Die Debatte Amerikanischer Kirchen Über Den Eintritt Der Vereinigten Staaten in Den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner

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Die Debatte Amerikanischer Kirchen Über Den Eintritt Der Vereinigten Staaten in Den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades eingereicht am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin im Februar 2016 vorgelegt von Christian Werner geboren in Bad Kreuznach Tag der Disputation: 29. Juni 2016 1 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner 1. Gutachter: Professor Dr. Knud Krakau 2. Gutachterin: Professorin Dr. Michaela Hampf 2 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner Gliederung 1 Einleitung 8 1.1 Methode 10 1.1.1 Auswahl der Kirchen 10 1.1.2 Zeitliche Eingrenzung 13 1.1.3 Materialauswahl 14 1.1.4 Begriffsbildung 15 1.1.5 Methodischer Ansatz 16 1.2 Forschungsstand 17 2 Historische Entwicklung von vier Kirchen in den USA 19 2.1 Does religion matter? 19 2.2 Die deutsch - amerikanischen Beziehungen 20 2.3 Historische Entwicklung der vier Kirchen 24 2.4 Die katholische Kirche 25 2.4.1 Frühe Gegensätze 27 2.4.2 Das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche 29 2.4.3 Soziales Engagement und Mission 32 2.4.4 Ethnische Diskriminierung 34 2.4.5 Auf dem Weg zur politischen Macht 39 2.5 Die Methodisten 43 2.5.1 Abspaltungen und Vereinigungen 47 2.5.2 Organisatorische Strukturen 49 2.5.3 Die Entstehung eines sozialen Bekenntnisses 50 2.5.4 Methodistische Netzwerke 53 2.5.5 Optionen für eine methodistische Einflussnahme 55 2.6 Die Southern Baptist Convention 57 2.6.1 Die Entstehung der Baptistengemeinden in den USA 59 2.6.2 Die Entstehung der Southern Baptist Convention 61 2.6.3 Das Foreign Mission Board 62 2.6.4 Das Verständnis von Staat und Kirche 63 2.6.5 Die Bedeutung der Baptist World Alliance 65 2.7 Die Mennoniten 66 2.7.1 Die Trennung von Staat und Kirche 68 2.7.2 Mennonitische Kirchenorganisation 72 2.7.3 Mennonitische Kirchenkonferenzen in den USA 75 2.7.4 Der Umgang mit dem Thema Krieg und Frieden 76 3 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner 3 Die Debatte innerhalb der amerikanischen Kirchen im Ersten Weltkrieg und in der Zwischenkriegszeit bis 1933 82 3.1 Die Debatte um den Begriff Isolationismus 83 3.2 Die Haltung der Kirchen im Ersten Weltkrieg und der Zwischenkriegszeit bis 1933 89 3.3 Methodisten im Ersten Weltkrieg 95 3.4 Die Haltung der Southern Baptist Convention im Ersten Weltkrieg 98 3.5 Die katholische Kirche im Ersten Weltkrieg und der Zwischenkriegszeit bis 1933 102 3.6 Die Mennoniten im Ersten Weltkrieg 105 3.6.1 Mennonitische Gemeinden und ihr Verhältnis zum Staat in Kriegszeiten 106 3.6.2 Staatliche Maßnahmen im Umgang mit mennonitischen Kriegsdienstverweigerern 109 3.6.3 Herausforderung durch den Ersten Weltkrieg 111 3.6.4 Überkonfessionelle und internationale Vernetzung der Mennoniten 115 3.7 Wende zum Anti-Interventionismus nach 1919 117 4 Das ‘Dritte Reich‘ aus der Sicht amerikanischer Kirchen 121 4.1 Die deutsche Außenpolitik zwischen 1933 und 1939 aus der Sicht der amerikanischen Kirchen 124 4.2 Exkurs: Warum schwiegen die Kirchenkonferenzen zu politischen Fragen so häufig? 132 4.3 Rolle der Kirchen in der US - Gesellschaft 136 4.4 Ein Wendepunkt in der amerikanischen Deutschlandpolitik 147 4.5 Die Wahrnehmung des faschistischen Bedrohungspotentiales durch amerikanische Kirchen 150 4.5.1 Die Reaktionen der Southern Baptist Convention 152 4.5.2 Die Reaktionen der Methodist Church auf Deutschland zwischen 1933 und 1939 157 4.5.3 Die Wahrnehmung Deutschlands aus Sicht amerikanischer Katholiken 162 4.5.4 Die Haltung der Mennoniten zu Deutschland 1933 bis 1939 167 5 Die Kriegseintrittsdebatte im Kontext kirchlicher Positionen 172 5.1 Biblische Referenzen: Gottesbilder im Ersten und Zweiten Testament 174 5.2 Theologische Argumente: Gottesbegriff und Menschenbild 179 4 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner 5.2.1 Auswirkung von Gottesbildern auf das Handeln amerikanischer Kirchen 180 5.2.2 Die Kirche in der Krise 1939 bis 1941 186 5.3 Ethische Prinzipien 189 5.3.1 Der ‘gerechten Krieg‘ im Spiegel christlicher Theologie und Pazifismus-Debatte 190 5.3.2 Die Befürworter eines ‘gerechten Krieges‘ 192 5.3.3 Gemischte Positionen 195 5.3.4 Reinhold Niebuhrs politisch realistische Argumentation 199 5.4 Ideologische Positionen 202 5.5 Politischer Systemvergleich: Demokratie versus Faschismus 203 5.6 Völkerpsychologische Urteile 212 5.7 Ökonomische Argumente 218 6 Die Kriegseintrittsdebatte innerhalb der vier Kirchen nach dem Beginn der Kriegshandlungen in Europa 1939 bis zur Kriegserklärung Deutschlands an die USA 225 6.1 Überkonfessionelle