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Enslavement in the Personal Narrative of Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

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Enslavement in the Personal Narrative of Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ BATI D İLLER İ VE EDEB İYATLARI ANAB İLİM DALI AMER İKAN KÜLTÜRÜ VE EDEB İYATI PROGRAMI YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ ENSLAVEMENT IN THE PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HARRIET JACOBS: INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL Yeliz İKİS Danı şman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Füsun ÇOBAN DÖ ŞKAYA 2008 Yemin Metni Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sundu ğum “Enslavement in the Personal Narrative of Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ” adlı çalı şmanın, tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı dü şecek bir yardıma ba şvurmaksızın yazıldı ğını ve yararlandı ğım eserlerin kaynakçada gösterilenlerden olu ştu ğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmı ş oldu ğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla do ğrularım. Tarih .../..../....... Yeliz İKİS İmza ii YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ SINAV TUTANA ĞI Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı : Yeliz İKİS Anabilim Dalı : Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Programı : Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı Tez Konusu : Enslavement in the Personal Narrative of Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Sınav Tarihi ve Saati : Yukarıda kimlik bilgileri belirtilen ö ğrenci Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nün …………………….. tarih ve ………. sayılı toplantısında olu şturulan jürimiz tarafından Lisansüstü Yönetmeli ği’nin 18. maddesi gere ğince yüksek lisans tez sınavına alınmı ştır. Adayın ki şisel çalı şmaya dayanan tezini ………. dakikalık süre içinde savunmasından sonra jüri üyelerince gerek tez konusu gerekse tezin dayana ğı olan Anabilim dallarından sorulan sorulara verdi ği cevaplar de ğerlendirilerek tezin, BA ŞARILI OLDU ĞUNA Ο OY B İRL İĞİ Ο DÜZELT İLMES İNE Ο* OY ÇOKLU ĞU Ο REDD İNE Ο** ile karar verilmi ştir. Jüri te şkil edilmedi ği için sınav yapılamamı ştır. Ο*** Öğrenci sınava gelmemi ştir. Ο** * Bu halde adaya 3 ay süre verilir. ** Bu halde adayın kaydı silinir. *** Bu halde sınav için yeni bir tarih belirlenir. Evet Tez burs, ödül veya te şvik programlarına (Tüba, Fulbright vb.) aday olabilir. Ο Tez mevcut hali ile basılabilir. Ο Tez gözden geçirildikten sonra basılabilir. Ο Tezin basımı gereklili ği yoktur. Ο JÜR İ ÜYELER İ İMZA …………………………… □ Başarılı □ Düzeltme □ Red ……………... ………………………………□ Ba şarılı □ Düzeltme □Red ……….......... …………………………...… □ Ba şarılı □ Düzeltme □ Red ……….…… iii ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Harriet Jacobs’un Bir Köle Kızın Ya şamındaki Olaylar Adlı Ki şisel Anlatımında Kölelik Kavramı Yeliz İKİS Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Ana Bilim Dalı Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı Programı Otobiyografi yirminci yüzyıldan itibaren edebi bir tür olarak bütün dünya edebiyatında ve Amerikan edebiyatında dikkat çekici hale gelmi ştir. Ancak Amerikan tarihindeki kölelik dönemine ait, bir zamanlar köle olarak hizmet etmi ş zenciler tarafından yazılan köle hikâyeleri ayrı bir önem arz etmi ştir. Özellikle kadın ve erkek otobiyografileri kadar kadın ve erkek köle hikâyeleri arasındaki farklar on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan itibaren bir çalı şma alanı olu şturmu ştur. Bu çalı şmanın amacı, Jacobs’un özgürlük mücadelesini anlattı ğı Bir Köle Kızın Ya şamındaki Olaylar ’ı, onsekiz ve ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Amerikan yazını içerisinde otobiyografik bir tür olan köle hikâyeleri açısından ele almaktır. Bu esnada, otobiyografi ve köle hikâyelerinin karakteristik özellikleri ve tarihi geli şimi gözlemlenecek ve Jacobs’un tarihi gerçeklerle zenginle ştirilmi ş ki şisel anlatımının edebi ve kültürel sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Jacobs erkek egemen sitem içerisinde okuryazarlı ğını kullanarak kaderinden kaçı ş yollarını aramı ş ve bulmu ştur. Aynı zamanda ardında tarihi bir doküman bırakmı ştır. Bu çalı şmanın amacı otobiyografinin ve köle hikâyelerinin nasıl tarihe ı şık tutan bir araç oldu ğu ve kadın açısından kölelili ğin anlamının sunulmasıdır. Bir Köle Kızın Ya şamındaki Olaylar ’da tarihsel uygunlu ğa dayanarak, belirli bir periyoda dair, birinci elden anlatımlara ula şılabilir. Jacobs’un anlatımı, kölelerin tecrübe ettikleri, aynı zamanda, Amerikan tarihinde de büyük önem ta şıyan bazı önemli olaylara örnek te şkil eder. Böylece bu yazım sayesinde hem bir tarihe tanıklık etmi ş, hem de bir hayatı incelemi ş oluruz. Bir Köle Kızın Ya şamındaki Olaylar , bir kadın duygusallı ğıyla hayatın acımasız gerçeklerini sunar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Köle hikayeleri , Harriet Jacobs, tutsaklık, kadın köle hikayeleri, kölelik iv ABSTRACT Master Thesis Enslavement in the Personal Narrative of Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Yeliz İKİS Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Social Sciences Department of Western Languages and Literatures American Culture and Literature Program Autobiography has been a remarkable literary term in world and American literature especially starting in the twentieth century. Hence, slave narratives written by