Mayflower by Numbers

Home , James Chilton, Mayflower, Mayflower Compact, Samoset, Speedwell (1577 ship)

66 The year the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth

4 The number of passengers on board as it left Plymouth 1620 The year the Puritans left England and sailed to Leiden

128 The number of days it took to sail from Plymouth to Cape Cod 64 The number of men that signed the Mayflower Compact 300 The estimate value of the Mayflower in pounds sterling in1624 24 The number of times they had to return to harbour to fix the Speedwell 41 The rough number of miles they had already sailed from Dartmouth before they had to return

102 The number of masts

2 The rough width of the deck in feet

4 The number of pregnant women on board the Mayflower 1608 The number of women that survived to celebrate the first Thanksgiving 3 The age of the oldest passenger, James Chilton

• From what you know or can find out from the resources around you, what other figures could you add to the list? • Are there any other figures you would like to find out? • Are any of these numbers surprising? Why? Mayflower by Numbers - answers

66 The year the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth

4 The number of passengers on board as it left Plymouth 1620 The year the Puritans left England and sailed to Leiden 128 The number of days it took to sail from Plymouth to Cape Cod 64 The number of men that signed the Mayflower Compact 300 The estimate value of the Mayflower in pounds sterling in1624 24 The number of times they had to return to harbour to fix the Speedwell 41 The rough number of miles they had already sailed from Dartmouth before they had to return 102 The number of masts

2 The rough width of the deck in feet

4 The number of pregnant women on board the Mayflower 1608 The number of women that survived to celebrate the first Thanksgiving 3 The age of the oldest passenger, James Chilton Crew’s Jobs

Match up the crew member’s title with their job description. Complete the last column by describing how their skills would be useful when setting up a colony in the New World. See if you can rank them in order of importance – does the order change depending on whether they are sailing or creating the colony?

Crew member Job Useful skills

Ship’s Master Responsible for the upkeep of the ship's guns, powder, and canon.

Ship’s Pilot Responsible for the workings of the ship’s hull, including supervising those working on the deck.

Master’s Mate In charge of the supplies and equipment.

Cooper Prepared the meals for the crew, maintained the food supplies and was responsible for the ship's cook room. Ship’s surgeon Responsible for fixing anything integral to the ship that needed repairing. This also meant maintaining his tools and supplies. Master gunner Carried out the orders of the master, and would take role as Ship’s Master if he was sick or absent.

Ship’s Carpenter The captain of the ship - the term "captain" was only used for military ships at this time though.

The Boatswain Builds, repairs and maintains the ship's barrels. As food and drink were stored in the barrels, this was an important job on board. The four Steers ships and completes the docking and Quartermasters disembarking of the vessel in the harbor. The Ship’s Cook Cared for the members of the ship, dealing with wounds from battle, disease and the other medical problems despite often having little medical training. Crew’s Jobs - answers

Crew member Job

Ship’s Master The captain of the ship - the term "captain" was only used for military ships at this time though.

Ship’s Pilot Steers ships and completes the docking and disembarking of the vessel in the harbor.

Master’s Mate Carried out the orders of the master, and would take role as Ship’s Master if he was sick or absent.

Cooper (Barrel-maker) Builds, repairs and maintains the ship's barrels. As food and drink were stored in the barrels, this was an important job on board. Ship’s surgeon Cared for the members of the ship, dealing with wounds from battle, disease and the other medical problems despite often having little medical training.

Master gunner Responsible for the upkeep of the ship's guns, powder, and canon. Ship’s Carpenter Responsible for fixing anything integral to the ship that needed repairing. This also meant maintaining his tools and supplies.

The Boatswain Responsible for the workings of the ship’s hull, including supervising those working on the deck.

The four In charge of the supplies and equipment. Quartermasters The Ship’s Cook Prepared the meals for the crew, maintained the food supplies and was responsible for the ship's cook room. The Mayflower Timeline

1609 Storms blow the Mayflower off course July 1620 Samoset greets the Plymouth colonists 15th August 1620 The Mayflower Compact is written

23rd August 1620 Those on the Mayflower sight land

th The Mayflower leaves Plymouth, 16 September 1620 England The ships leave Southampton 7th October 1620 Separatists settle in Leiden 9th November 1620 They must stop in Dartmouth for st 21 November 1620 repairs to the Speedwell The Native Americans and st 21 November 1620 Plymouth colonists hold Thanksgiving together 26th December 1620 The Mayflower anchors in Plymouth Harbour 16th March 1621 The Mayflower arrives in Cape Cod

Autumn 1621 The Speedwell leaves the Netherlands and meets the Mayflower in Southampton The Mayflower Timeline

• Match up the dates with the actions, to create a timeline of what happened to the people on the Mayflower. • Can you create a timeline of events that led to the Separatists leaving England? Try to include at least five dates. • Why did the Separatists decide to leave Leiden? • Why was the Mayflower Contract written at that time? • What had previously happened that meant Samoset could speak English? • Why was there a Thanksgiving harvest in the autumn of 1621?

