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Leuk Om Te Weten Nice to Kwow NICE TO KNOW LEUK OM TE WETEN NICE TO KWOW De slang en de kris The snake and the kris Johan en Chantal Mavromichalis. Johan and Chantal Mavromichalis. In dit artikel willen we de relatie van de slang In this article we want to address the relation- in de smeedkunst en symboliek tot de kris of ship between the snake in ironwork and sym- keris laten zien. bolism to the kris or keris. Wat is een kris? What is a kris? Een kris is een vaak asymmetrische, tweesnij- A kris is an often asymmetric, double-edged dende dolk waaraan men magische of boven- dagger to which magical or supernatural pow- natuurlijke krachten toeschrijft. Ook is deze ers are ascribed. Also this dagger is animated dolk bezield met een eigen geest of energie die with their own spirit or energy that can have a een eigen wil kan hebben. Bekend is de kris will of its own. Known is the kris pusaka, a sa- pusaka, een heilig erfstuk, dat is bezield en cred heirloom, which is animated and is passed door vererving van vader op zoon, of moeder by inheritance from father to son, or mother to op dochter overgaat. Ze worden volgens een daughter. They are taken care of according to oude traditie met eerbied en respect verzorgd. an old tradition and vailed with respect. De kris is het nationale symbool van Indonesië, The kris is the national symbol of Indonesia, en is in 2005 erkend als Immaterieel Cultureel and has been recognized as an intangible cul- Werelderfgoed door UNESCO. De kris komt tural world heritage by UNESCO in 2005. The eveneens voor in Maleisië, Thailand, Brunei, kris also appears in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore en de zuidelijke Filippijnen. Maar Singapore and the southern Philippines. Java, op Java, Indonesië, ligt zeer waarschijnlijk zijn Indonesia, is very likely to be its origin. The oorsprong. De kris heeft op Java zijn hoogste kris has reached the top of its development on ontwikkeling bereikt. Java. Een kris wordt gemaakt door een gespeciali- A specialist blacksmith, called Empu, creates seerde wapensmid, die Empu genoemd wordt. a kris. This Empu has knowledge of astronomy Deze Empu heeft kennis van astronomie en het and the supernatural. He is held in high regard. bovennatuurlijke. Hij staat in hoog aanzien. Als As he starts the wrought process, he often is hij aan het smeedproces begint, verkeert hij in trance, or in a religious State of conscious- vaak in trance, of in een religieuze staat van ness, because he has fasted or has meditated bewustzijn, doordat hij heeft gevast of heeft with spells and prayers. Sometimes this spir- gemediteerd met spreuken en gebeden. Soms itual ecstasy shows from fingerprints and even blijkt deze geestelijke vervoering uit vingeraf- mouth prints on the blade! (see photo). drukken en zelfs mondafdrukken in het lem- met! (zie foto) Through the use of various metals, such as nickel, iron (sometimes even obtained from a Door het gebruik van diverse metalen, zoals meteorite), an alloy with whimsical patterns, nikkel, ijzer (soms zelfs verkregen uit een mete- each of which have their own meaning and oriet), ontstaat een legering met grillige patro- contents, called pamor. These patterns arise nen, die elk hun eigen betekenis en lading heb- during the forging process by the many layers ben, pamor genaamd. Deze patronen ontstaan that a kris may have. The forging process can tijdens het smeedproces door de vele lagen sometimes take weeks to months. LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2016 98 JAARGANG/VOLUME 36 NUMMER/NO.2 LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2016 99 JAARGANG/VOLUME 36 NUMMER/NO.2 LEUK OM TE WETEN die een kris kan hebben. Het smeedproces kan soms weken tot maanden duren. In de kris heeft ieder detail een eigen betekenis en zijn speciale eigenschappen, die de magi- sche kracht moeten versterken en uitbeelden. Zo ontstaat een lemmet dat in twee hoofdvor- men voorkomt: de rechte kris, die de slang in rust of meditatie symboliseert, en de gegolfde kris, die de bewegende slang verzinnebeeldt (zie foto). De golven of bochten van de kris kunnen vari- eren van één tot meer dan 43, maar is vrijwel altijd oneven. In beide vormen zijn vele varia- ties mogelijk, met diverse afmetingen. Dat zij de slang of mythische naga verbeelden, is een feit en wordt algemeen erkend. Wel is ook de draak bekend, deze heeft dan duidelijk waar- Lemmet met mondafdruk. neembare poten met klauwen. Blade with mouth mark Over de exacte oorsprong is men het niet eens, Every detail in the kris has its own meaning and maar vaststaat dat in het Hindoeïstische konink- its special properties, which should strengthen rijk Madjapahit rond 1400 krissen bekend waren and represent the magic power. This creates a die in hoog aanzien stonden. Wij vonden in een blade in two main forms: the straight kris, the