Smith. "A Psychological various quotes from Church leaders. Examination of a Few Prophecies of Cleland, Robert G., and Juanita the Early Founders of Mormonism." Brooks., ed. A Mormon Chronicle: Master's thesis, University of Utah, Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848-1876. 2 1930. volumes. San Marino, California: References to Blacks and Mormons. Huntington Library, 1955. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 119

McConkie, Bruce R., comp. Doctrines of Theses and Dissertations Salvation: Sermons and Writings of Joseph Fielding Smith. Vol. 1, Vol. 2. Salt Berrett, LaMar. "History of the Southern Lake City: Bookcraft, Inc., 1954, States Mission, 1831-1861." Master's 1955. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1960. Salvation of Negro Children, see p. 55. Bowen, Walter Dean. "The Versatile W. McKay, David O. Gospel Ideals. Salt Lake W. Phelps — Mormon Writer, Educa- City: Improvement Era, 1953. tor, and Pioneer." Master's thesis, McKay, Lewellen R. Home Memories of Brigham Young University, 1958. President David O. McKay. Salt Lake Discussion of Negroes in general, see City: Deseret Book, 1956. pp. 6-28. See pp. 226-31. Caldwell, Gaylon. "Mormon Conception Nibley, Hugh W. World of the Jaredites. of Individual Rights and Political Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Inc., 1952. Obligations." Ph.D. diss., Stanford See pp. 160-64. University, 1952. O'Dea, Thomas. The Mormons. Chicago: Ellsworth, S. George. "History of University of Chicago Press, 1957. Mormon Missions in the United Richards, Stephen L. Where Is Wisdom? States and Canada, 1830-1860." Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1955. Ph.D. diss., University of California, See pp. 389-93. Berkeley, 1951. Tanner, Jerald. Does the Book of Mormon Pp. 303-6 and 335-36 discuss Mor- Teach Racial Prejudice! Salt Lake City: mon support for slavery. Modern Microfilm Company, 1959. Hill, Marvin S. "A Historical Study of the Life of Orson Hyde —Early Serials — General Mormon Missionary and Apostle from Barbour, W. Miller. "Breaking the 1805-1852." Master's thesis, Brigham Barriers: Anti-Negro Prejudice Young University, 1955. Lessens in Western Hotels." Frontier, November 1954, 5. Unpublished Works Bennett, Wallace R. "The Negro in Bennett, Wallace R. "The Legal Status Utah." Utah Law Review 3 (Spring of the Negro in Utah." Symposium on 1953): 340-48. the Negro in Utah, Utah Academy of Caldwell, Gaylon L. "Moral and Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Social Religious Aspects of the Negro in Science Section, Weber College, 20 Utah." Western Humanities Review 13 November 1954. (1959): 102-6. Caldwell, Gaylon L. "The Development Christiansen, J. B. "Negro Slavery in the of Mormon Ethics." Address given at Utah Territory. Phylon Quarterly 13 Utah Academy of Science Meeting, (October 1957): 298-305. Fall 1952, Utah State University, Kirkpatrick, L. H. "The Negro and the Logan, Utah. Utah State University. Mormon Church." Pen (1954): 12-13, . "Moral and Religious Aspects 29. of the Status of the Negro in Utah." "Mormonism and Civil Rights." Time, 13 Symposium on the Negro in Utah, April 1959, 96. Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Nelson, Lowry. "Mormons and the Letters. Social Science Section, Weber Negro." The Nation 174 (24 May College, 20 November 1954. 1952): 488. Cisneros, Maria Luisa. An unpublished Pfeiffer, E. W. "No Black Saints." letter to Church officials, May 1959. Frontier, March 1958, 7, 11. Brigham Young University. Author apologizes for a statement in Newspaper Time which states that the Book of Mor- "Mormons and Civil Rights." Deseret mon teaches that Negroes are descended News, 15 April 1959. from Laman and Lemuel. This is an editorial in response to the Cole, Harmon O. "The Status of the Time article, "Mormonism and Civil Negro in Utah." Symposium on the Rights." Negro in Utah, Utah Academy of 120 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Social Carter, Kate B. The Story of the Negro Science Section, Weber College, 20 Pioneers. Salt Lake City: Daughters of November 1954. Utah Pioneers, 1965. Duncan, Adam M. "Civil Rights in Blacks in Utah history, see pp. Utah: A Concept of Race and an Atti- 497-580. tude." Symposium on the Negro in Cherry, Alan Gerald. It's You and Me Lord! Utah, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts Provo, Utah: Trilogy Arts Publica- and Letters. Social Science Section, tion, 1970. Weber College, 20 November 1954. Personal experiences of a Black Mathias, Boyd. "The Mormon Church and Its Negro Doctrine." Term paper Mormon. for graduate social science seminar. Clark, Wynetta Martin. / Am a Negro University of Kansas City, 22 Mormon. Ogden, Utah: n.p., 1970. November 1958. Hansen, Klaus J. Quest for Empire: The Peterson, Mark Edward. "Race Problems Political Kingdom of God and the Council — As They Affect the Church." of 50 in Mormon History. East Lansing: Address given at Brigham Young Michigan State University Press, University, 27 August 1957. 1967. Pyper, John Romney. "The Negroes and Harlan, Louis R., ed. The Booker T. the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Washington Papers. Vol. 12 (1912-44). day Saints." Research Paper. Brigham Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Young University, 24 May 1956. 