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Table of Contents UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Elites and economic policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998 Fuady, A.H. Publication date 2012 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Fuady, A. H. (2012). Elites and economic policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Elites and Policies Economicin Indonesiaand Nigeria, 1966 Elites and Economic Policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998 Ahmad Helmy Fuady - 1998 A . H . Fuady 2012 Elites and Economic Policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998 Ahmad Helmy Fuady Copyright © 2012 Ahmad Helmy Fuady. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. Elites and Economic Policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op Donderdag 19 April 2012, te 10:00 uur door Ahmad Helmy Fuady geboren te Tuban, Indonesië Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. P. Boomgaard Co-promotor: Prof. dr. D.E.F. Henley Overige Leden: Prof. dr. H.G.C. Schulte Nordholt Prof. dr. A.J. Dietz Prof. dr. M.A.F. Rutten Dr. P.M. Lewis Faculteit der Maatschappij-en Gedragswetenschappen v Acknowledgements This study is part of the Tracking Development project, which compared the contrasting economic development of four countries in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Cambodia) with four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). The project, funded by Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and coordinated by the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) and Africa Studies Centre (ASC), Leiden, in collaboration with many institutions in each country, tried to find out why there are ‘Asian Tigers’ but no ‘African Lions’, why ‘Asian Miracles’ but ‘African Tragedy’. As the project crossed many countries and institutions, I am deeply indebted personally and professionally to many people, more than it is possible to mention. I deeply appreciate Peter Boomgaard, my doctorate promotor, for providing support and constant encouragement, which eased this whole long journey of doing a PhD. Without him, my academic endeavours would not be the same. I am also greatly indebted to David Henley, my co-promotor as well as Regional Coordinator Southeast Asia and Country Coordinator Indonesia of the Tracking Development project, who played an important role throughout this study and provided help whenever I needed it. His persuasive and critical analysis helped me to shape this dissertation into what it is now. Thanks also to Henk Schulte Nordholt, Mario Rutten, Ton Dietz and Peter Lewis for being members of the promotie committee. I am thankful to Riwanto Tirtosudarmo, my senior colleague at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), for his friendship as well as his encouraging, critical and insightful comments and advice. For my understanding of Nigeria I am greatly indebted to my Nigerian counterparts, Akiyinka Akinyoade (ASC, Leiden), David Enweremadu (Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan) and Antonia Taiye Simbine (Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), vi Ibadan). Their comments, suggestions and insights about Nigeria, as well as their supportive roles during my fieldwork in Nigeria are highly appreciated. During my involvement in the Tracking Development project, I am grateful to have met some wonderful people: Roel van der Veen, Bernard Berendsen, Jan Kees van Donge, Un Kheang, Joseph Fernando, Han ten Brummelhuis, Andre Leliveld, John Kleinen, David Booth, Othieno Nyajom and many others. I am particularly thankful to Ursula Oberst, who was always helpful with any practicalities during my study. My greatest thanks go to Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, Philip Asiodu, Ahmed Joda, Chu Okongwu, Onaolapo Soleye, Kalu Idika Kalu, Anthony Ani, Jibril Aminu, Adamu Fika, Akpan H. Ekpo, Samuel Olofin, Gloria Joseph-Raji, Hauwa Imam, Arie van der Wiel, and all my informants who shared their stories, ideas and experience about Nigeria and Nigerian policy-making. I am also grateful to know David Nellor, International