DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS OF DELAWARE AND MARYLAND'S EASTERN SHORE Carole C. Marks, Editor Copyright A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore Edited by Carole C. Marks Copyright 1996 The Christian Council of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore and the University of Delaware Black American Studies Department. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. A Delaware Heritage Press Book Second Edition Published under the Auspices of the Delaware Heritage Commission November 1998 ISBN: 0-924117-12-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-74339 The Delaware Heritage Commission Carvel State Office Building 820 North French Street Wilmington, DE 19801 PREFACE You hold in your hands an important book—a document that restores an important but little-known part of our American heritage. Within these pages are stories of bravery, determination, principle and struggle, and we al benefit from the effort that brings to light valuable information on the history of African Americans in our region. This book shares the truths of a group of Americans, truths that have only recently found their way into our history books. The individuals whose lives and contributions are chronicled here have surely helped shape our country— both in slavery and in freedom. All of us owe a debt of thanks to the Christian Council of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore and The Speer Trust Commission of New Castle Presbytery for their determination to celebrate the contributions of persons of color and for its decision and commitment to publishing this book. Dr. Carole Marks has ably assembled this book. The Director of the University of Delaware Black American Studies Program since 1994, she has brought to the task a personal commitment and a reputation as a respected scholar. Dr. Marks has written several articles and made presentations on the topic of the black underclass and the work of black women, and she is the author of a book, Farewell, We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Certainly, her participation ensured the fine range of contributors who are featured in this book, several of whom are members of the University of Delaware faculty and staff. Our thanks are due to al the participating scholars for enlightening us with their chapters. My advice to you is, "Take this book, read, and learn." We cannot hope to change the future until we have an appreciation for what came before us. This book is an important aid in what is certainly the chief struggle facing our nation "learning to live together, to" as the Greek philosopher Aeschylus so eloquently said "make gentle the life of this world." I recall the words of the late Robert F. Kennedy, who was asked to talk after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He said, "We can, perhaps, remember, if only for a time, that those who live with us are our brothers, that they share with us the same short moment of life, that they seek, as do we, nothing but the chance to live out their lives in purpose and in happiness, winning what satisfaction and fulfillment they can. Surely this bond of common faith, this bond of common goal, can begin to teach us something." A History of African Americans in Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore eloquently captures the spirit of this bond of common faith and common goal and it certainly teaches us something, something very important indeed. David P. Roselle President University of Delaware INTRODUCTION "Delaware like Gaul is divided into three parts, counties, if you will, or as wits have it, two counties at high tide, and three at low." Alice Dunbar-Nelson "An old and rich country, Maryland -fit for kings, and slaves-the lush riches of the country had been owned by the most regal wealth and worked by a subject people." Earl Conrad In January 1994, my phone rang. The pleasant, voice belonged to Beth Doty of the Christian Council of Delaware and the Eastern Shore. She asked if the Black American Studies program at the University of Delaware could write a history of African Americans in the region to be used in local schools and churches. My first response was that this must already have been done. I checked. It had not, and so this project was born. Our intent is to reveal the long neglected and ignored history of a people who fought against incredible odds merely to be left alone to live, work, and raise their families. Many heroic lives are portrayed in this volume. And questions are raised about what might have been if these struggles were directed against poverty, disease, and ignorance instead of discrimination. Delaware Alice Dunbar-Nelson, wife of black poet laureate Paul Lawrence Dunbar gives us an interesting point to begin looking at Delaware. In the fall of 1924, she published an article in the journal, Messenger, about Delaware for a series called, "These Colored United States." The article, "Delaware-A Jewel of Inconsistencies," was remarkably flattering. "The Negro in Delaware," wrote Dunbar-Nelson, "believes in his diamond state, and loves it, prospers when it prospers, sorrows when it is sad, and is loyal to a degree that is fine." In fact, Dunbar-Nelson found it "irritating" that the black population was so loyal. She had a point. The Delaware that Dunbar-Nelson described in 1924 hardly invited such loyalty. Wilmington, for example, had a population of 110,000 with 11,000 blacks. However, no black policemen, firemen or lawyers lived in the city. "Delaware is the only state in the Union," Dunbar- Nelson wrote, "where a colored