1972. Richardson, Arthur M. "That Ye May Booker T. Washington's views of the Not be Deceived." Mormons, see pp. 149-53. This paper is a discussion of the racial Hey w o o d , Yates. The Negro Question problem of segregation and integration. Resolved. Holbrook, Ariz.: n.p. 1964. Smith, Elmer R. "The Social Status of Lund, John Lewis. The Church and the the Negro in Utah." Symposium on Negro. Salt Lake City: Paramount the Negro in Utah, Utah Academy of Publishers, 1967. Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Social Newquist, Jerald L. Prophets, Principles Science Section, Weber College, 20 and National Survival. Salt Lake City: November 1954. Publishers Press, 1964. Chapter 20 —Mormonism and the Negro, see pp. 488-506. 1961-1970 Oliver, David H. A Negro on Mormonism. Salt Lake City: D. H. Oliver, 1963. BLACK MILITANCY AND Stewart, John J. The Glory of Mormonism. CIVIL RIGHTS Salt Lake City: Mercury Publishing Company, 1963. Books and Monographs "Mormonism and the Negro," see pp. Bennion, Lowell Lindsay. "Commentary 129-58. on the Mormons." In Religious Taggart, Stephen Glen. Mormonism's Negro Situation, edited by Donald Cutler, Policy: Social and Historical Or gins. Salt 518-47. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968. Lake City: University of Utah Press, The Church and Negroes, see pp. 1970. 547-54. Tanner, Jerald. The Priesthood. Salt Lake Benson, Ezra Taft. Civil Rights, Tool of City: Modern Microfilm Company, Communist Deception. Salt Lake City: 1962. Deseret Book, 1968. . Solving the Racial Problem in Bowles, Carey C. A Mormon Negro Views Utah. Salt Lake City: Modern the Church. Maplewood, N. J.: Carey Modern Microfilm Company, 1962. Bowles, 1968. Regarding. Willthe Negro? There Sal Bet aLak Revelatione City: Brooks, Juanita, ed. On the Mormon Modern Microfilm Company, 1963. Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, -. The Negro in Mormon Theology. 1844-1861. 2 vols. Salt Lake City: Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm University of Utah Press, 1964. Company, 1963. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 121

. Mormonism — Shadow or Reality?Cole, Harmon O. "The Status of the Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm Negro in Utah." Utah Law Review Company, 1964. (Spring 1953): 3. Chapter 20, "The Negro in Mormon Davidson, Glen W. "Mormon Mission- Theology." pp. 292-324. aries and the Race Question." . Joseph Smith's Curse Upon the Christian Century 82 (29 September Negro. Salt Lake City: Modern 1965): 1183-86. Microfilm Company, 1965. Enrenstein, Herbert H. "Mormons and -. The Negro in Mormon Theology. the Negro, Will their Policy Change?" Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm Eternity 16 (December 1965): 7-8, 14. Company, 1967. Foster, Donald L. "Unique Gospel in Turner, Wallace. The Mormon Establishment. Utah." Christian Century 82 14 July Boston: Hough t o n Mifflin Company, 1965: 890-92. 1966. Gagon, David. "A Personal Commitment See chapter 8, "The Anti-Negro Doc- to Civil Equality." DIALOGUE 3 trine," pp. 218-45, and chapter 9, "Will (Autumn 1968): 51-53. the New Doctrine Change?" pp.\246-66. Haggerty, S. E. "A Negro Among the Mormons." Negro Digest 11 (1962): Whalen, William Joseph. The Latter-day 68-73. Saints in the Modern Day World: An Hickman, Martin B. "Editorial Footnotes Account of Contemporary Mormonism. to General Smith's Views on the South Bend, Indiana: University of Government and Policies of the Notre Dame Press, 1967. United States." DIALOGUE 3 (Autumn See chapter 16, "Mormonism and the 1968): 28 Negro." pp. 245-57. Hill, Marvin S. "The Manipulation of LDS Serial Publications History: Review of Fawn Brodie's lecture, 'Can We Manipulate the Bennion, Lowell L. "Religion and Social Past?'." DIALOGUE 5 (Autumn 1970): Responsibility 'Human Rights'." 96-99. Instructor 100 (October 1965): 391. Hughes, Paul. "Romney, Mormons and Broadbent, Cecil. "The Negro and Our Negroes." Christian Herald 91 (October Heavenly Father's Plan." Mitarbeiter, 7 1967): 24-25, 52. January 1966, 1-4. "Is Mormonism Reformable on Race?" Durham, G. Homer. "Some American Christian Century 83 (4 May 1966): History and the Civil Rights Act of 576. 1964." Improvement Era 67 (August Jennings, Warren A. "Factors in the 1964): 630, 632, 687. Destruction of the Mormon Press in . "These Times: The Racial Missouri, 1833." Utah Historical Revolution in America." Improvement Quarterly 35 (Winter 1967): 59-76. Era 71 (October 1968): 93-95. "Joseph Smith's Presidential Platform." "First Presidency Statement [on Blacks]." DIALOGUE 3 (Autumn 1968): 17-27. 15 December 1969. Church News, 10 Larson, Gustive O. "Utah and the Civil January 1970, 12. War." Utah Historical Quarterly 33 This was also printed in Improvement (Winter 1965): 55-77. Era 73 (February 1970): 70-71. Lythgoe, Dennis Leo. "The Changing Lamb, J o h n . "My Responsibility." Improve- Image of Mormonism." DIALOGUE 3 ment Era 69 (January 1966): 36-37. (Winter 1968): 45-58. . "Negro Slavery and Mormon Serials — General Doctrine." Western Humanities Review Brewer, David L. "Religious Resistance 21 (Autumn 1967): 327-38. to Changing Beliefs about Race." Mauss, Armand L. "Mormonism and the Pacific Sociological Review 13 (Summer Negro: Faith, FolkloreandCivilRights." 1970): 163-70. DIALOGUE 4 (Winter 1969): 19-39. Bush, Lester E., Jr. "A Commentary on . "Mormonism and Secular Stephen Taggart's Mormonism's Negro Attitudes Toward Negroes." Pacific Policy: Social and Historical Origins." Sociological Review 9 (Fall 1966): DIALOGUE 4 (Winter 1969): 86-103. 91-99. 122 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

