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Penetanguishene Report From the Straits of Mackinac to Georgian Bay: 300 years of Métis history Report on the origins and evolution of the Penetanguishene area Métis community submitted to Louise Goulding, President, Moon River Métis Council of the Métis Nation of Ontario by Micheline Marchand, in association with Daniel Marchildon Box 29, Mactier, Ont. P0C 1H0 Phone : (705) 746-4974 Fax : (705) 746-7106 e-mail : [email protected] December, 2006 From the Straits of Mackinac to Georgian Bay (2006) ii Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank: o Louise Goulding and the Moon River Métis Council for initiating this research project, o Scott Carpenter, Community Development Officer with the Métis Nation of Ontario for the Georgian Bay region, for his help and enthusiasm o and Pat McArthur for her assistance and comments. Cover Left: Mr. Pete Grisdale, Métis trapper, was born February 6th, 1920 at Penetanguishene, Ontario and is a descendent of the Gendron family of the historic Métis Community of Penetanguishene, Ontario. Right: Mr. John “Jack” LePage, Métis fisherman, was born October 1st, 1887 at Penetanguishene, Ontario and is a descendent of the Trudeau family of the historic Métis Community of Penetanguishene, Ontario. This project was funded through the support of the Métis Nation of Ontario Training Initiatives and the Government of Canada. ISBN 978-0-9782769-0-4 ©2006 Moon River Métis Council From the Straits of Mackinac to Georgian Bay (2006) iii The Moon River Métis Council On December 5, 2004, a meeting was held in Mactier, Ontario for Métis people in the Parry Sound / Muskoka area. It was at that meeting, with much enthusiasm and eagerness, that the Moon River Métis Council was born. It was on this day that the interim council was elected for a one year term. The council consisted of; President Louise Goulding, Chair Leslie Emerson, Senator Ruth Wagner-Millington, Secretary/Treasurer Lisa McCron, Women’s Representative Verna Porter, Youth Representative Bradley Goulding, Councilor Mike Nolan, Councilor Dale Nolan and Councilor Kim Belecque. The Moon River represents one of the main rivers running through our traditional territory and connects the Métis citizens of the islands and shores of Georgian Bay to those on the mainland. It also would have been a river that our ancestors used as one of their highways. On April 16, 2005, the Moon River Métis Council became the 32nd Council to sign a Charter with the Métis Nation of Ontario. In December of that same year, the one year term of the interim council was completed and the Moon River Métis council would hold its second election. The new council would consist of: President Louise Goulding, Chair Brian Leduc, Senator Ruth Wagner-Millington, Treasurer Lisa McCron, Women’s Representative Verna Porter, Councilor Larry Duval, Councilor Dan Quesnelle and Councilor Irene Peel. It would be this newly elected council who would take on the task of having our history, our culture and our pride recorded for ever. For this I thank them. I thank them for their tremendous support and their great passion in moving this great Nation forward. I must also thank Scott Carpenter, Regional Employment & Training Coordinator with the Métis Nation of Ontario Training Initiatives, for his support and assistance on this project. His enthusiasm for this project matches my own! I thank Micheline Marchand and Daniel Marchildon for their interest and dedication in researching and writing this report. It truly is exciting that we have a report about Métis written by Métis! Enjoy. Louise Goulding President Moon River Métis Council From the Straits of Mackinac to Georgian Bay (2006) iv Table of Contents A. Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................................................v 1. Notes on the research and sources ...................................................................................................................................1 2. The ethnogenesis of the Penetanguishene area Métis community...................................................................................4 2.1 Initial contact between Europeans and First Nations people in Huronia (Southern Georgian Bay) ................................................................................................................................4 2.2 Ethnogenesis of the Upper Great Lakes Métis.................................................................................................4 2.2.1 Birth of the Métis of the Upper Great Lakes..............................................................................4 2.2.2 Michilimackinac (prior to 1780)..............................................................................................12 2.2.3 Mackinac Island (1780-1796)..................................................................................................15 2.2.4 St. Joseph Island (1796 -1812).................................................................................................17 2.2.5 Drummond Island (1815-1828)................................................................................................23 3. The Métis community in Penetanguishene (from the 1820s).........................................................................................36 3.1 Before the 1820s ...........................................................................................................................................36 3.2 The move from Drummond Island (1828-1829)............................................................................................39 3.3 Land issues sparked by the Métis...................................................................................................................55 3.4 Métis collective action in Penetanguishene...................................................................................................58 3.5 The difficulty in identifying the Métis of Penetanguishene...........................................................................64 3.6 Religion, Marriage and Intermarriage............................................................................................................65 3.7 Education........................................................................................................................................................69 3.8 Métis ties in Georgian Bay and the Upper Great Lakes.................................................................................70 4. The way of life and main occupations of the Penetanguishene area Métis community and how they were transformed.......................................................................................................78 4.1 Fur trade........................................................................................................................................................78 4.2 First Nation language and English Interpreters.............................................................................................84 4.3 Fishing ..........................................................................................................................................................84 4.4 Farming.......................................................................................................................................................111 4.5 Lumber industry..........................................................................................................................................112 4.6 Hunting, fishing and travelling guides........................................................................................................114 4.7 Other occupations........................................................................................................................................116 5. Regarding the definition of the two concepts, “ethnogenesis” and “effective control”.............................................119 5.1 The period of “effective control” as it applies in the case of the Penetanguishene area Métis community.....................................................................................................121 Appendices Appendix 1: List of original grantees of Penetanguishene Park Lots according to Surveyor General Office Map of June 8, 1830....................................................................128 Appendix 2: Information on Penetanguishene land grantees with Métis connections...................................................129 Appendix 3: 1834 list of Penetanguishene land owners granted title to their lots..........................................................131 Appendix 4: Residents of Penetanguishene for 1832 as listed in The City of Toronto and the Home District commercial directory and register...for 1837.......................................................132 Appendix 5: Names of parents found in the baptismal register for Ste. Anne’s Parish in 1835.....................................133 Appendix 6: Employees of the Penetanguishene Military and Naval Establishments with Métis surnames.................134 Appendix 7: Chronology of relevant dates and events....................................................................................................135 . Maps Map 1: Georgian Bay, Lake Huron and Mackinac Straits area.............................................................................................3 Map 2: Mackinac Straits and surrounding area...................................................................................................................11
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