The Mayflower Timeline - answers

1609 Separatists settle in Leiden

July 1620 The Speedwell leaves the Netherlands and meets the th 15 August 1620 Mayflower in Southampton The ships leave Southampton 23rd August 1620 They must stop in Dartmouth for 16th September 1620 repairs to the Speedwell The Mayflower leaves Plymouth, England 7th October 1620 Storms blow the Mayflower off course 9th November 1620 Those on the Mayflower sight land 21st November 1620 The Mayflower arrives in Cape Cod

st 21 November 1620 The Mayflower Compact is written

th 26 December 1620 The Mayflower anchors in Plymouth Harbour 16th March 1621 Samoset greets the Plymouth colonists Autumn 1621 The Native Americans and Plymouth colonists hold Thanksgiving together Would you rather govern…?

The Constitution of the United States The Mayflower Compact 1620 1787 We the People of the United States, in Order In the name of God, Amen. We whose to form a more perfect Union, establish names are underwritten, the loyal Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King the common defence, promote the general James, by the Grace of God of Great Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and of the Faith, etc. establish this Constitution for the United Having undertaken for the Glory of God States of America. and advancement of the Christian Faith Article. I. and Honour of our King and Country, a Section. 1. Voyage to plant the First Colony in the All legislative Powers herein granted shall be Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these vested in a Congress of the United States, presents solemnly and mutually in the which shall consist of a Senate and House of presence of God and one of another, Representatives. Covenant and Combine ourselves Section. 2. together in a Civil Body Politic, for our The House of Representatives shall be better ordering and preservation and composed of Members chosen every second furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by Year by the People of the several States, and virtue hereof to enact, constitute and the Electors in each State shall have the frame such just and equal Laws, Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and numerous Branch of the State Legislature. Offices from time to time, as shall be No Person shall be a Representative who shall thought most meet and convenient for not have attained to the Age of twenty five the general good of the Colony, unto Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the which we promise all due submission and United States, and who shall not, when obedience. elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which https://www.plimoth.org/learn/just- he shall be chosen. kids/homework-help/mayflower-and-mayflower- https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&d compact oc=9&page=transcript Would you rather govern…?

Like the Mayflower Compact, The Constitution for the United States was written in order to provide an agreed set of laws and rights for the inhabitants. However, there are many fundamental differences – what are they and why has it changed? Which charter would you rather establish and govern? Why? Letters from the Pilgrims

Imagine that you are one of the few pilgrims to survive the first year in America and have just had the first Thanksgiving. However, many of your family and friends are still back in England. Write a letter back home, talking about your experiences since you left. You can use the template below to help you.

Plymouth, November 1621 Dear ______

It has been a year since I last saw you. I hope you understand that I had to go because…

We had many setbacks at the beginning, such as…

When we finally left from England, it was incredibly difficult. Many things went wrong, like when…

We finally arrived in America but things only got worse that first winter when…

Thankfully, local people introduced themselves and helped us to…

Since then, things have improved and we have just celebrated…

I am nervous about the next few months/years because…

But I am very excited about…

I hope…

Best Wishes, Girls and Women

True or false?

1. William Bradford was worried the ‘weak bodies of women’ would not survive the trip and building of the colony. 2. Some husbands decided that their wives should stay behind until the colony was established. 3. During the first winter in America, 75% of women died. 4. After the voyage, women continued living on the Mayflower for another four months whilst the men built houses on shore. 5. Only four women from the original passengers survived to celebrate the first Thanksgiving. 6. The youngest female passenger was only a couple of years old. 7. Girls proved to be the strongest bodies (against men, women and boys) with only 18% dying in the first winter. 8. One girl, Elizabeth Tilley, has two presidents amongst her descendants: Franklin D Roosevelt and George W Bush. 9. Women were not allowed to sign the Mayflower Compact, only the man of each household.

1. Is there anything you find particularly surprising? Why? 2. What do you think may be done differently if the Mayflower set sail today? 3. Were the men right to make some of the decisions that they did? Why? 4. Many families also left their children behind – do you think this was also justified? Girls and Women – answers

All of the statements are TRUE!

In a letter to a friend in England, “E.W.” (Pilgrim Edward Winslow) wrote an account of the celebration: "Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that we might after a more special manner rejoice together, after we had gathered the fruits of our labors; they four in one day killed as much fowl, as with a little help beside, served the Company almost a week, at which time amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain, and others. And although it be not always so plentiful, as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want, that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.” Pg37 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50a02efce4b046b42952af27/t/50a8701fe4b08d1f2ced2ff4/1353216 031950/MourtsRelation.pdf

1. Why do you think the celebration became known as Thanksgiving? 2. What does Winslow mean by ‘we are so far from want’? 3. Why was it important to note that the Wampanoag joined them in the celebrations? 4.What do you think the mental, emotional and social benefits were of the celebration? 5. Bearing in mind that this account would inform those back home of the colony’s welfare, do you think the tone and content is realistic and accurate? Why/why not? 6. There is much debate as to who held the first Thanksgiving and whether it is now seen as a public holiday or religious event – what do you think was the purpose of the celebration nearly 400 years ago and do you think it is still relevant today? The Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact Translation

In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together in a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620. https://www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework- help/mayflower-and-mayflower-compact

Above is the Mayflower Compact. There are five phrases that are in bold – can you match up the translations below with each phrase? One is missing so you will need to work out the translation for yourself.

We promise to follow these laws To make, establish and abide by fair completely laws

We agree and will join to make an We are the subjects of the organised group of citizens respected King James I The Mayflower Compact

• Were the Separatists loyal to King James I? Why do you think that? • Why did only the men sign the contract? • What three reasons do they give for their voyage? • What did they all promise to do? Why was this important? • Why did they write the Mayflower Compact? • Many historians believe the Compact is the foundation of the American Constitution – what similarities are there and why do you think this is?