"Mormons and the Negro." Newsweek, 6 "The Mormons' Racial Doctrine." San March 1967, 80. Francisco Chronicle, 4 June 1966, 35. "Negroes and Mormons, Romney and Ruppert, Ray. "Mormon Race View God." Reveille 2 (April 1967): 6-10. Subject to Change." Seattle Times, 8 Oaks, Dallin H. "Law and Order —A March 1970. Two Way Street." DIALOGUE 3 Tanner, Jerald, and Sandra Tanner. (Winter 1968): 59-70. "Negroes in the Priesthood." Salt Lake Reeding, Ned. "Negro and the Priest- City Messenger, November 1965, 1. hood." Intermountain News, 29 Thrapp, Dan L. "Mormons Seeming December 1966, 1. Bias on Negroes at Issue." News Article includes letter from David O. Weekly, (2 September 1967), 1, 7. McKay to John E. Denhalter. . "Race Discrimination "A Reminiscence of Joseph Smith: Aunt Becoming Hot Issue in Mormon Jane James." DIALOGUE 4 (Summer Church." Los Angeles Times, (27 August 1967), 1,3. 1970): 128-30. Jane Manning James was a Black ser- Theses and Dissertations vant of Joseph Smith. This is a reprint of Brewer, David L. "Utah Elites and an article that appeared in Young Woman's Racial Norms." Ph.D. diss., Journal 16 (December 1905): 521-23. University of Utah, 1966. Shipp, Royuhal. "Black Images and Christensen, James W. "The Construc- White Images: The Combustibility of tion of a Mormon Ideological Common Misconception." DIALOGUE Commitment Scale." Master's thesis, 3 (Winter 1968): 77-91. University of Utah, 1966. Shipps, Jan B. "Second-class Saints." Dutson, Roldo W. "A Study of the Colorado Quarterly 11 (1962-63): 183-90. Attitudes of the Latter-day Saints Smith, Wilfred G. "The Limits of Divine Church in the Territory of Utah, Love." DIALOGUE 3 (Winter 1968): Toward Slavery as it Pertained to the Indian as well as to the Negro from 97-100. 1847-1865." Ph.D. diss., Brigham This is a review of The Church and the Young University, 1964. Negro by John Lewis Lund. Eddins, Boyd L. "The Mormons and the Stewart, I. Daniel. "The Rule of Law Civil War." Master's thesis, Utah and the Dilemma of Minorities." State University, 1966. DIALOGUE 3 (Winter 1968): 70-77. Hatch, Tom Whitridge. "A History of "Third Degree: Exclusion of Negroes Mormon Civil War Relations in the from the Priesthood." Newsweek, 17 Southern States, 1865-1905." Master's June 1963, 60. thesis, Utah State University, 1965. Vernon, Glenn M. "Racial Integration Jennings, Warren A. "Zion Is Fled: The and the Church —A Comparative Expulsion of the Saints from Jackson Note." DIALOGUE 3 (Summer 1967): County." Ph.D. diss., University of 148-49. Florida, 1962. Newspapers Lythgoe, Dennis Leo. "The Changing Blum, Ida. "History Explodes Negro Image of Mormonism in Periodical Literature." Ph.D. diss., University of Myth." Nauvoo Independent, 30 Utah, 1969. December 1965, 1. . "Negro Slavery in Utah." "Give Full Civil Rights to All; LDS Master's thesis, University of Utah, Counselor Brown (Hugh B.) Asked." 1966. Salt Lake Tribune, 7 October 1962, 1. Maag, Margaret J. "Discrimination McGraw, Bill. "There Was at Least One Against the Negro in Utah and Negro Who Rose to High Priesthood Institutional Efforts to Eliminate It." in Mormon Religion." Southwestern, Master's thesis, University of Utah, December 1963, 1, 27. 1968. Story about Elijah Abel. Mauss, Armand L. "Mormonism and "Mormons and the Negro Issue." San Fran- Minorities." Ph.D. diss., University of cisco Chronicle, 20 December 1969, 15. California, Berkeley, 1970. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 123

Unpublished Works Bitton, Davis. Guide to Mormon Diaries and Autobiographies. Provo, Utah: Brigham Brodie, Fawn, M. "Can We Manipulate Young University Press, 1977. the Past?" Lecture presented at the First Annual American West Lecture Brodie, Fawn M. No Man Knows My at the University of Utah, Salt Lake History: The Life of Joseph Smith, the City, Utah, 3 October 1970. Mormon Prophet. 2d ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Eggerton, Lars E. "Can Negroes and Brough, Robert Clayton. His Servants Mormons Be Brothers?" BYU re- Speak: Statements by Latter-day Saints search paper, 1964. Church Archives. Leaders on Contemporary Topics. Bounti- Johnson, Jeffery O. "Utah's Negro ful, Utah: Horizon Publishers, 1975. Pioneers of 1847." BYU research Chapter 40, "Negroes and the paper, 1969. Brigham Young University. Church," pp. 191-96. Mauss, Armand L. "The Church of Jesus Cherry, Alan Gerald. "A Negro's Life Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Changed." In No More Strangers, edited Status of the Negro." An address by Hartman and Connie Rector, delivered at Walnut Creek Ward, 90-99. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Walnut Creek Stake, 17 November 1971. 1963. Clark, Wynetta Willis Martin, ed. Black . "Mormonism and Race Mormon Tells Her Story. Salt Lake City: Attitudes." A paper presented before Hawkes Publication, 1972. the 1965 convention of the Pacific Coleman, Ronald G. "Blacks in Utah Sociological Association in Salt Lake History: An Unknown Legacy." In City, Utah, 22 April 1965. The Peoples of Utah, edited by Helen McMurrin, Sterling Moss. "The Negroes Zaise Papanikolas, 115-40. Salt Lake Among the Mormons." Address given City: Utah State Historical Society, at the Annual banquet, Salt Lake 1976. City Chapter of the National Asso- Hawkes, John Douglas. "Why Can't the ciation for the Advancement of Negro Hold the Priesthood?" In Black Colored People (NAACP), 21 June Mormon Tells Her Story, edited by 1968. Brigham Young University. Wynetta Martin Clark. Salt Lake City: Hawkes Publication, 1972. Moyle, Henry D. "What of the Negro?" Address given at the French East Hill, Donna. Joseph Smith: The First Mission, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 Mormon. Garden City, New York: October 1961. Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977. Chapter 12, "Blacks in the Early Petty, Wayne G. "The Relevance of Black Literature to the Mormon Culture." Church", see pp. 379-86. University of Utah research paper, Kimball, Edward L. Spencer W. 1969. Kimball-12th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft Company, 1977. WP--W7 Kimball, Edward L., and Andrew REEXAMINATION: Kimball. Spencer W. Kimball. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1977. THE QUESTIONS OF Tanner, Jerald. Mormonism —Shadow or SCHOLARS AND OF THE PRESS Reality? Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm Company, 1972. Anti-Negro Doctrine and the Negro in Books and Monographs Mormon Theology, pp. 262-93. Arrington, Leonard J. Charles C. Rich, Wolfinger, Henry J. "A Test of Faith: Mormon General and Western Frontierman. Jane Elizabeth James and the Origins Provo, Utah: Brigham Young Uni- of the Utah Black Community." In versity Press, 1974. Social Accommodation in Utah, edited by Arrington, Leonard J., and Davis Bitton. Clark S. Knowlton. Salt Lake City: The Mormon Experience. New York: American West Occasional Papers, Alfred A. Knopf, 1979. 1975. 124 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

LDS Serial Publications Thomasson, Gorden C. "Lester Bush's Historical Overview: Other Per- Brown, Victor, Jr. "Minorities: A Latter- spectives." DIALOGUE 8 (Spring 1973): day Saint Definition." New Era 2 69-72. (September 1972): 20-21. Wells, E. E. "Unjustifiable Denial of Hartley, William G. "Samuel D. Priesthood to Black Mormons." Negro Chambers." New Era 4 (June 1974): History Bulletin 40 (July 1977): 46-50. 725-27. White, O. Kendall, Jr. "Mormon's Anti- Serials — General Black Policy and Prospects for Bellamy, Donnie B. "Free Blacks in Change." Journal of Religious Thought Antebellum Missouri, 1820-1860." 29 (Autumn/Winter 1972): 39-60. Missouri Historical Review 67 (January Whittaker, David J. "Early Mormon 1973): 198-226. Pamphleteering." Journal of Mormon Bringhurst, Newell G. "Forgotten History 4 (1977): 35-49. Mormon Perspectives: Slavery, Race, and the Black Man as Issues Among Newspapers Non-Utah Latter-day Saints 1844- "Blacks Discuss Lifestyle in Utah." Deseret 1875." Michigan History 61 (Winter News, 13 March 1976, 28. 1977): 357-70. "Black Saint of the West." California Bush, Lester E., Jr. "Mormonism's Negro Intermountain News, 29 July 1971, 5, 9. Doctrine: A Historical Overview." This article features Green Flake, DIALOGUE 8 (Spring 1973): 11-68. Utah's black pioneer. De Graaf, Lawrence B. "Recognition, Haggerty, Debra. "Mormons and Black Racism, and Reflection on the Folks." BYU Today, February 1971, 5. Writing of Western Black History." "Mormons Ease Ban on Blacks." San Pacific Historical Review 44 (February Francisco Chronicle, 8 April 1972, 38. 1975): 21-51. Richards, Debra E. "Open the Gates of Douglas, Norman. "The Sons of Lehi the Temple." BYU Daily Universe, 12 and the Seed of Cain: Racial Myths April 1976. in Mormon Scripture and Their Relevance to the Pacific Island." Journal of Religious History 8 (June Theses and Dissertations 1974): 90-104. Anderson, Ted S. "The Southern State Frank, Douglas Marty. "The Negro and Mission and the Administration of the Mormons: A Church in Conflict." Ben S. Rich 1898-1908." Master's Western Speech 35 (Fall 1971): 220-30. thesis. Brigham Young University, Hill, Marvin S. "Secular or Sectarian 1976. History? A Critique of No Man Knows Bringhurst, Newell George. " 'A Servant My History." Church History 43 (March of Servants: Cursed as Pertaining to 1974): 79-96. the Priesthood.': Mormon Attitudes Jonas, F. H. "Matter of Opinion: toward Slavery and the Black Man Mormonism's Negro Policy." American 1830-1880." Ph.D. diss., University West 8 (November 1971): 48. of California, Davis, 1975. Lythgoe, Dennis Leo. "Negro Slavery in Johnson, Martin Alden. "A Comparison Utah." Utah Historical Quarterly 39 of Then and Now —Mormon Ethnic (Winter 1971): 40-54. Attitudes." Ph.D. diss., Brigham Mauss, Armand L. "Moderation in All Young University, 1973. Things: Political and Social Outlook Trank, Douglas Marty. "A Rhetorical of Modern Urban Mormons." Analysis of the Rhetoric Energy from DIALOGUE 7 (Spring 1972): 57-69. the Mormon —Black Controversy." Nelson, Lowry. "Mormons and Blacks." Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, Christian Century 91 (October 1974): 1973. 449-70. Woodford, Robert J. "The Historical Nibley, Hugh W. "The Best Possible Development of the Doctrine and Test." DIALOGUE 8 (Spring 1973): Covenants." Ph.D. diss., Brigham 73-77. Young University, 1974. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 125