man may not practice law. There is no law against it, merely custom and maneuver." While there were no separate street or railway cars or waiting rooms, Dunbar-Nelson observed, "restaurants and soda foundations, except in rare instances, will not serve Negroes," and theaters will admit them only occasionally to the gallery. She concluded, "Delaware is a state of anomalies, of political and social contradictions. Still, there are few states where the relations between the races are more amicable." She supports this claim by suggesting there is, "never a public movement of any sort that does not have on its committee the names of one or more Negro citizens of good standing, and colored men and women are always consulted in all matters of public interest." Delaware's mixed roots explain some of the anomaly. Balanced between the North and the South, it had a well-defined system of segregation and discrimination but one without extreme expression of race prejudice. There was, according to Dunbar- Nelson, only one lynching, for example. "Delaware is located on the periphery of the Old South, and that fact is central to understanding the state's past. Even today the southern mystique continues to cast a spell over the culture and thought patterns of many of its residents," wrote Bill Williams in the introduction to his recent study, Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639-1865. In over 300 years of residency, blacks have established themselves as a vital and integral part of the state. Black labor- both slave and free-was essential to its economic development. But, dependence on black labor was itself problematic. Coercive labor laws discussed by both Dalleo and Amuti (in this volume) suggest some of the tensions within this relationship. The need to maintain the labor force, Williams suggests, "was balanced by the growing white fear of what was proportionally at least, the largest free African American population in the United States." Politically, with a voting strength of over 13,000, Dunbar- Nelson argued that blacks were able to exercise something of a balance of power-to represent the deciding factor in a close election. In the elections of 1922, she points out the black electorate "punished" Caleb Layton, a Republican who had voted against the Dyer anti-lynching bill and helped return Democratic Senator Bayard, a Democratic Congressman and elected a Democratic majority in the General Assembly. "They had not originally intended to do as much," she contended, "but the insistence of Republican leaders that the Negro did not know how to scratch (split) the ticket so angered Negroes that they did not scratch the ballot but voted solidly Democratic." Suffrage worker Florence Bayard Hilles, daughter of Thomas Bayard and sister of the Senator, added more irony to the situation when she observed, "The Democratic party was afraid to give the colored women the vote for fear of simply doubling the Republican vote, and the first time the party has been in power for a generation it was swept in by these same colored women, who rose in their righteous wrath against the traditions of their men." Blacks were not only important to the state's economic and political development, but to its folklore and mythology as well. Dunbar-Nelson speaks of a huge black man, for example, "who suddenly appeared, no one knew from where, at the Battle of the Brandywine, a battle that was going badly for the American troops." This "Black Sampson," as she calls him, "nonchalantly went through the British lines, mowing down the redcoats as if they were so much wheat." According to the legend, his courage won the battle. His story found a place in the hearts of the black school children of her day. Black Delawareans, serving as the conscience of the state, were also active participants in struggles to eradicate injustice and bigotry.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS)
    Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., South • Dover, DE 19901 • Phone: 302-739-3090 • Fax: 302-739-5661 All sections related to your project must be completed. Incomplete applications could lead to delays in scheduling your review. If you need assistance or clarification, please call the State Planning Office at (302) 739-3090. REQUESTED REVIEW: Check one Comprehensive Plan Pre-Update Review Complete Sections 1 and 3 only Comprehensive Plan or Update Complete Sections 1 and 3 only Comprehensive Plan Amendment Complete Sections 1 and 2 only Municipal Ordinance Review Complete Sections 1 and 2 only Date of most recently certified comprehensive plan: Link to most recently certified comprehensive plan, if available: If a link to the plan is not available, you must submit a copy of your plan with this application for a Pre-Update Review or a Comprehensive Plan Amendment. State of Delaware, Office of State Planning Coordination Effective: March 1, 2018 Page 1 Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., South • Dover, DE 19901 • Phone: 302-739-3090 • Fax: 302-739-5661 SECTION 1: MUNICIPAL INFORMATION Name of Municipality: Address: Contact Person: Phone Number: Fax Number: E-mail Address: Application prepared by: Address: Contact Person: Phone Number: Fax Number: E-mail Address: State of Delaware, Office of State Planning Coordination Effective: March 1, 2018 Page 2 Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) Application Pre-Update Review Request Municipal Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Plan Amendments Municipal Ordinances Delaware Office of State Planning Coordination 122 Martin Luther King Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Douglas Johnson and Eulalie Spence As Figures Who Fostered Community in the Midst of Debate