Imagine that you have just arrived with 100 other people to a new land – there is nothing there and your group has no rules, jobs or order. You have been voted leader of the group and must decide on: 1. Your 10 most important laws to live by 2. The 5 most important jobs to be done

Using this, write a compact of your own for your colony.

Think about: What will help you live and work together What are your goals and priorities What has brought you all together Why you must remain together What message you want to send to others about being unified The Mayflower Compact - answers

The Mayflower Compact Translation

In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign We are the subjects of the Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc. respected King James I Having undertaken for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together We agree and will join to make in a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and an organised group of citizens by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions To make, establish and abide by and Offices from time to time, as shall be thought most fair laws meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder We promise to follow these laws subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of completely November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620. https://www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework- help/mayflower-and-mayflower-compact One Small Candle

Since ye first breaking out of ye lighte of ye gospell in our Honourable Nation of England ... what warrs and opposissions ... Satan hath raised ... against the Saints ... by bloody death and cruell torments ... imprisonments, banishments ... What could now sustaine them but ye spirite of God and His grace? ... Ought not the children of these fathers rightly say: Our fathers ... came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto ye Lord, and He heard their voyce. ... All great and honourable actions are accompanied with great difficulties ... Out of small beginnings greater things have been produced by His hand that made all things of nothing ... and, as one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone unto many, yea in some sort to our whole nation; let the glorious name of Jehovah have all the praise. Various quotations from William Bradford’s ‘Of Plymouth Plantation’

1. Are there any words used that you do not understand? Can you work out what they mean? For example, what does Bradford mean by ‘opposissions’? 2. What was happening in England that made the Separatists decide to sail over the ‘great ocean’? What is this referring to? 3. Who did they ask for help and did they listen? What phrase tells you that? 4. How does Bradford view their ‘actions’ of sailing to America? 5. Does he believe his colony will stay a small and humble group? 6. Who does he think their actions will influence? What does this imply about how he views his work and accomplishments? 7. What/who do you think may have contributed to Bradford feeling so confident and unbeatable? Letters to New England

This is the opening of a letter written to the Separatists, as they set sail from Southampton.

Loving and Christian friends, I do heartily and in the Lord salute you all, as being they with whom I am present in my best affection, and most earnest longings after you, though I be constrained for awhile to be bodily absent from you, I say constrained, God knowing how willingly and much rather than otherwise I would have borne my part with you in this first brunt, were I not by strong necessity held back for the present. Make account of me in the meanwhile, as of a man divided in myself with great pain, and as (natural bonds set aside) having my better part with you. And though I doubt not but in your godly wisdoms you both forsee and resolve upon that which concerneth your present state and condition both severally and jointly, yet have I thought but my duty to add some further spur of provocation unto them who run already, if not because you need it, yet because I owe it in love and duty. Pg3. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50a02efce4b046b42952af27 /t/50a8701fe4b08d1f2ced2ff4/1353216031950/MourtsRelation.pdf

1. Did the writer of this letter want to be a part of the first passengers to sail to America? How do you know? 2. What do they mean by ‘having my better part with you’? 3. What might the passengers be facing that would ‘concerneth your present state and condition’? 4. What are the two possible meanings of ‘run’ when the writer says that they ‘run already’? 5. Why might people feel that they owed support ‘in love and duty’? 6. Imagine that you are one of the Separatists that had to be left behind when the Mayflower sailed. What would you write to your friends, and possibly family, on board? To the Reader 1

Mourt’s Relation details the beginning of the plantation. This is his foreword to the readers.

Courteous reader, be entreated to make a favourable construction of my forwardness, in publishing these ensuing discourses, the desire of carrying the Gospel of Christ, into those foreign parts, amongst those people that as yet have had no knowledge, nor taste of God, as also to procure unto themselves and others a quiet and comfortable habitation: where amongst other things the inducements (…) some grounds of hope, of the accomplishment of both those ends by them, at first propounded. Pg2 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50a02efce4b046b42952af27 /t/50a8701fe4b08d1f2ced2ff4/1353216031950/MourtsRelation.pdf

1. Why is he being so forward in the opening sentence? What is he trying to do? 2. If he hopes to ‘procure…a quiet and comfortable habitation’ once there, what is he implying about the people that are there already? 3. Why does he assume that they have ‘no knowledge, nor taste of God.’? 4. What does ‘inducements’ mean? What does it tell you about the way he possibly thought about and treated the Native Americans? 5. He only has ‘grounds of hope’ that the Native Americans will accomplish these incentives – why? 6. What could possibly have given Mourt this view of the inhabitants of America? To the Reader 2

Mourt’s Relation accounts the beginning of the plantation. This continues his foreword to the readers.