Unpublished Works Bringhurst, Newell G. "An Ambiguous Decision: The Implementation of the Bush, Lester E., Jr. "Compilation on the Priesthood Denial for the Black Man Negro in Mormonism." 1972. — A Reexamination." Utah Historical Sourcebook on Negroes and the Mor- Quarterly 46 (Winter 1978): 45-64. mon Church. Briscoe, David, and George Buck. "Black Goff, David E. "Discussion concerning Friday." Utah Holiday, July 1978, the socio-historical background of the 38-40. doctrine and attitude of the Church Clark, Michael J. "Improbable Ambas- of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sadors: Black Soldiers at Fort (Mormons) concerning the Negro and Douglas, 1896-1899." Utah Historical Priesthood." Salt Lake City, Utah: Quarterly 46 (Summer 1978): 282-301. David E. Goff, 1976. Coleman, Ronald G. "Utah's Black White, O. Kendall, Jr. "The Position of Pioneers: 1847-1869." UMOJA: A Black People in Contemporary Scholarly Journal of Black Studies (new Mormon Theology and Prospects series) 11 (Summer 1978): 95-110. for Change." Paper presented to 30th Kimball, Edward L. "I Sustain Him as a Annual Institute of Religion. School Prophet, I Love Him as an Affec- of Religion, Howard University, tionate Father." DIALOGUE 4 (Winter Washington, D.C., 5 May 1972. 1978): 48-62. "Mormons Ordain a Negro." Christian 1978 Century 95, 5-12 July 1978, 40. Woodward, K. L., and J. Goodman. "To ALL WORTHY MALES": "Race Relations: Accepting Blacks SPENCER W. KIMBALL AND into the Priesthood." Newsweek, (19 CONTINUING REVELATION June 1978), 67. Books Newspapers McElveen, Floyd. The Mormon Revelations of Convenience. Minneapolis, Minn.: Anderson, David E. "Mormon Accep- Bethany Fellowship, 1978. tance of Blacks Resolves Church Book deals entirely with the Mormon Controversy." Baltimore Record, 11 August 1978. Church and Blacks. "Black Mormons Praise Admission of Walters, Wesley P. Interview with Mormon Blacks in Priesthood." Pittsburgh Apostle LeGrand Richards Concerning Courier, 24 June 1978, 16. 1978 "Revelation" (16 August 1978) Bryson, Robert. "Church Officials Phoenix, Ariz.: Ex-Mormons for Applaud LDS Action on Blacks." Salt Jesus, 1978. Lake Tribune, 10 June 1978, la. LDS Serial Publications Gudmunsen, Lance. "Blacks Enter LDS Priesthood: Shatter Long Time "Blessings to All Races Foretold." Church Practice." Salt Lake Tribune, 11 June News 48 (17 June 1978): 4, 6. 1978, 1. "Priesthood News Brings Joy." Church Harris, Harvey. "Bizarre Events Follow News 48 (17 June 1978): 4-5. Mormon's Ordination." Greensboro "Since Early Church Days, Blacks Have (NC) News, 3 September 1978. Set an Example." Church News 48 (17 Ivins, Molly. "Mormon Action on Blacks June 1978): 6. Promises Impact on Utah." New York "Temple Goals Closer Now." Church News Times, 18 June 1978, 1. 48 (17 June 1978): 5. "LDS Church Extends Priesthood to All Worthy Male Members." Deseret News, Serials — General 9 June 1978, la. "Black Mormons Cling to Church Marchant, Byron. "A Delayed Invi- Despite Obstacles." Jet 54 (25 May tation." Salt Lake Tribune, 3 April 1978), 40. 1978, 5. Brigham, J a n e t . "To Every Worthy Member." This was reprinted 10 June 1978 in Sunstone 3 (July-August 1978): 11-15. the same newspaper. 126 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

"Mormon Church Approves Black Males Religion personnel, Brigham Young as Priests." Chicago Tribune, 10 June University, 18 August 1978. 1978, 1. Smith, John L. The Mormon Black "Mormon Church Opens Priesthood to Dilemma. Marlow, Okla.: Utah Mission, Blacks." Houston Post, 10 June 1978, Inc., 1978. la. "A Tragedy of Errors: The Negro and "Mormon Church President Kimball the Mormon Church." Provo, Utah: Opens Way for Blacks in Priesthood." Christ's Church, 1978. San Francisco Chronicle, 10 June 1978, 1. "Mormon Church Strikes Down 148- 1 0 Year-Old Policy Against Blacks in w^ ^ Priesthood." New York Times, (10 June ADJUSTMENT: THE CHURCH 1978), 1. ACCEPTS CHANGE "Mormon Church to End Exclusion of Coloureds from Inner Temples and Books and Monographs Priesthood." London Times, 16 June 1978, 6e. Anderson, Martha. Black Pioneers of the "Mormons Admit Blacks to Priesthood." Northwest, 1800-1918. Seattle, Wash.: African-American, 17 June 1978, 8. Private Publication, 1980. "Mormons Open Priesthood to Blacks." Black pioneers in Utah, see pp. Detroit News, 10 June 1978, la. 215-21. " 'Revelation' Admits Blacks to Mormon Coleman, Ronald G. "African Families Priesthood." Bilalian News, 21 July Black and White: Black Family Life in 1978, 19. Utah." Proceedings of the LDS World "Revelation Ends Racist Policy of Conference on Records, August 1980. Vol. Mormon Church. "Amsterdam News, 17 11. Salt Lake City: Deseret Press, June 1978, la. 1981. " 'Revelation' Ends Racist Policy of Freeman, Joseph. In the Lord's Due Time. Mormon Church." New York Amsterdam Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1979. News, 17 June 1978, 4. Personal experiences of a Black Mormon. Leone, Mark P. Roots of Modern Mormon- Thesis ism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Woolsey, Ronald Clair. "Slavery Ex- University Press, 1979. pansion and a Divided Southern View Long, Everette B. The Saints and the of Slavery in the Territories During Union: Utah Territory During the Civil the Crisis Years of 1820, 1850 and War. Urbana: University of Illinois 1860." Master's thesis, California Press, 1980. State University, Fullerton, 1978. McConkie, Bruce R. Mormon Doctrine. 2d. ed. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1979. Unpublished Works Negroes, see pp. 526-28; Cain, see pp. 108-9; and Ham, see p. 343. "First Presidency Statement [on Blacks]." Sturlaugson, Mary Frances. A Soul So 22 February 1978. "First Presidency Statement [on Priest- Rebellious. Salt Lake City: Deseret hood]." 8 June 1978. Book, 1980. Kraut, Ogden. "Letter to President Tanner, Jerald. The Changing World of Spencer W. Kimball, Objecting to Mormonism: A Condensation and Revision Revelation Giving the Priesthood to of Mormonism Shadow of Reality. Blacks." Salt Lake City: Ogden Chicago: Moody Press, 1980. Kraut, 1978. Chapter 10 —"Changing the Anti- McConkie, Bruce R. "All Are Alike Unto Black Doctrine," see pp. 291-338. Other God." Address before the Book of information dealing with Blacks and the Mormon Symposium, Church Edu- Mormons, see pp. 351, and 424-30. cational System, Brigham Young Terry, Keith Calvin. Great Moments in University, 7 August 1978. Mormonism. Santa Barbara, Calif.: . All Are Alike Unto God." Butterfly Publishing, Inc., 1980. Address to Seminary and Institute of Volume 1. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 127