Monetary Fund country chief and resident representative Nigeria, not only for his valuable insights but also friendship during my study. In Indonesia I am really thankful to Widjojo Nitisastro, who helped me with important materials and contacts of his friends. My greatest thanks go to Ali Wardhana, Emil Salim, Subroto, Rahmat Saleh, Arifin Siregar, J.B. Sumarlin, Soedradjat Djiwandono, Abdoel Raoef Soehoed, Hartarto Sastrosoenarto, Marzuki Usman, Suhadi Mangkusuwondo, Hariry Hadi, Sri Hadi, Satrio Budiharjo Joedono, Fuad Bawazier, Ari Kuncoro, Dawam Rahardjo, Batara Simatupang, Pande Radja Silalahi and all my informants who were very generous in sharing their stories, ideas and experiences. I greatly benefited from very significant comments and advice by Thomas Lindblad and Arie Kuyvenhoven. I am also indebted to Lili Yan Ing and Aufa Doarest for statistical data that are important for this study. During my fieldwork in Indonesia, Thee Kian Wie helped me generously with supportive materials and provided contacts to many former economic policy-makers. Similarly, M. Bustom, Naomi Tri Yuliani, Gangsar, Hikmat Hardono Chozin and Farid Arif Wibowo helped me a lot in gaining access to my main respondents in Jakarta. In Nigeria I would have felt lonely without vii the Indonesian Community in Nigeria (ICON) and the ‘big family’ at the Indonesian Embassy in Nigeria. I particularly thank the families of Henri Samosir, Reza Abdoelrojak, Nilton Amaral, Christian Pangaribuan, Wolter, Markiman, Ali Rahman, Budi Santoso, Agus Sutandar, Eka Budi Djatnika and Eneng for their help and hospitality during my fieldwork in Abuja. I am also very thankful to Valentine Ntui, Buki and Olusegun Adekoya for their help and friendship during my stay in Ibadan. During the writing period, I greatly benefited from the fellowship of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, Japan. I am particularly thankful to Kosuke Mizuno, Masaaki Okamoto, and Hiromu Shimizu, for their help and hospitality during my stay at the center. When I was writing my research proposal for this project in Canberra, Australia, I was given advice, support and help by the families of Kacung Maridjan and Arif Zamhari. My fellow PhD students at the Tracking Development project, Un Leang, Adewale Aderemi, Blandina Kilama, Bethuel Kinuthia, Tran Quang Anh, Wan Fairuz Wan Chik and Frank Mwebaze, are not only friends with whom I shared ideas about development on two continents, but their companionship made my PhD life more colourful. During my stay in Amsterdam, I was also very fortunate to meet some interesting PhD students at Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research (AISSR), namely Athi Sivan Mariappan, Marten Boekelo, Frank van As, Ana Miskovska Kajevska, Marieke van Eijk, Marcel van den Haak, Eline van Haastrecht, Anick Vollebergh, Alexander Voicu, Gerben Korthouwer, and Marloes van Westrienen. I am also indebted to some nice and helpful people at the AISSR secretariat: Jose Komen, Hermance Mettrop, Roos de Jager, Yomi van der Veen, Emilie van Tol, Joanne Oakes, Michiel Baas, Philip Romer, Anneke Dammers and Miriam May. Indonesian friends in the Netherlands made my PhD life less lonely, therefore I am deeply thankful to: Wenty Marina Minza, Amalinda Savirani, Alpha Amirrachman, Dara Rosmailina, Meta Aurelia, Enade Istyastono, Debby Imelda, Irwan Hidayana, Deasy Simanjuntak, Muhammad Najib Azca, Dyah, Hana, Lia viii Auliaherliaty, Nuraini Juliastuti, Herman Boro and Grace Lamminar, Rini Goenarto, tante Ida, Agrar Soedradjat, Ardianto Wibisono, Mintardjo, Devi Riskianingrum, Farabi, Wahid, Erlita Tantri, and Cahyo Pamungkas. I am deeply thankful to Yekti Maunati, Erwiza Erman, Dundin Zaenudin, Dini Saptari, Hasni, Made Subaliati, Lamijo and the other staff members of the Research Center for Regional Resources (PSDR) LIPI for their help, support and encouragement. I am particularly thankful to Prima Nurahmi Mulyasari for assisting with the transcriptions of the interviews. A special thanks to Sanneke Kloppenburg for her friendship and her willingness to help me at the final stage of
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