And as myself then much desired, and shortly hope to effect, if the Lord will, the putting to of my shoulder in this hopeful business, and in the meantime, these relations coming to my hand from my both known and faithful friends, on whose writings I do much rely, I thought it not amiss to make them more general, hoping of a cheerful proceeding, both of adventurers and planters, entreating that the example of the honorable Virginia and Bermuda Companies, encountering with so many disasters, and that for divers years together, with an unwearied resolution, the good effects whereof are now eminent, may prevail as a spur of preparation also touching this no less hopeful country though yet an infant, the extent and commodities whereof are as yet not fully known, after time will unfold more: such as desire to take knowledge of things, may inform themselves by this ensuing treatise, and if they please also by such as have been there a first and second time, my hearty prayer to God is that the event of this and all other honorable and honest undertakings, may be for the furtherance of the Kingdom of Christ, the enlarging of the bounds of our Sovereign Lord King James, and the good and profit of those, who either by purse, or person, or both, are agents in the same, so I take leave and rest. Thy friend, G. Mourt Pg2 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50a02efce4b046b42952af27 /t/50a8701fe4b08d1f2ced2ff4/1353216031950/MourtsRelation.pdf

1. What does he mean by ‘the putting of my shoulder in this hopeful business’? What does that tell you about his character? 2. Why does he feel the need to make peoples’ writing ‘more general’? 3. What two things do we learn about the Virginia and Bermuda Companies? Why is it important for us to know about this change? 4. Why does Mourt make it clear that all actions carried out at the colony are ‘honorable and honest’? 5. The building of a colony is going to do what, according to Mourt? Bradford’s Journal

But I may not hear pass by another remarkable passage not to be forgotten. As this calamity fell among the passengers that were to be left here to plant [farm], and were hasted ashore and made to drink water, that the seamen might have the more bear, and one in his sickness desiring but a small can of beer, it was answered, that if he were their own father he should have none; the disease began to fall amongst them also, so as almost half of their company died before they went away, and many of their officers and lustiest [hardiest] men, as the boatson, gunner, quartermasters, the cook, and others. At which the master was something strucken and sent to the sick ashore and told the Governor he should send for beer for them that had need of it, though he drunk water homeward bound. But now amongst his company there was far another kind of carriage in this misery than amongst the passengers; for they that before had been boone companions in drinking and jollity in the time of their health and welfare, began now to desert one another in this calamity saying they would not hazard their lives for them, they should be infected by coming to help them in their cabins, and so, after they came to lie by it, would do little or nothing for them, but if they died let them die. But such of the passengers as were yet aboard showed them what mercy they could, which made some of their hearts relent, as the boatson (and some others), who was a proud young man, and would often curse and scoff at the passengers; but when he grew weak, they had compassion on him and helped him; then he confessed he did not deserve it at their hands, he had abused them in word and deed. O! saith he, you, I now see, show your love like Christians indeed one to another, but we let one another lie and die like dogs. Pg257 http://archive.org/stream/historyplymouth01socigoog#page/n256/mode/2up/search/let+one+another+lie+and+ die+like+dogs.+ 1. How does Bradford present the passengers in the second line? Why? 2. How does Bradford believe the seamen should have reacted to the passengers pleas? Why? 3. What happens to the crew? Why might this be ironic? 4. What does Bradford mean by ‘another kind of carriage in this misery’? 5. What reason do the crew use to not help the passengers when they are sick? 6. What do the passengers do to make some of the crew’s ‘hearts relent’? What does this imply about the passengers? 7. What does Bradford mean when he says that ‘we let one another lie and die like dogs.’? A Sermon by Robert Cushman

And who rightly considereth what manner of entrance, abiding, and proceedings, we have had among these poor heathens since we came hither, will easily think, that God has some great work to do towards them. They were wont to be the most cruel and treacherous people in all these parts, even like lions, but to us they have been like lambs, so kind, so submissive, and trusty, as a man may truly say, many Christians are not so kind, nor sincere. They were very much wasted of late, by reason of a great mortality that fell amongst them three years since, which together with their own civil dissensions and bloody wars, hath so wasted them, as I think the twentieth person is scarce left alive, and those that are left, have their courage much abated, and their countenance is dejected, and they seem as a people affrighted. And though when we came first into the country, we were few, and many of us were sick, and many died by reason of the cold and wet, it being the depth of winter, and we having no houses, nor shelter, yet when there was not six able persons among us, and they came daily to us by hundreds, with their sachems or kings, and might in one hour have made a dispatch of us, yet such a fear was upon them, as that they never offered us the least injury in word or deed. And by reason of one Tisquanto, that lives amongst us, that can speak English, we have daily commerce with their kings, and can know what is done or intended towards us among the savages; also we can acquaint them with our courses and purposes, both human and religious. And the greatest commander of the country, called Massasoit, cometh often to visit us, tho’ he lives 50 miles from us, often sends us presents, he having with many other of their governors, promised, yea, subscribed obedience to our sovereign Lord King James, and for his cause to spend both strength and life. And we for our parts, through God’s Grace, have with that equity, justice, and compassion, carried ourselves towards them, as that they have received much favour, help, and aid from us, but never the least injury or wrong by us. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44071/44071-h/44071-h.htm

1. What ‘great work’ does God have to do towards the ‘poor heathens’? 2. In what ways are the Native Americans better than many Christians? 3. What two problems caused the deaths of so many Native Americans? Only one cause is mentioned explicitly in the passage; the other will need to be deduced. 4. What does Cushman mean by ‘acquaint them with our courses and purposes, both human and religious.’? 5. What could it imply about their relationship if many of their governors have ‘subscribed obedience to our sovereign Lord King James’? 6. The last sentence details what each group has given the other – what are they and what impression do they give of the groups’ need for each other? 7. Do you think this is an accurate and honest account of the relationship between the colonists and the Native Americans? Why? Think about who is talking, how he would want his people to be perceived and what impression of the colony he would want to send back to England. Compact word search