Chapter 12, "Moments of Sublimity: Journalism Quarterly 56 (Winter 1979): Blacks Receive the Priesthood," see pp. 771-75. 95-104. Hartley, William G. "Collected Testi- Walter, Wesley P. Oops, There Goes the monies of Ex-Slave, Samuel D. Priesthood. El Cajon, Calif.: Mormon- Chambers: Saint without Priesthood." ism Research Ministry, 1980. DIALOGUE 12 (Summer 1979): 13-21. Wangeman, William C. The Black Man: A Hill, Marvin S. "Cultural Crisis in the Son of God. Bountiful, Utah: Horizon Mormon Kingdom: A Recon- Publishing, 1979. sideration of the Causes of Kirtland Dissent." Church History 49 (September 1980): 286-97. LDS Serial Publications Kunz, Phillip R. "Blacks and Mormon- Hart, John L. "LDS Blacks in Same ism: A Social Distance Change." Ward, Just Different Hospitals." Psychological Reports 45 (August 1979): Church News, 4 October 1980, 5. 81-82. Hemming, Jan. "Black Author Discovers McMurrin, Sterling Moss. "A Note on Mormon Way." Church News, 19 May the 1963 Civil Rights Statement." 1979, 10. DIALOGUE 12 (Summer 1979): 60-63. Maxwell, Neal A. "The Church Now Olsen, Peggy. "RuffinBridgeforth: Leader Can Be Universal with Priesthood and Father to Mormon Blacks." This Revelation of 1978." Church News, 5 People 1 (Winter 1980): 11-17. January 1980, 20, 28. Russell, Tom D. "A Priestly Role for a Newell, Linda K., and Valeen Tippetts Prophetic Church: RLDS Church Avery. "Jane Manning James: Black and Black Americans." DIALOGUE 12 Saint, 1847 Pioneer." Ensign 9 (Summer 1979): 37-49. (August 1979): 26-29. Schweikart, Larry. "The Mormon Story about the life of an early Black Connection: Lincoln, the Saints, and Mormon woman. the Crisis of Equality." Western Humanities Review 34 (Winter 1980): 1-22. Serials — General Smith, George D. "The Negro Doctrine, Bringhurst, Newell G. "Elijah Abel and An Afterview." DIALOGUE 12 (Summer the Changing Status of Blacks Within 1979): 64-67. Mormonism." DIALOGUE 12 (Summer White, Owen Kendall, Jr. "Boundary 1979): 22-36. Maintenance, Blacks and the Mormon . "Elijah Abel and the Mark of Priesthood. "Journal of Religious Thought Cain." American Heritage 39 (June-July 37 (Fall/Winter 1980-81): 30-44. 1979): 111. White, Owen Kendall, Jr., and Daryl Bush, Lester E., Jr. "Introduction." (to White. "Abandoning an Unpopular issue on the Priesthood Revelation of Policy: An Analysis of the Decision 1978). DIALOGUE 12 (Summer 1979): Granting the Mormon Priesthood to 9-12. Blacks." Sociological Analysis 41 (Fall Coleman, Ronald G. "The Buffalo 1980): 231-45. Soldiers: Guardians of the Uintah Wilson, Tom A., and Richard C. Frontier 1886-1901." Utah Historical Poulsen, "The Curse of Cain and Quarterly 47 (Fall 1979): 421-39. Other Stories: Blacks in Mormon Eastmond, J. Nicholls, Jr. "The New Folklore." Sunstone 5 (November/ Revelation: A Personal View." December 1980): 9-13. DIALOGUE 12 (Summer 1979): 50-53. Young, Thane. "Mixed Messages on the England, Eugene. "The Mormon Cross." Negro Doctrine: An Interview with DIALOGUE 12 (Summer 1979): 78-86. Lester Bush." Sunstone 4 (May/June Esplin, Ronald K. "Brigham Young and 1979): 8-15. Priesthood Denial to the Blacks: An Alternate View." BYU Studies 19 Newspapers (Spring 1979): 394-402. "Black Mormons Comment on Change in Haroldsen, E. O., and E. Harvey. Priesthood Policy." Atlanta Daily Wall, "Diffusion of Shocking Good News." 22 June 1979, 2. 128 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

"Mormon Church Allowing Black Priests." Cowan, Richard O. The Doctrine and Michigan Chronicle, 26 April 1980, 6. Covenants: Our Modern Scriptures. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984. Dissertation Eyer, Mary Frances Sturlaugson. He Coleman, Ronald G. "A History of Restoreth My Soul. Salt Lake City: Blacks in Utah 1825-1910." Ph.D. Deseret Book, 1982. diss., University of Utah, 1980. . Reflection of a Soul. Sandy, Utah: Randall Book, 1985. Faust, James E. "The Doctrine and 1981-1990 Covenant and Modern Revelation." In Hearken, 0 Ye Saints: Discourses on the TOWARD A WORLDWIDE CHURCH Doctrine and Covenants. Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, Brigham Young Books and Monographs University, 1984. Sandy, Utah: Alexander, Thomas G. Mormonism in Randall Press, 1984. Transition: A History of the Latter-day See pp. 287-97. Saints. Urbana: University of Illinois Gerlach, Larry R. Blazing Crosses in Zion: Press, 1986. The Ku Klux Klan in Utah. Logan: Alexander, Thomas G., and James B. Utah State University Press, 1982. Allen. Mormons and Gentiles: A History . "Vengeanace Vs. the Law: of Salt Lake City. Boulder, Colorado: The Lynching of Sam Harvey in Salt Pruett Publishing Co., 1984. Lake City." In Community Development Arrington, Leonard J. Brigham Young: in the West edited by Jesse L. Embry American Moses. New York: Alfred A. and Howard A. Christy. Provo, Utah: Knopf, 1985. Charles Redd Center for Western Bachman, Milton Vaughn, and Susan Studies, 1985. Easton. A Profile of Latter-day Saints ofGibbons, Ramona E. Ramona: Evolution of Kirtland, Ohio and Members ofZion Camp a Christian. Bountiful, Utah: Horizon i&?0-i539.VitalStatisticsandSources. Publishers, 1984. Provo, Utah: BYU Religious Studies Story of a Black LDS woman. Center, 1983. Gottlieb, Robert, and Peter Wiley. Biographical information regarding America's Saints: The Rise of Mormon Elijah Abel and sources to locate, see p. 1. Power. New York: G. P. Putnam's Bennion, Lowell L. Understand the Sons, 1984. Scriptures. Salt Lake City: Deseret Hansen, Klaus J. Mormonism and the Book, 1986. American Experience. Chicago: Uni- Bergera, Gary James, and Ronald versity of Chicago Press, 1981. Priddis. Brigham Young University: A Chapter 6 —"The Transformation of House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Racial Thoughts and Practice," see pp. Signature Books, 1985. 