ex-slaves who gave service during the slavery times in America carried a special importance. Especially differences between the male and female slave narratives as much as the differences between male and female autobiographies became a unique study field. The aim of this study is to consider Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl in terms of slave narratives which are autobiographical writings in the eighteenth and nineteenth American literature. While doing this, characteristics and historical developments of autobiography and slave narratives are going to be observed and the cultural and literary results of personal narrative of Jacobs enriched with historical truths are going to be evaluated. In a male dominant system, Jacobs tried to find ways to escape from her destiny and she did. Additionally, she left a historically valuable piece of writing. The aim of this study is to show autobiography and slave narratives can be tools enlightening the history and the meaning of slavery in the eyes of a woman. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl we can get first hand information told accordingly to historical truths of a certain period. The narration of Jacobs is a sample for events that carries vital importance in American history experienced by the slaves. So through this writing we can witness a history and observe a life. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl represents the harsh realities of life by a sensitivity of a woman. Anahtar Kelimeler: Köle hikayeleri , Harriet Jacobs, tutsaklık, kadın köle hikayeleri, kölelik v ENSLAVEMENT IN THE PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HARRIET JACOBS: INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL YEM İN METN İ ii TUTANAK iii ÖZET iv ABSTRACT v CONTENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE SUBJECT OF RACE: RACISM AND SLAVERY IN THE USA 8 1.1. LEADING A “BLACK LIFE” IN THE USA 9 1.1.1. Wars, struggles, historical truths in path of survival 11 1.1.2. Pre-civil War Period and Slave Holders 17 1.2. SLAVERY AND THE US CONSTITUTION 19 1.2.1. Life as Free Black vs. Slave Life; How It Feels to Be Free but “Colored” 21 1.2.2. Women of the North 26 1.2.3. Slavery on Women 29 CHAPTER TWO AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRITING 33 2.1. AFRICAN AMERICAN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 34 2.1.1 Slave Narratives as an Autobiographical Genre 36 2.2. SLAVE NARRATIVE TRADITION IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE 40 2.2.1. Female Slave narratives vs. Male Slave Narrative 72 vi CHAPTER THREE FACTS IN INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL 76 3.1. OVERVIEW 79 3.2. INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL AS A SLAVE NARRATION 82 3.2.1. Life on the farm 84 3.2.2. Master-slave relations; slave communal life 86 3.2.3. An Escape Story 95 CHAPTER FOUR BEING A WOMAN BESIDES BEING A SLAVE 99 4.1. ABUSE OF SLAVERY FOR THE PERSONAL IDENTITY AS A COLORED WOMAN 100 4.1.1. Sexual abuses of slavery 101 4.1.2. Physical abuses of slavery 103 4.2. HARRIET JACOBS; A SLAVE MOTHER 114 4.2.1. Standing against slavery 118 4.3. A WOMAN STANDING AGAINST THE NORMS OF WHITE RULING CLASS 120 4.3.1. Escape from slavery and life as a free ex-slave 126 CONCLUSION 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY 138 vii INTRODUCTION Autobiography is commonly defined as “the biography of a person narrated by that person”, or “the story of a person’s life as told by him or herself”. Within this definition it is possible to trace the origin of the genre to post-Homeric Greece and works by Hesiod, Empedocles, Plato and Isocrates; and then see it being developed in the Roman world in Ovid’s autobiographical poems, Cicero’s Brutus and St Augustine’s Confessions . The English word “autobiography”, however, is first coined in the late eighteenth century when the genre begins to flourish in Europe and North America, notably in Rousseau´s Confessions (1782), Benjamin Franklin’s Autiobiography (1784), Casanova’s Histoire de ma fuite des prisons de Venise (1788) and Gibbon’s Memoirs (1796). Its flourishing at this time is generally seen as consistent with the birth of the Romantic fascination with the complex individual soul and the interaction of nature with social experiences. In the twentieth century, the possibilities of the genre have been greatly enlarged, Gertrude Stein’s The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933) being structured as the life story of her friend and personal secretary Alice B. Toklas, and Sartre’s Les mots , written when he was already sixty years old, relating only the first twelve years of the author’s life (Linda, 2001: 25). Such generic expansion leads us to question if it is valuable, what “autobiography” is, what it is for, and what its methods should be – anything beyond describing it a “self-life-writing”. Autobiographers can discuss whatever they wish, and include anything from human geography to reproach; they can give direction to their books as a litany, a confession , an apology, a cathartic act, a collection of anecdotes or gossip, or even into a space to wash dirty laundry. Similarly they can decide where to begin or end and the subject’s name may not necessarily correspond to the author’s. This study concentrates on autobiography as a theory, slave narratives and female slave narratives and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl .
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