A G J S O V E R E I G N B D R H U B S K U L U G C E A C B V S L O D K G B B D E F E N D E R H R S E T C O V M R C L C I V I L R D R V M dread sovereign O P R I E S E V D A F P R V O B U defender S U M S A L C O Y N O I P I M P C advancement W A M S D R E T V C L M W R P R O voyage A E F I S P R E S E R V A T I O N solemnly mutually L A Y O L O E T B M S E R U V M S covenant A Y P N V O Y A G E G Y U E V I T preservation B R T N O E C O S N P M L A D S I virtue Y F O C E P Y A V T V U J D H E T constitute laws S N P O C O V E N A N T C V N S U promise H F R E N S T C E J B U S A V U T submission G K E W E E C A J P U A P R O R E obedience U M S Y I S O L E M N L Y T I E M civil subjects F T S L D N V D C A E L D S V C I loyal E G I U E F C V T W R Y C M I N V T H S U B L Y O L S N D M U C A L S U N P O B R D E F E A V S I O J Passenger word search

T P G R D S V A S F J L O W O L S N I W P R I S C I L L A T W H B E T P W U I A E A Y S E M U L L I N S T P F E M N G L R T F W T P M E R U R L A J B R O W T H E L D H O E L R K G M T C M E D S E P B G O W N J R S T A N D I S H A B T H K L R K B T G E H O Q R E T S W E R B O F J I H A C I L G N S L C V A B R A O W Y T N U J O T G I L D H O W L A N D K B R D E S W I F D H K T R A E H K G F H I A K D I U M N H O O K E G U S E R O M L H I B W B U E F W S A V M J L L A R O E V U K E S K U M B R L R T D B V G D T O Y C A L I W H O L E M A T P R T H I K H R W R H G D A V T S W C K S W E C L H R A T

Bradford – Head of the government for Plymouth, MA. Brewster – The Church Elder. Carver – the first elected governor of Plymouth, MA. Hooke – was apprenticed to Allerton for 12 years but died during the first winter. Allerton – handled the negotiations in London but got the colony into debt. Priscilla – her entire family died in the first winter but she went on to marry and have at least 10 children. Peregrine – born on the Mayflower in late November. Winslow – led a number of expeditions and later went on to defend Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies. Howland – fell overboard during a storm but managed to grab the topsail halyards. Standish – the military captain. More – space for the four More children was paid for when their father realised the children were from an affair between his wife and a neighbour. Only one survived past the first winter. Mullins – a shoemaker; brought 250 shoes and 13 pairs of boots on board. Mayflower Crossword 6 1

5 2 7

13 10

14 8 3

15 4 11

16 Mayflower Crossword clues

1 down. The leaky ship that was left behind 2 down. Ocean crossed 3 down. Ruling elder of the separatists 4 down. Settlement in Holland 5 across. Where the piolet steers the ship 6 down. Giles Heale does this job 7 across. Boy born on board the Mayflower 8 across. Pawtuxet Indian who speaks some English 9 across. Governor of the Plymouth colony 10 down. Group who rejected the Church of England 11 down. To leave your country in order to settle in another 12 across. Where the Pilgrims planned to land 13 down. The pilgrims written form of self government 14 across. Small single-sailed boat used for exploring 15 across. Disease caused by inadequate diet that killed many sailors 16 across. State originally inhabited by Native Americans such as the Wampanoag

Mayflower Crossword - answers 6 1 S S U P 9 B R A D F O R D E G 5 S T E E R A G E 2 D 7 O C E A N U S W N T 13 E L M L 10 A

14 S H A L L O P 8 S Q U A N T O Y E T 3 F P I B L A 15 S C U R V Y O 4 R 11 E W L A E W E E T M S R 12 V I R G I N I A T C D S G E O E T R R M N S A P T 16 M A S S A C H U S E T T S C T The Mayflower Matchup

The cards will need to be cut up first. Match the cards up to make a 4 by 4 grid – each side has either an

answer or a question about the Mayflower.

Intended destination

Mayflower Compact

Oceanus

Virginia

Mayflower Agreement by by Agreement

Baby born on theonborn Baby Native American who

Separatist leaders Separatist

Last port in the UK 102 Fell overboard helped colony

Howland John

Plymouth passengers of Number Squanto

Christopher Jones

Elder Elder the of

Separatists

Sep 1620 Sep

Plymouth

Mayflower

Master of the Master

William Brewster William Hired to lead the

Atlantic sail set from they Date Leaky ship Surgeon military

Heale Giles crossed

Speedwell Mayflower forset sail Standish Miles

The ocean they they ocean The Landing point of

Pequot War

Pilgrims

1638

April 1621April

1637

First governor of the Nearly blew up the Rock Plymouth

colony ship Nov 1621 1608

Holland

Fortune the of Arrival Carver John Billington Francis

to emigrate Pilgrims

William William Butten

Cooper

shallop

board

sail boat usedboat sail

for exploring for

barrels on barrels

First pilgrim to dieto pilgrim First

Makes and repairs repairs and Makes Single Wampum

Wampum is a traditional shell bead, used by the Eastern Woodlands people indigenous to North America. One use of wampum was for storytelling; there was no written language, so wampum belts were an important way of keeping and passing down histories.