    Art versus Propaganda?: Georgia Douglas Johnson and Eulalie Spence as Figures who Fostered Community in the Midst of Debate Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Caroline Roberta Hill, B.A. Graduate Program in Theatre The Ohio State University 2019 Thesis Committee: Jennifer Schlueter, Adviser Beth Kattelman Copyright by Caroline Roberta Hill 2019 Abstract The Harlem Renaissance and New Negro Movement is a well-documented period in which artistic output by the black community in Harlem, New York, and beyond, surged. On the heels of Reconstruction, a generation of black artists and intellectuals—often the first in their families born after the thirteenth amendment—spearheaded the movement. Using art as a means by which to comprehend and to reclaim aspects of their identity which had been stolen during the Middle Passage, these artists were also living in a time marked by the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan and segregation. It stands to reason, then, that the work that has survived from this period is often rife with political and personal motivations. Male figureheads of the movement are often remembered for their divisive debate as to whether or not black art should be politically charged. The public debates between men like W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke often overshadow the actual artistic outputs, many of which are relegated to relative obscurity. Black female artists in particular are overshadowed by their male peers despite their significant interventions. Two pioneers of this period, Georgia Douglas Johnson (1880-1966) and Eulalie Spence (1894-1981), will be the subject of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Freeborn Garrettson and African Methodism
    Methodist History, 37: 1 (October 1998) BLACK AND WHITE AND GRAY ALL OVER: FREEBORN GARRETTSON AND AFRICAN METHODISM IAN B. STRAKER Historians, in describing the separation of Africans from the Methodist Episcopal Church at the tum of the 19th century, have defined that separation by the possible reasons for its occurrence rather than the context within which it occurred.' Although all historians acknowledge, to some degree, that racial discrimination led to separate houses of worship for congregants of African descent, few have probed the ambivalence of that separation as a source of perspective on both its cause and degree; few have both blamed and credited the stolid ambiguity of Methodist racial interaction for that separation. Instead, some historians have emphasized African nationalism as a rea­ son for the departure of Africans from the Methodist Episcopal Church, cit­ ing the human dignity and self-respect Africans saw in the autonomy of sep­ arate denominations. Indeed, faced with segregated seating policies and with the denial of both conference voting rights and full ordination, Africans struck out on their own to prove that they were as capable as whites of fully con­ ducting their own religious lives. Other historians have placed the cause for the separation within the more benign realm of misunderstandings by the Africans about denominational polity, especially concerning the rights of local congregations to own and control church property. The accuracy of each point of view notwithstanding, black hnd white racial interaction in early Methodism is the defining context with which those points of view must be reconciled. Surely, a strident nationalism on the part of Africans would have required a renunciation, or even denunciation, of white Methodists and "their" church, which is simply not evident in the sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Bishop Matthews Hosts Pan Methodist Gathering
    Volume 6 Number 4 May 2005 Bishop Matthews hosts Pan Methodist gathering Bishop Marcus Matthews con- vened a gathering of the Pan Methodist Bishops from the Phila- delphia area Tuesday, April 5th. Discussion focused on how the “Because of “Methodist Family” can collabo- Winn Dixie” rate to raise the visibility and witness of Methodists in the movie review Philadelphia area. Further discus- Page 3 sion included partnering with denominational seminaries to set- up satellite campuses in Philadel- phia, exploring ways to stabilize church communities, challenging federal and state leaders and legis- Connection lators to vote against the pro- giving insert posed Medicaid cuts, sponsoring Page 5 annual Pan Methodist seminars and worship services with the Bishops preaching. A long range planning commit- tee will be established to develop further plans and events includ- ing contacting other Bishops in Those in attendance included (left to right) Presiding Elder John Gee representing Bishop Charles L. Helton, 7th District of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop Richard F. Norris, Sr., First Annual Conference the Pan Methodist Family. District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishop Marcus Matthews, and Rev. Ralph E. Blanks, Central District Superintendent Designee representing the Cabinet of the Eastern Pennsylvania supplement Conference. Page AC-1 Gala to Bringing shalom to communities around celebrate old INDEX Delaware CALENDAR............ 2 the globe APPOINTMENTS.... 3 Conference THE NATION ......... 4 By Suzy Keenan Rev. Dr. Patricia Bryant Harris THE WORLD ......... 13 In the Eastern Pennsylvania The Delaware Conference — CLASSIFIEDS ........ 16 Conference, four communities a source of pride, an era of have chosen to create “Shalom shame.