boek over symbolen en hun betekenis een zeer snake at rest or meditation, and the corrugated verhelderend stuk tekst dat we nergens konden kris, symbolizing the moving snake (see photo). terugvinden in de informatie over krissen: The waves or curves of the kris can range from one to more than 43, but virtually always is ‘De Hindoegod Vishnoe wordt getoond met het odd. In both forms many variations are pos- vlammend zwaard der kennis. De vlamachtige sible, in various sizes. That they depict the vorm van het tweesnijdend zwaard brengt het mythical snake or naga, is a fact and is widely ook in verband met reiniging, bijvoorbeeld in recognized. Though the Dragon is also known, de alchemie waar het zwaard een vuursymbool which has clearly perceptible legs with claws. is’ (Tresidder, pag. 130). There is no agreement about the exact ori- gin, but it is common ground that in the Hindu Er is een afbeelding op de Sukuh-Tempel in Kingdom Madjapahit around 1400, krisses Oost-Java van een werkplaats of smidse, waar were known that were in high regard. In a book de Hindoe-god Bhima samen met Ganesha en about symbols and their meaning we found a Arjuna krissen smeedt. In deze tijden waren very insightful piece of text that we could not de schede en handvat van een kris soms rij- find anywhere in the information about kriss- kelijk voorzien van indrukwekkende motieven es: ‘The Hindu God Vishnu is shown with the van mensen, demonen, dieren, planten, zelfs flaming sword of knowledge. The flame-like van abstracte vormen. Schede en handvat shape from the two-edged sword also relates werden gemaakt van hout, been, of ivoor en to cleaning, for example in Alchemy where the soms van edelmetaal, en voorzien van edelste- sword is a ‘fire symbol’ (Talreja, p. 130). nen. Er zijn schedes in de vorm van slangen die zelfs duidelijk de cobra verbeelden. Maar There is an image of a workshop or forge on ook het handvat kan een slang uitbeelden. In the Sukuh Temple in East Java, where Hindu het Boeddhisme wordt de kris gezien als een God Bhima along with Ganesha and Arjuna is positief symbool van wijsheid en kracht, met forging krisses. In these times the sheath and rijke uitbeeldingen en vormen. Het bekendst is handle of a kris sometimes were generously de slang als beschermer van de Boeddha. foreseen with impressive motives of people, LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2016 100 JAARGANG/VOLUME 36 NUMMER/NO.2 LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2016 101 JAARGANG/VOLUME 36 NUMMER/NO.2 NICE TO KNOW Na de islamisering van Indonesië veranderde de positieve betekenis van de slang drastisch en wordt de slang tegenwoordig als negatief beschouwd. Ze valt onder de zogenaamde Djinn (beschreven in de Soenna). Dit heeft waarschijnlijk de verdere ontwikkeling beïn- vloed en beperkt vanwege nieuwe religieuze opvattingen en gebruiken in de Koran. Het was ook niet meer toegestaan om de grepen en schedes menselijke of dierlijke vormen te geven. De oorspronkelijke vorm van het lem- met bleef ongewijzigd en de kris werd in het nieuwe geloof ongewijzigd opgenomen en als heilig erfstuk behandeld en verzorgd. Alleen op Bali heeft de kris zijn Hindoeïstische karakter met de oorspronkelijke vormen en betekenis behouden. Lemmet met mondafdruk. In het lemmet van de kris kunnen verschei- Blade with mouth mark dene mens- of diervormen voorkomen, zo- als olifant, slang, hagedis, hond schorpioen enz. In dit artikel geven we slecht enkele voorbeelden van de slang of naga, die in het Hindoeïsme en Boeddhisme een belangrijke, positieve beschermende rol heeft. Dit zijn de zogenaamde naga-krissen, die in het lemmet nóg een slang uitgewerkt hebben, een slang die ook gekroond kan zijn, soms in goud. Een prachtig stuk vakwerk, met soms haarscher- pe details. De giftige en dodelijke kris Er doen veel verhalen de ronde over dode- Gegolfde kris. lijke en giftige krissen die magische krachten Waving kris. zouden bezitten. Een mogelijke verklaring hiervoor kan het noodzakelijke onderhoud demons, animals, plants, even of abstract van de kris zijn: het reinigen van een kris forms. Sheath and handle were made from van roest gebeurt namelijk met behulp van wood, bone, or ivory and sometimes of pre- limoen- of citroensap. Vervolgens moet hij cious metals, and bejeweled. There are sheaths behandeld worden met (giftig) arsenicum om in the shape of snakes, even obviously depict- het zogenaamde pamor duidelijk uit te laten ing the cobra. But also the handle can repre- komen. Daarna moet de kris geolied worden. sent a snake. In Buddhism the kris is seen as Dit onderhoud vindt op Java jaarlijks op spe- a positive symbol of wisdom and strength, with ciale dagen plaats. Het gebruik van arseni- rich portrayals and shapes. The best known is cum is niet zonder gevaar en daar zouden er the snake as a protector of the Buddha.
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