The two row wampum belt shows how the Haudenosaunee and Dutch agreed to treat each other and live together; the purple rows show how the Dutch will sail their ship one way and the Haudenosaunee canoe in another, side by side but not interfering with the other’s boat.

http://tworowwampum.com/

Use the grid on the following page to create your own belt, only using white and purple colours, to tell the story of an important moment in your life. Wampum

Use the grid to create your own belt, only using white and purple colours, to tell the story of an important moment in your life. Treaty with Massasoit

…made way for the coming of their great Sachem, called Massasoit. Who, about four or five days after, came with the chief of his friends and other attendance, with the aforesaid Squanto. With whom, after friendly entertainment and some gifts given him, they made a peace with him (which hath now continued this 24 years) in these terms: 1. That neither he nor any of his should injure or do hurt to any of their people. 2. That if any of his did hurt to any of theirs, he should send the offender, that they might punish him. 3. That if anything were taken away from any of theirs, he should cause it to be restored; and they should do the like to his. 4. If any did unjustly war against him, they would aid him; if any did war against them, he should aid them. 5. He should send to his neighbors confederates to certify them of this, that they might not wrong them, but might be likewise comprised in the conditions of peace. 6. That when their men came to them, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them.

From Bradford’s Of Plimoth Plantation: https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching- content/excerpts-william-bradfords-plymouth-plantation-text-dependent-questions/

1. Translate the six terms into language that would be appropriate for your peers. 2. Put them into order of importance. 3. Explain why you have picked the most and least important terms. 4. In term four, who could have waged war against either the Pilgrims or the Wampanoag? 5. What does term six infer about the type of relationship they wanted their people to have? 6. Each of the terms has a negative action (hurt, taking, war, weapons); why do you think this is? What does it tell you about how their relationship started? 7. Why do you think it was important for the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag to create a treaty? 8. Do you think the treaty is fair? Why/why not? 9. What other terms would you add to this treaty and why? Seasonal People

The Wampanoag were seasonal people, meaning they would travel between different home sites depending on the season.

In the winter months, they lived in the During the summer, spring and forest and valleys. autumn months, they moved to the coast.

For – the trees provide shelter from… For – the weather provided the right conditions to… Against – limited their supply of food as… Against – the open space meant less shelter from…

In the table above, try to list at least five reasons for and four reasons against moving between sites during the change in seasons. One of each has been started for you, but you will need to expand these first. Growing Crops

The Wampanoag grew corn, beans and squash together, at the same time and in the same place. They understood that, by doing so, they would not harm the soil and yield a bigger crop. They called the crops ‘The Three Sisters’. Why do you think this is? There was a routine for growing the crops together. Put the actions in order: • When corn is hand height, plant beans and squash around each corn base • Caught herring from the river in spring • Corn used as support for growing beans • Growing squash leaves cover the ground, deterring weeds and keeping moisture in the ground during hot months • Herring used to fertilize the ground • Growing beans release nitrogen into the soil, which the corn needs • Corn seeds planted above the herring

Can you think of a recipe that the Wampanoag could have cooked using these ingredients? Growing Crops - answers

1. Caught herring from the river in spring 2. Herring used to fertilize the ground 3. Corn seeds planted above the herring 4. When corn is hand height, plant beans and squash around each corn base 5. Corn used as support for growing beans 6. Growing beans release nitrogen into the soil, which the corn needs 7. Growing squash leaves cover the ground, deterring weeds and keeping moisture in the ground during hot months Wetu

A wetu was a Wampanoag home. Families built wetus along the coast in the warm months. The inland villages consisted of either small, circular wetuash (plural for wetu) or nush wetu (larger wetus with more fires).

Below are the instructions for constructing a wetu but they need to be put in the correct order: 1. When finished, the homes belonged to the women, as a place to protect the children 2. Hole in the roof allowed the smoke from the fire to escape 3. Bark split and used to construct the frame 4. Cattail mats or bark used to cover the homes 5. Saplings gathered in the spring 6. Men peeled the bark off the saplings

1. Draw what you think a wetu would look like. 2. Why do you think the Wampanoag built their homes like this? Think about resources, time, man power, comfort and practicality. 3. What does the building of a wetu infer about the Wampanoag’s ability to understand and live off the land? Think about sustainability, environmental damage and respect. 4. In what ways do you think the Wampanoag’s wetu differs from the homes made by the Pilgrims? Think about the skills the Pilgrims may have had and the tools they brought with them. 5. Draw what you think a Pilgrim house would look like and label the differences. Wetu

Can you put the pictures in the correct order?

Hole in the roof allowed Cattail mats or bark used the smoke from the fire to to cover the homes escape

Saplings gathered in the Men peeled the bark off

spring the saplings

/ home

- tradition

- on

help/building / -

Bark split and used to A finished wetu kids/homework construct the frame -

https://amybeldingbrown.wordpress.com/tag/wetu http://www.plimoth.org/learn/just https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/04/building Wetu - answers

1. Saplings gathered in the spring 2. Men peeled the bark off the saplings 3. Bark split and used to construct the frame 4. Cattail mats or bark used to cover the homes 5. Hole in the roof allowed the smoke from the fire to escape 6. When finished, the homes belonged to the women, as a place to protect the children Pilgrim Homes

The Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in the middle of winter, and were not use to such harsh weather. Many were already exhausted from the long journey. Yet, with no English towns nearby, they would need to build their homes before they could settle in for the remaining winter months. They had brought the necessary tools with them, and would get the materials they needed from the surrounding land. Below are the instructions for constructing a Pilgrim house but they need to be put in the correct order: • The wattle would be covered with daub, a mixture of clay, earth, grass and water • The squared trees would be fitted together to form the frame • Split wood, called clapboards, would be nailed over the frame to create the outside walls • The men cut down trees from the woods • The thatched roofs would be made from grass and reeds, and added in layers to the roof • The inside walls would start with frames of small sticks, called wattle • They men would use axes to trim the trees into square shapes