    [Show full text]
  • Delaware County: Community Health Assessment and Improvement Plan and Community Service Plans
    2016- 2018 Delaware County: Community Health Needs Assessment and Improvement Plan and Community Service Plans This page was intentionally left blank. 1 | P a g e Delaware County 2016-2018 Community Health Needs Assessment and Improvement Plan and Community Service Plans Local Health Department: Delaware County Public Health Amanda Walsh, MPH, Public Health Director 99 Main Street, Delhi, NY 13856 607-832-5200 [email protected] Heather Warner, Health Education Coordinator 99 Main Street, Delhi, NY 13856 607-832-5200 [email protected] Hospitals: UHS Delaware Valley Hospital Dotti Kruppo, Community Relations Director 1 Titus Place Walton, NY 13856 607-865-2409 [email protected] Margaretville Hospital Laurie Mozian, Community Health Coordinator 42084 NY Route 28, Margaretville, NY 12455 845-338-2500 [email protected] Mark Pohar, Executive Director 42084 NY Route 28, Margaretville, NY 12455 845-586-2631 [email protected] O’Connor Hospital Amy Beveridge, Director of Operational Support 460 Andes Road, Delhi, NY 13753 607-746-0331 [email protected] Tri-Town Regional Hospital Amy Beveridge, Director of Operational Support 43 Pearl Street W., Sidney, NY 13838 607-746-0331 [email protected] Community Health Assessment update completed with the assistance of the HealthlinkNY Community Network, the regional Population Health Improvement Program (PHIP) in the Southern Tier. Support provided by Emily Hotchkiss and Mary Maruscak. 2 | P a g e 2016-2018 Community Health Needs Assessment and Improvement Plan for Delaware County Table of Contents Executive Summary 4-7 Acknowledgements 8 Introduction 8-9 Mission 8 Vision 8 Core Values 8 Background and Purpose 9 Community Health Assessment Update 9-82 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Montgomery County (An Employer of One Employee Is Subject to the County Minimum Wage Law After 7/1/19.)
    Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County (An employer of one employee is subject to the County minimum wage law after 7/1/19.) Montgomery (Chapter 27, Article XI, Montgomery County Code ) Minimum Wage County Most employees must be paid the Montgomery Co. Minimum Wage Rate. Employees age 18 Minimum Wage Rates and under working under 20 hours per week are exempt from this rate. Tipped Employees (earning more than $30 per month in tips) must earn the Montgomery Co. Large Employers with 51 Minimum Wage Rate per hour. Employers must pay at least $4.00 per hour. This amount or more employees: plus tips must equal at least the Montgomery Co. Minimum Wage Rate. Subject to the adoption of related regulations, restaurant employers who utilize a tip credit are required to $14.00 provide employees with a written or electronic wage statement for each pay period showing After 7/1/20 the employee’s effective hourly rate of pay including employer paid cash wages plus tips for tip credit hours worked for each workweek of the pay period. Additional information and $15.00 updates will be posted on the Maryland Department of Labor website. After 7/1/21 Employees under 18 years of age must earn at least 85% of the State Minimum Wage Rate $15.00+CPI-W1 After 7/1/22 Overtime Most employees must be paid 1.5 times their usual hourly rate for all work over 40 hrs. per Mid-sized Employers with week. Exceptions: 11 to 50 employees Employees of bowling establishments, and institutions providing on-premise care (other than hospitals) to the sick, the aged, or individuals with disabilities for all work over 48 $13.25 hrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mack Studies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 472 SO 024 893 AUTHOR Botsch, Carol Sears; And Others TITLE African-Americans and the Palmetto State. INSTITUTION South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 246p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Black Culture; *Black History; Blacks; *Mack Studies; Cultural Context; Ethnic Studies; Grade 8; Junior High Schools; Local History; Resource Materials; Social Environment' *Social History; Social Studies; State Curriculum Guides; State Government; *State History IDENTIFIERS *African Americans; South Carolina ABSTRACT This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in black history produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina history as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural, political, and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. Teachers and students studying the history of the state are provided information about a part of the citizenry that has been excluded historically. The book can also be used as a resource for Social Studies, English and Elementary Education. The volume's contents include:(1) "Passage";(2) "The Creation of Early South Carolina"; (3) "Resistance to Enslavement";(4) "Free African-Americans in Early South Carolina";(5) "Early African-American Arts";(6) "The Civil War";(7) "Reconstruction"; (8) "Life After Reconstruction";(9) "Religion"; (10) "Literature"; (11) "Music, Dance and the Performing Arts";(12) "Visual Arts and Crafts";(13) "Military Service";(14) "Civil Rights"; (15) "African-Americans and South Carolina Today"; and (16) "Conclusion: What is South Carolina?" Appendices contain lists of African-American state senators and congressmen.