Bestrebungen: Das Federal Council of Churches 237 6.1.1 Die kirchliche Stimme im amerikanischen Radio 241 6.1.2 Der Ökumenische Weltkirchenrat 246 6.1.3 Henry Smith Leiper 249 6.2 Friedensvisionen für Europa 256 6.3 Reaktionen der einzelnen Denominationen auf die US-Politik 1939 bis 1941 im amerikanischen Binnensystem 264 6.3.1 Die Einführung einer Wehrpflicht in Friedenszeiten 265 6.3.2 Die innerkirchliche Debatte um die Aufrüstung 294 6.3.3 Innerkirchliche Diskussion zur Unterstützung Großbritanniens 308 6.3.4 Innerkirchliche Diskussion zur Unterstützung der Sowjetunion 321 6.4 Der Angriff auf Perl Harbor als Endpunkt der innerkirchlichen Debatte 330 7Fazit 335 7.1 Die katholische Kirche 339 7.2 Die Mennoniten 347 7.3 Die Southern Baptist Convention 348 7.4 Die Methodisten 352 7.5 Übereinstimmende Positionen 354 7.6 Theologische Auseinandersetzungen 356 7.7 Das Verhältnis von Kirche und Staat 359 7.8 Auswirkungen auf die vier untersuchten Kirchen 366 5 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner 8 Literaturverzeichnis 371 8.1 Erläuterungen zur Angabe von Literatur und Quellen 371 8.2 Kirchliche Zeitungen, christliche Zeitschriften und Magazine 372 8.3 Quellen 372 8.3.1 Artikel aus kirchlichen Zeitschriften 372 8.3.2 Radioansprachen 375 8.3.3 Korrespondenz: Berichte, Briefe Memoranden, Pressemitteilungen und Telegramme 376 8.3.4 Persönliche Papiere 378 8.3.5 Konferenzberichte 378 8.3.6 Gedruckte Quellen 380 8.4 Sekundärliteratur 381 8.4.1 Bücher 381 8.4.2 Zeitschriften, Artikel aus Sammelbänden 393 6 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner Danksagung Ich danke Professor Dr. Knud Krakau für die Überlassung des Themas und seine persönliche und fachliche Begleitung bei dieser Arbeit über viele Jahre hinweg. Durch ein Bibliotheksstipendium des John F. Kennedy Instituts der Freien Universität Berlin konnte ich die europäische Forschungsliteratur zu die- sem Thema durcharbeiten. Ein Reisestipendium des Deutschen Akademi- schen Austauschdienstes erlaubte mir, mehrere Archive der untersuchten christlichen Denominationen und Universitäten in den Vereinigten Staaten zu besuchen. Ich danke der Freien Universität Berlin und dem Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst für diese wichtige Unterstützung. Danken möchte ich auch denjenigen, die mich bei den Recherchen unterstützt, die Durchsicht des Manuskripts begleitet und mit mir meine Thesen diskutiert haben. Den größten Dank schulde ich meiner Frau für die stetige Unterstützung, die Begleitung und den Dialog beim Werden dieser Arbeit. Ihr sei deshalb diese Arbeit gewidmet. Danken möchte ich auch den Lesern dieser Arbeit. Auf Anregungen und Rückfragen freue ich mich unter [email protected] 7 Die Debatte amerikanischer Kirchen über den Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Zweiten Weltkrieg - Christian Werner 1. Einleitung Die Aufgabe der Dissertation ist es, die innerkirchliche Kriegseintrittsde- batte der Jahre 1939 bis 1941 in den USA zu untersuchen. Angesichts der zunehmenden Bedrohung durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland in den 1930er Jahren definierten die Amerikaner ihre Rolle in der Welt neu. Diese inneramerikanische Debatte entzündete sich letztlich an der Frage des Für und Wider eines Kriegseintritts der USA. Entschei- dend war die unterschiedliche Wahrnehmung einer Bedrohung Amerikas durch die totalitären Regimes in Deutschland, Italien und Japan. Die vor- herrschende Frage zwischen 1939 und 1941 war: ’Sollen junge amerikani- sche Soldaten auf dem europäischen Kriegsschauplatz ihr Leben riskieren oder nicht?’ Diese Kriegseintrittsdebatte wurde nicht nur auf der politischen und gesell- schaftlichen Ebene, sondern auch innerhalb amerikanischer Kirchen kon- trovers diskutiert. Im Gegensatz zum häufig im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Deutschland ver- breiteten Religionsverständnis ist das amerikanische Verständnis von Re- ligionen und Konfessionen schon zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts grundsätzlich weiter gefasst. Es lässt neben dem Christentum auch andere Religionen als gleichberechtigt zu. Das amerikanische Verständnis geht auch von einer größeren Bandbreite kirchlicher Konfessionen aus. Neben einer katholischen, einer evangelisch-lutherischen oder einer reformierten Tradition, die in Europa vielfach das Kirchenverständnis prägen, kennt die amerikanische Tradition viele andere Denominationen als gleichberechtigt an, die aus europäischer Sicht abfällig als ‘Sekten‘ bezeichnet werden (vgl. Voigt, 2014, S. 95ff.). Für eine deutschsprachige Publikation muss deshalb dieses amerikanische Verständnis von Religion,
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