179-204. Bringhurst, Newell G. Saints, Slaves and Kenney, Scott G., ed. Wilford Woodruff's Blacks: The Changing Place of Black Journal, 1833-1898. Midvale, Utah: People Within Mormonism. Westport, Signature Books, 1983-84. Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. Kimball, Edward L. The Story of Spencer . Brigham Young and the Ex- W. Kimball: A Short Man, A Long Stride. panding American Frontier. Boston, Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, 1985. 1986. Kimball, Spencer W., and Edward L. Bunker, Gary L. The Mormon Graphic Kimball, ed. The Teachings of Spencer Image 1834-1914. Salt Lake City: W. Kimball, 12th President of the Church University of Utah Press, 1983. of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Bush, Lester E., Jr., and Armand L. Lake City: Bookcraft, 1982. Mauss. Neither White nor Black: MormonLaunius, Roger D. Invisible Saints: A Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a History of Black Americans in the Universal Church. Salt Lake City: Reorganized Church. Independence, Signature Books, 1984. Mo.: Herald Publishing House, 1988. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 129

See chapter 2, "The Black Experience Their Lives." Church News, 19 in Early Mormonism, 1830-1844," and December 1981, 6. chapter 3, "Mormon Factions and the "First Presidency Counsels Against Question of Race: Four Case Studies." Racial Prejudice, Religious Intoler- Lincoln, C. Eric. Race, Religion, and the ance, Terrorism and Crime." Ensign Continuing American Dilemma. New 12 (March 1982): 78. York: Hill and Wang, 1984. Hanna, David, and Steve Ostler. "No Blacks and the Mormon Church, see Respecter of Persons." Ensign 11 pp. 140-54. (August 1981): 18-21. Madsen, Steven K. A Union, Utah History. "LDS Youth Help Spruce Up Other Union, Utah: Union Fort Chapter Church's Meetinghouse." Church News, Sons of Utah Pioneers, 1981. 2 January 1982, 8-9. Pratte, Alf. "Frat Chief Collects Friends Green Flake is in chapter on the Black — Found Genuine Joy When He Met colony, see pp. 46-58. Elders and J o i n e d the Church." Church McConkie, Bruce R. "The New Revel- News, 6 April 1984, 6. ation on Priesthood." In Priesthood, Wilson, Allison. "My Very Own Poems." 126-37. Salt Lake City: Deseret Friend 13 (November 1983): 8-10. Book, 1981. Story of Phyllis Wheatley, a well- Newell, Linda K., and Valeen Tippetts Avery. Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale known Black poet. Smith, Prophet's Wife, "Elect Lady," Po- lygamy's Foe. Garden City, New York: Serials — General Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1984. Arrington, Leonard J. "Black Pioneer "Official Declaration — 2. Doctrine and Cove- Was Union Fort Settler." The Pioneer nants of the Church of Jesus Christ of 28 (September/October 1981): 8-9. Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Bly, David. "Hope in a Torn Land." This Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day People 9 (Summer 1988): 28-31. Saints, 1981. Bringhurst, Newell G. "Charles B. Quinn, D. Michael. J. Reuben Clark: The Thompson and the Issue of Slavery Church Years. Provo, Utah: Brigham and Race." Journal of Mormon History Young University Press, 1983. 8 (1981): 37-47. See chapter 10—"All Nations, and Kin- . "The Mormons and Black dreds, and Peoples, and Tongues," pp. 221-36. Slavery —A Closer Look." Pacific Shepard, Gordon, and Gary Shepard. A Historical Review 50 (August 1981): Kingdom Transformed. Salt Lake City: 329-38. University of Utah Press, 1984. . "The 'Descendants of Ham' in Tanner, Jerald. Mormonism: Shadow or Zion: Discrimination Against Blacks Reality? 4th ed. Salt Lake City: Along the Shifting Mormon Frontier Modern Microfilm Company, 1982. 1830-1920." Nevada Historical Quarterly See chapter 21—"The Negro in Mor- 24 (Winter 1981): 298-318. mon Theology," pp. 262-93. Chapman, Roger G. "Mormon Church Watson, Ralph C. Do You Worship False Policy." Science 220 (22 April 1984): God: The Black People? Sandy, Utah: 360. R. C. Watson, 1981. Cherry, Alan. "Silent Songs We've Never Wellsville Utah History Committee. Heard." This People 9 (Summer 1988): Windows of Wellsville 1866-1984. Prov- 24-27. idence, Utah: Keith W. Watkins and "Critics of Mormon Religion Question Sons, Inc., 1985. 'Revelation' That Gave Blacks More Discusses slavery and Blacks who were Rights."/** 74 (27 June 1988): 36. early settlers of Wellsville, Utah, see pp. "Debate Continues on Whether Mormon 50-59. Leader Spencer W. Kimball Had Revelation Against Black Discrimina- LDS Serial Publications tion or If It Was Expedient Politically Buckmiller, Golden A. "President Kim- to Maintain Tax-exempt Status." ball Inspires Members to Improve Chicago Tribune, 2 June 1988, 5. 130 DIALOGUE: A JOURNAL OF MORMON THOUGHT

