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Fredsakademiets Vejledning Til Usas Historie, Kultur Og Politik

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Fredsakademiets Vejledning Til Usas Historie, Kultur Og Politik Fredsakademiets vejledning til USAs historie, kultur og politik Holger Terp 1 Kolofon: Udgivet af Det danske Fredsakademi, 2012. Redaktion afsluttet 21. december 2012. - ISBN nr. 978-87-91085-06-2 - EAN nr. 9788791085062 © Holger Terp Bogen og indholdet i den må frit kopieres med kildeangivelse. Forsideillustration: Let Us Have Peace - Tekst og musik: William Shakespeare Hays, 1861. - Louisville, Ky. : Louis Tripp, 1869. De to første linjer i omkvædet: Let the cannon's roar be heard no more. And let the war cry cease. Sangen og klavernoden er digitaliseret og lagt i Internetarkivet i august 2012. Den er en af de tidligst kendte amerikanske fredssange. 2 Indholdsfortegnelse Geografi ; natur ; klima ; demografi ; historie ; ophørte fredsbevægelser ; ophørte poli­ tiske partier ; ophørte sociale bevægelser ; krige ; kultur ; musik ; politik ; præsidenter ; regering ; militær ; efterretningstjenester ; aktuelle politiske partier 2010 ; aktuelle fredsbevægelser ; militærnægterorganisationer ; religion ; aktuelle sociale bevægelser ; sociale forhold ; uddannelse ; universiteter ; økonomi. Indledning Mig bekendt, er der ingen aktuelle danske vejledninger til USAs historie, kultur og po­ litik. Ideen med denne bog er at give personer der har interesse i amerikanske forhold en nem adgang til frit tilgængelige kilder om disse emner gennem hele landets historie. USA er et enormt land. geografisk set stort set lige så stort som Kina, formodentligt også større end de fleste danskere forestiller sig det – og der er på godt og ondt sket og stadigvæk sker en masse, hvilket gør det vanskeligt at have bare et rimeligt overblik over begivenhederne og hvordan man finder frem til dem, for der produceres enorme datamængder af stærkt svingende kvalitet om USA hele tiden – og meningerne om det amerikanske samfund er lige så mange. Store langsomme hjemmesider og databaser gør det heller ikke nemmere at søge efter relevant information, specielt ikke når der som oftest er kommerciel støj i søgeresultaterne. Den ældre litteratur om USA er medtaget for at illustrere opfattelserne og viden om landet på det pågældende tidspunkt. Det er interessant for personer med interesse i videnskabshistorie. USA beskrivelsen er ikke på nogen måde fuldstændig, men dog så omfattende, at der kan arbejdes videre med emnerne, specielt på det sikkerhedspolitiske område. Der er også drysset en række stikord til supplerende undersøgelser rundt omkring i teksten. Vejledningen eksemplificerer således Fredsakademiets kompetenceområder. Anvendte forkortelser CRS: Kongressens Forskningstjeneste. GAO: Den amerikanske rigsrevision. Litteraturlisterne er som hovedregel ordnet kronologisk, med den nyeste litteratur først. Stort set al litteratur der henvises til i dette skrift er frit tilgængelig. Der er en del links til den nævnte litteratur rundt om i Fredsakademiet, hvor der også er yderligere oplysninger. 3 Etymologi Amerika. Italiensk: Den nye verden. Denne består, geografisk set, af kontinenter­ ne: Nord- og Sydamerika, samt Grønland. Amerika har kystlinjer til Atlanterhavet, Is­ havet og Stillehavet. Stednavnet er også brugt i ældre danske pu­ blikationer som synonym for USA. Forside af udateret pjece fra Geografi Århuskonferencens Københavnsudvalg USA er en nordamerikansk forbundsstat og republik med grænser til Canada og Mexi­ co og med kystlinjer til Atlanterhavet og Stillehavet. Ud over det kontinentale USA skal nævnes: Amchitka øen ved Alaska. Guam. Farallon Island ved Californien. John­ son Island. Johnston Island. Peace Park / Fredsparken (nationalparken) mellem Cana­ da og USA, herunder Buffalo Peace Bridge. 