    [Show full text]
  • Sussex County
    501 ALLOWANCES AND APPROPRIATIONS. Dolls. Ct,. Amount brought forward, 3,3137 58 To Lowder T. Layton, for damages on new road, 15 00 Albert Webster, do do 05 Appropriation for opening and making said road, 20 00 William K. Lockwood, commissioner on road, 2 days, 2 00 Albert Webster, do 3 3 00 T. L. Davis, do 3 3 00 George Jones, do 2 2 00 William Nickerson, do 2 2 00 Alexander Johnson, surveyor, 7 00 John Cox, for damages on road, 50 00 William Slay, do 06 David Marvel, do 06 Martha Day, do 06 Appropriation to open and make said road, 150 00 $3,642 31 March Session. Thomas S. Buckmaster, for overwork under a resolu- tion, 3 89 Isaac L. Crouch, for work on jail, 87 Joshua Nickerson, for work on a bridge, 2 08 S. C. Leatherberry, cryer of the courts, 20 62 Joab Fox, for work on a bridge, 9 87 James Jones, assessor for Duck Creek hundred, 29 38 Nathan Soward, Little Creek " 25 56 William Slaughter, Dover, " 27 56 John Sherwood, Murderkill, " 34 02 John Quillen, Milford, " 26 46 Henry W. Harrington, Mispillion, " 27 00 Dr. Isaac Jump, for medicine for prisoners in jail, 4 50 William Hirons, commissioner on road, 1 00 Thomas Stevenson, justice peace, for fees, 15 35 Alexander J. Taylor, late sheriff, board of prisoners and fees, 352 51 James B. Richardson, coroner, for fees, 17 23 John P. Coombe, justice of the peace, for fees, I 00 George Smith, commissioner oo new road, 1 00 Joho Ha wk ins, for excess of tax, for the years 1848-9, 12 98 John Sherwood, for services dividing school districts, I 00 Am,unt carried forward, $4,356 19 502 ALLOWANCES AND APPROPRIATIONS.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Order Number 38
    ARUNDEL CENTER P.O. BOX 2700 -ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 21404 Phone: 410-222-1821 -Fax: 410-222-1155 www.aacounty.org STEUART PITTMAN ; County Executive EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBER 38 RESTATING AND CLARIFYING CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS AND PROVIDING CAPACITY LIMITS FOR FELLOWSHIP ADDICTION RECOVERY MEETINGS WHEREAS, a state of emergency and catastrophic health emergency was proclaimed by Lawrence J. Hogan, the Governor of the State of Maryland, on March 5, 2020, and renewed on March 17, 2020, April 10, 2020, May 6, 2020, June 3, 2020, July 1, 2020, August 10, 2020, September 8, 2020, October 6, 2020, and October 29, 2020, to control and prevent the spread of COVID-19 within the State, and the state of emergency and catastrophic health emergency still exists; WHEREAS, on March 13, 2020, County Executive Steuart Pittman issued Executive Order No. 16 proclaiming a civil emergency in Anne Arundel County due to the rapid onset of the COVID-19pandemic, which Executive Order was extended by the County Council on March 20, 2020, to continue for the duration of the Governor's state of emergency proclamation; WHEREAS, on March 30, 2020, the Governor issued Executive Order No. 20-03-30-01 which ordered all nonessential employees in the State to stay at home for an undetermined period of time and imposed operating restrictions on business inthe State in an effort to arrest the increase in the number ofresidents contracting the virus (the "Stay At Home" Order); WHEREAS, since March 30, 2020, both the Governor and the County Executive have issued various Executive Orders relaxing the provisions of the Governor's Stay At Home Order and allowing certain businesses formerly ordered to be closed to reopen, under certain conditions to ensure public safety; WHEREAS, on November 17, 2020, the Governor issued Executive Order No.