Embry, Jessie L. "Separate But Equal? Integrate Church Examined: All Black Branches, Genesis Groups, or Black Wards Created and Closed and Integrated Wards?" DIALOGUE 23 Recent Revelation Allows Black Men (Spring 1990): 11-37. to Attain Priesthood." Los Angeles England, Eugene. "Are All Alike Unto Times 12 August 1988, 1. God? Prejudice Against Blacks and Meyer, Marianna L. "Being Black and Women in Popular Mormon Theol- Mormon Brings Challenge." Provo ogy." Sunstone 14 (April 1990): 16-25. Daily Herald, 25 November 1982. Grover, Mark L. "Religious Accommo- "Mormons Celebrate 10th Anniversary of dation in the Land of Racial Blacks in Priesthood." Washington Democracy: Mormon Priesthood and Times, 18 June 1989, B l . Black Brazilians." DIALOGUE 17 Schweitzer, Albert L. "He Joined the (Autumn 1984): 23-34. Mormon Church —Astounded His . "The Mormon Priesthood Own Congregation." St. Louis Globe Revelation and the Sao Paulo, Brazil, Democrat, 18-19 December 1982, 13a. Temple." DIALOGUE 23 (Spring 1990): "Update on Progress of Blacks as 39-53. Members of the Mormon Church — Kirkham, Kate L. "Can Whites 'Do' Ten Years After Historic Opening of Integration?" Sunstone 13 (October Faith's Lay Priesthood to Black Men." 1989): 28-32. Chicago Defender, 11 June 1988, 10. Mauss, Armand L. "A Critique of White and White. White on Blacks Among Dissertations the Mormons." Sociological Analysis 42 Ainsworth, Charles Harold. "Religious (Fall 1981): 282-85. and Regional Sources of Attitudes . "The Fading of the Pharaoh's Toward Blacks Among Southern Curse: The Decline and Fall of the Mormons." Ph.D. diss., Washington Priesthood Ban Against Blacks." State University, 1982. DIALOGUE 14 (Autumn 1981): 10-45. Evans, Linda Jeanne. "Abolitionism in McKay, Robert. "Prejudice in theChurch." the Illinois Churches 1830-1865." Sunstone 14 (February 1990): 4. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, Pace, Stuart. "Reflection after Three 1981. Years of Mixed Marriage." Student Grover, Mark L. "Mormonism in Brazil: Review 3 (25 January 1989): 1, 12. Religion and Dependency in Latin Schweikart, Larry. "Mormonism and America." Ph.D. diss., Indiana Modernity: Freedom and Equality in University, 1985. Mormon Doctrine." Encounter 44 Mouritsen, Dale C. "A Symbol of New (Spring 1983): 133-148. Directions: George Franklin Richards and Swinton, Heidi. "Without Regard for the Mormon Church 1861-1950." Ph.D. Race." This People 9 (Summer 1988): diss., Brigham Young University, 18-23. 1982. Turner, Judd. "It's a Long Way from Talladega [Alabama]." This People 9 Unpublished Works (Summer 1988): 32-35. Bringhurst, Newell G. "Fawn M. Brodie Story about BYU Basketball Star Jeff As a Critic of Mormonism's Policy Chatman. Towards Blacks — A Reassessment and White, Owen Kendall, Jr., and Daryl Some Personal Observations." College White. "A Reply to Mauss' Critique of of the Sequoias, 6 July 1990. Our Analysis of Admitting Blacks in- Cleaver, Eldredge. "Conversion Study." to the Mormon Priesthood." Sociologi- Fireside address, Walnut Creek Ward, cal Analysis 42 (Fall 1981): 285-87. California Walnut Creek Stake, 11 January 1984. Embry, Jessie. "Religiousity of LDS Newspapers African-Americans: Effects of the "Blacks Flocking to Mormon Life." Mormon Church in Religious Beliefs Chicago Tribune, 10 June 1988, 7. and Practice." Paper delivered at the "Challenge Facing Blacks and Mormon XI Sunstone Symposium, held in Salt Church in Efforts to Racially Lake City, Utah on 24 August 1989. Hawkins: Selective Bibliography 131

England, Eugene. "Confronting Racism George Boyd, William G. Hartman, and Sexism from Popular Mormon and James B. Allen, 29 October 1960. Theology." Paper delivered at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Pacific Northwest Sunstone Sym- Saints James M. Moyle Oral History posium, Seattle, Washington, 10 Program. November 1989. Abner Howell's father, Paul Cepas Gerlach, Larry R. "Vengeance Vs. the Howell, was the first black policeman in Law: The Lynching of Sam Joe Salt Lake City and a friend of Wilford Harvey in Salt Lake City." Address Woodruff, who baptized him into the given at the Charles Redd Center of Western Studies Lecture Series, 16 Church. March 1982 at Brigham Young LDS African-American Oral History University. Project, Charles Redd Center for Grover, Mark L. "The Lineage of Cain Western Studies Oral History in the Land of Racial Democracy: Program, Brigham Young University. The Mormon Priesthood and the Interviews of Black Latter-day Saints Brazilian of Africa Descent." De- regarding their conversions and experi- livered at the Mormon History ences in the Church of Jesus Christ of Association, 7 May 1983, in Omaha, Latter-day Saints. Nebraska. Mauss, Armand L. "Fading of the Hawkins, Richard L. "Black People Pharaoh's Curse: The Decline and Experience an Important Milestone in Fall of the Priesthood Ban Against Their Lives." St. George, Utah: Blacks in the Mormon Church." Richard L. Hawkins, 1983. DIALOGUE 14 (Autumn 1981): 10-45. Haynes, Minnie Lee. Interview with Metcalfe, Brent Lee. "Oops —There William G. Hartley, 22 August and 1 Goes Christianity: A Reply To: December 1972. The Church of Jesus Oops —There Goes the Priesthood." Christ of Latter-day Saints, James M. Salt Lake City: Brent Lee Metcalfe, Moyle Oral History Program. 1981. Minnie Lee Haynes was the grand- Yount, John Henry. "Black Brother, daughter of Samuel D. Chambers, an Black Sister, Can You Believe . . . ?" early black Mormon. Mission Viejo, California: Mission to Howell, Abner Leonard. Interview with Utah, 1982.