1. Draw what you think a Pilgrim house would look like. 2. Why do you think the Pilgrims built their homes like this? Think about resources, time and man power. 3. Why do you think practicality and comfort were not as important for the Pilgrims at that time? Think about the Pilgrims’ long term plans and investments. 4. In what ways do you think the Pilgrims’ houses differ from the homes made by the Wampanoag?Think about the skills, tools and understanding about living off the land each group may have had. 5. Draw what you think a Wampanoag house would look like and label the differences. Pilgrim Homes

The men cut down trees from the woods Can you put the pictures in the correct order? The inside walls would start with frames of small sticks, called wattle The squared trees would be fitted together to form the frame They men would trim the trees into square shapes

Split wood, called clapboards, would be nailed The thatched roofs would be over the frame to create the made from grass and reeds, outside walls and added in layers to the roof The wattle would be covered with daub, a mixture of clay, earth, grass and water

http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/framing11.html http://www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework-help/building-home http://www.milaminvirginia.com/Links/HOUSES/colonial_virginia_and_maryland_houses.html http://buildunderstanding.weebly.com/resources.html Pilgrim Homes - answers

1. The men cut down trees from the woods 2. They men would use axes to trim the trees into square shapes 3. The squared trees would be fitted together to form the frame 4. Split wood, called clapboards, would be nailed over the frame to create the outside walls 5. The thatched roofs would be made from grass and reeds, and added in layers to the roof 6. The inside walls would start with frames of small sticks, called wattle 7. The wattle would be covered with daub, a mixture of clay, earth, grass and water

The Virginia Company of London

Use the words on the following page to fill in the blanks.

The Virginia Company was a ______business created on 10th April _____. Between 1609 and _____ the Company ruled the colony of ______. The Company was funded by joint ______who had invested money , giving the Company the resources it needed to start and supply a ______in North America. The stockholders would then get a ______of any income the colony made. They hoped to find new materials such as _____. The Company was managed by a ______and all matters were decided upon by ______officers. Although each colony in America was to be ______by a council in London on a day-to-day basis, the council was ______to the ______. King ______had granted the Virginia Company a royal charter for ______in 1606. The Virginia Company of London were able to create colonies between ______degrees north latitude on the Eastern coast. And the Virginia Company of ______were able to settle 38 and 45 degrees north latitude. In the intersecting area, colonies could not be inside _____ miles of each other. Between 1601 and 1609 ______stockholders had little say on what happened in Virginia. However, in 1609, a charter was created which changed the Company to a ______and allowed it to sell ______to the ______. In 1612, a second ______gave the Company more power. It now worked on the joint running of land and ______from English taxes. This meant better ______for stockholders. In 1619, the Company implemented its Orders and Constitutions, which made sure their work was ______. They began letting private ______and encouraged ______to support to the production of trade goods. But one deputy governor ______the company for his own profit. Other issues, such as the growing ______rate in the settlements, failing trades, and the Indian Massacre of 1622, meant the Company was no longer ______. On the 17th April 1623, the head of the committee, ______, had to justify the Virginia Company to the ______. Finding the settlements in America to be vulnerable and unprepared, the Company was declared ______on 24th May 1624. Virginia became a royal colony, but retained the right to ______. The Virginia Company of London

Use the words to fill in the blanks.

1606 Virginia Colony Elected King Privy council 34 and 41 Corporation Rewards Death Self govern Legal Commercial Gold James I 100 Immunity Settlements Public 1624 Share Treasurer Emigration Charter Exploited Colonial venture Stockholders Secondary Governed Lord Cavendish Plymouth Stock Private Profitable Bankrupt

The Virginia Company of London - answers

The Virginia Company was a (commercial) business created on 10th April (1606). Between 1609 and (1624) the Company ruled the colony of (Virginia). The Company was funded by joint (stockholders) who had invested money , giving the Company the resources it needed to start and supply a (colony) in North America. The stockholders would then get a (share) of any income the colony made. They hoped to find new materials such as (gold). The Company was managed by a (treasurer) and all matters were decided upon by (elected) officers. Although each colony in America was to be (governed) by a council in London on a day-to-day basis, the council was (secondary) to the (king). King (James I) had granted the Virginia Company a royal charter for (colonial venture) in 1606. The Virginia Company of London were able to create colonies between (34 and 41) degrees north latitude on the Eastern coast. And the Virginia Company of (Plymouth) were able to settle 38 and 45 degrees north latitude. In the intersecting area, colonies could not be inside (100) miles of each other. Between 1601 and 1609 (private) stockholders had little say on what happened in Virginia. However, in 1609, a charter was created which changed the Company to a (corporation) and allowed it to sell (stock) to the (public). In 1612, a second (charter) gave the Company more power. It now worked on the joint running of land and (immunity) from English taxes. This meant better (rewards) for stockholders. In 1619, the Company implemented its Orders and Constitutions, which made sure their work was (legal). They began letting private (settlements) and encouraged (emigration) to support to the production of trade goods. But one deputy governor (exploited) the company for his own profit. Other issues, such as the growing (death) rate in the settlements, failing trades, and the Indian Massacre of 1622, meant the Company was no longer (profitable). On the 17th April 1623, the head of the committee, (Lord Cavendish), had to justify the Virginia Company to the (Privy Council). Finding the settlements in America to be vulnerable and unprepared, the Company was declared (bankrupt) on 24th May 1624. Virginia became a royal colony, but retained the right to (self-govern). The Virginia Company

England was a poor country by the end of the 1500s. Queen Elizabeth I was willing to send explorers to found colonies but unwilling to risk money on it. The Virginia Company allowed these explorations to happen without that risk.