    [Show full text]
  • Black History Trivia Bowl Study Questions Revised September 13, 2018 B C D 1 CATEGORY QUESTION ANSWER
    Black History Trivia Bowl Study Questions Revised September 13, 2018 B C D 1 CATEGORY QUESTION ANSWER What national organization was founded on President National Association for the Arts Advancement of Colored People (or Lincoln’s Birthday? NAACP) 2 In 1905 the first black symphony was founded. What Sports Philadelphia Concert Orchestra was it called? 3 The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in what Sports 1852 4 year? Entertainment In what state is Tuskegee Institute located? Alabama 5 Who was the first Black American inducted into the Pro Business & Education Emlen Tunnell 6 Football Hall of Fame? In 1986, Dexter Gordan was nominated for an Oscar for History Round Midnight 7 his performance in what film? During the first two-thirds of the seventeenth century Science & Exploration Holland and Portugal what two countries dominated the African slave trade? 8 In 1994, which president named Eddie Jordan, Jr. as the Business & Education first African American to hold the post of U.S. Attorney President Bill Clinton 9 in the state of Louisiana? Frank Robinson became the first Black American Arts Cleveland Indians 10 manager in major league baseball for what team? What company has a successful series of television Politics & Military commercials that started in 1974 and features Bill Jell-O 11 Cosby? He worked for the NAACP and became the first field Entertainment secretary in Jackson, Mississippi. He was shot in June Medgar Evers 12 1963. Who was he? Performing in evening attire, these stars of The Creole Entertainment Show were the first African American couple to perform Charles Johnson and Dora Dean 13 on Broadway.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther King Request
    Project: Assassinations - Martin Luther King Request: Client: Date: DATE SUBJECT / EVENT SEARCH PHRASE LINKS ASSETS General 30,701 Martin Luther King (all) Martin Luther King VIDEOS 1,363 Martin Luther King (All) STILLS 24,055 Martin Luther King (Archival) STILLS 5,217 MLK NOT Martin Luther King VIDEOS 66 Early life Notable people 1,668 Father: Martin Luther King (Snr), a Baptist minister Martin Luther King Snr VIDEOS 4 Martin Luther King Senior STILLS 192 Mother: Alberta Williams King, a schoolteacher Martin Luther King mother VIDEOS 1 Alberta Williams King STILLS 9 Wife: Coretta Scott (aka Coretta Scott King) (m. 1953) Coretta Scott VIDEOS 38 Coretta Scott STILLS 1400 Corretta Scott NOT Coretta VIDEOS 2 Corretta Scott NOT Coretta STILLS 8 Friend: Benjamin Mays Benjamin Mays (Archival) STILLS 14 Education 3,311 Education: Morehouse College in 1944, graduated in 1944-48 Morehouse College VIDEOS 8 1948 Morehouse College STILLS 2,709 King forged a lifelong friendship with his teacher, Benjamin Mays (Archival) STILLS 14 Benjamin Mays Postgraduate study: Crozer Theological Seminary in 1948 Crozer Theological Seminary VIDEOS 1 Pennsylvania Crozer Theological Seminary STILLS 2 Postgraduate study: then, in 1951, at Boston 1951-55 University's School of Theology (received doctorate in Boston University VIDEOS 238 1955) Boston University [custom date STILLS 267 range: up to 1960] (Archival) King became pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in 1954 Dexter Avenue Baptist Church VIDEOS 2 Montgomery, Alabama Dexter Avenue Baptist Church STILLS 70
    [Show full text]
  • State Abbreviations
    State Abbreviations Postal Abbreviations for States/Territories On July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department introduced the five-digit ZIP Code. At the time, 10/1963– 1831 1874 1943 6/1963 present most addressing equipment could accommodate only 23 characters (including spaces) in the Alabama Al. Ala. Ala. ALA AL Alaska -- Alaska Alaska ALSK AK bottom line of the address. To make room for Arizona -- Ariz. Ariz. ARIZ AZ the ZIP Code, state names needed to be Arkansas Ar. T. Ark. Ark. ARK AR abbreviated. The Department provided an initial California -- Cal. Calif. CALIF CA list of abbreviations in June 1963, but many had Colorado -- Colo. Colo. COL CO three or four letters, which was still too long. In Connecticut Ct. Conn. Conn. CONN CT Delaware De. Del. Del. DEL DE October 1963, the Department settled on the District of D. C. D. C. D. C. DC DC current two-letter abbreviations. Since that time, Columbia only one change has been made: in 1969, at the Florida Fl. T. Fla. Fla. FLA FL request of the Canadian postal administration, Georgia Ga. Ga. Ga. GA GA Hawaii -- -- Hawaii HAW HI the abbreviation for Nebraska, originally NB, Idaho -- Idaho Idaho IDA ID was changed to NE, to avoid confusion with Illinois Il. Ill. Ill. ILL IL New Brunswick in Canada. Indiana Ia. Ind. Ind. IND IN Iowa -- Iowa Iowa IOWA IA Kansas -- Kans. Kans. KANS KS A list of state abbreviations since 1831 is Kentucky Ky. Ky. Ky. KY KY provided at right. A more complete list of current Louisiana La. La.
    [Show full text]