Wealthy men would buy a share in the company

Colony Capital returned a money used profit to to build repay colonies investors

What should the final box read? Think about what the wealthy men would need in order to justify continual investment.

The Virginia Company sent the explorations out with instructions to maximise their success and to make sure that any news that came back was positive. What instructions would you send out with the ship? Think about any thing that may go wrong when forming a new colony that may put off investors.

The Virginia Company - answers

Others could see the return profit Wealthy men and wealth from would buy a America, and wanted to be part share in the of it. company

Colony Capital returned a money used profit to to build repay colonies investors Jamestown Instructions

INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY WAY OF ADVICE by us whom it has pleased the King's Majesty to appoint of the Counsel for the intended voyage to Virginia, to be observed by those Captains and company which are sent at this present to plant there. …Above all things, do not advertise the killing of your men, that the country people may know it; if they perceive that they are but common men, and that with the loss of many of theirs they diminish any part of yours, they will make many adventures upon you. If the country be populous, you shall do well also, not to let them see or know if your sick men, if you have any; which may also encourage them to make many enterprises.

http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/settlement/text4/JamestownInstructions.pdf

Above is an extract from the instructions given by the Virginia Company of London to the Captain and company of those sailing to Jamestown in 1607.

1. What is it that the Virginia Company is asking the captain to do when ‘not advertise the killing of your men’? 2. What do you think the Virginia Company means by ‘make many adventures upon you’? 3. What difference could it make if ‘the country be populous’? 4. Why should they make sure ‘not to let them see or know if your sick men’? 5. What does the Virginia Company believe might happen if the Native people see the sick and dead Englishmen? 6. What does this tell you about the views of the Virginia Company? 7. What does this imply about the views held of the Native American people? 8. What might be the long term implications of violence between the Native Americans and English? Think about the impression given to the wealthy investors and the ability to make profit. Captivity Narrative

Mary Rowlandson was held captive for 11 weeks and 5 days by Native Americans during King Philip’s war. After her release, Mary wrote A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. Throughout, she has unquestionable faith in God’s will, but notices:

But before I go any further, I would take leave to mention a few remarkable passages of providence, which I took special notice of in my afflicted time… 3. Which also I have hinted before, when the English army with new supplies were sent forth to pursue after the enemy, and they understanding it, fled before them till they came to Banquang river, where they forthwith went over safely; that that river should be impassable to the English. I can but admire to see the wonderful providence of God in preserving the heathen for further affliction to our poor country. They could go in great numbers over, but the English must stop. God had an over-ruling hand in all those things. 4. It was thought, if their corn were cut down, they would starve and die with hunger, and all their corn that could be found, was destroyed, and they driven from that little they had in store, into the woods in the midst of winter; and yet how to admiration did the Lord preserve them for His holy ends, and the destruction of many still amongst the English! strangely did the Lord provide for them; that I did not see (all the time I was among them) one man, woman, or child, die with hunger. The Twentieth Remove: https://csivc.csi.cuny.edu/history/files/lavender/rownarr.html

1. In her third point, what is it that Mary’s captors, ‘the heathen[s]’, can do that the English cannot? 2. How does she explain this? 3. In her fourth point, what does Mary say the English had done to the corn and why? 4. Who does Mary believe stopped this from happening? 5. What does this infer about the abilities of the Native American’s that captured Mary? 6. How do you think Mary viewed her captors? 7. Why do you think Mary chose to write about the skills and survival of the Native Americans? 8. How does Mary justify what happened to her and what does this tell you about her character? 9. How do you think her experience affected her faith? John Quincy Adams

During a speech in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1802, John Quincy Adams summed up the importance of the Mayflower Compact and why it came to be: “That is [the Mayflower Compact], perhaps, the only instance in human history of that positive, original social compact, which speculative philosophers have imagined as the only legitimate source of government. Here was a unanimous and personal assent, by all the individuals of the community, to the association by which they became a nation. It was the result of circumstances and discussions which had occurred during their passage from Europe, and is a full demonstration that the nature of civil government, abstracted from the political institutions of their native country, had been an object of their serious meditation. ” http://historyofmassachusetts.org/the-mayflower-compact/

1. What do you think was the importance of the compact? 2. Do you think that Adams is over or under playing the role of the Mayflower compact? Why/why not? 3. Why do you think you might need a document containing your agreement before becoming a nation? 4. Why does he call it a ‘social compact’? What does this infer about the nature of the relationship between those who wrote it? 5. What does Adams mean by the ‘nature of civil government’ having ‘been an object of their serious meditation’? 6. Why might a governing document be so important to the Pilgrims? Think about the skills and intentions of those within that group. 7. What do you think is Adams’ concept of community? Look at his lack of reference to the Native community. 8. Adams implies that the need to govern is a natural, innate instinct. Discuss.