4 Fredsparken Juleaften 1914, under første verdenskrig – mens USA stadig var neutral, iværksættes en indsamling af penge til bygningen af en fredsportal på grænsen mellem Canada og USA til minde om 100 år med fred mellem de to lande. Portalen er færdig i 1920. Litteratur: The History of a Peace Park. - http://www.peacearchpark.org/history.htm One hundreth anniversary of peace among English speaking peoples, 1814-1914. American committee for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of peace among English speaking peoples, 1914-1915. 1912. - http://www.archive.org/details/onehundrethanniv00amer 5 Geografihistoriske primærkilder The Norse Discoverers of America, the Wineland Sagas. / Translated & discussed by G. M. Gathorne-Hardy. - Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1921. - 322 s. - http://archive.org/details/norsediscoverers00gathrich The Flatey book and recently discovered Vatican manuscripts concerning America as early as the tenth century. Documents now published for the first time, which estab­ lish beyond controversy the claim that North America was settled by Norsemen five hundred years before the time of Columbus. Sagas that describe the voyages to, and character of, the new country, and letters from several popes directing bishops in their government of the church in the western world (1906). - http://www.archive.org/details/flateybookandre01andegoog Udbredelsen af indianske sprog i det tidlige USA De første europæere som udforskede dele af USAs nuværende område var spanske conquistadorer fra Hispaniola og Cuba. Officielt er den spanske opdagelsesrejsende Juan Ponce de Leon krediteret med den første observation af Florida i 1513. Han ud­ forskede, hvad der nu er det sydøstlige Georgia og Florida. Frem til den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring i 1773, var det nuværende USA besat af de europæiske ko­ lonimagter Storbritannien, Frankrig og Spanien. 6 Litteratur Johnston, Charles Haven Ladd: Famous discoverers and explorers of America : their voyages, battles, and hardships in traversing and conquering the unknown territories of a new world.. - Boston : The Page company, 1917. - 496 s. - http://archive.org/details/famousdiscoverer00john Fiske, John: The Discovery of America: with some account of ancient America and the Spanish conquest, 1900. - http://www.archive.org/details/discoveryofameri005261mbp Tilton, Theodore: The first Don Quixote, or, Ponce de Leon's voyage to the fountain of youth : an historical ballad apropos of the annexation of Porto Rico to the United States, with preface, notes, and appendix. - Paris : Brentano : 1899. - 44 s. - http://archive.org/details/cu31924020395913 Brown, George M.:Ponce de Leon land. St. Augustine, Florida. Traditions and early history of the oldest fortress and city in the United States . - Jacksonville, Fla., Printed by C. W. Dacosta, 1892. - 124 s. A collection of rare Americana, including the remainder of the notable library of James Carson Brevoort, of Brooklyn, N.Y. : comprising the earliest books in various lan­ guages relating to the discovery, exploration and history of America, a collection of voyages and travels to America, and many relating to the Arctic regions; works of the early cosmographers, including scarce editions of Ptolemæus, Pomponius Mela, Grym­ phæus, Schoner, Behaim, Munster, Ortelius, Bordone, Apianus and others; books about New France, Canada, New Netherland, New York, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, etc., original unpublished manuscripts relating chiefly to South America, one by DeLaet, remarkable assortment of atlases and maps, covering all sections of America at vari­ ous epochs; and in general works of the following character; revolutionary, colonial, local and state histories, genealogies, scarce reprints; proceedings of societies, Indians and bibliographies : to be sold at auction Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, February 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th, 1890, at 2.30 P.M. by Bangs & Co., 738 & 741 Broad­ way, New York (1890) - 202 s. Klee, Frederik: Amerika især i den nyeste Tid: en historisk-statistisk Haandbog. 1839. - 494 s. - http://archive.org/details/amerikaisridenn00kleegoog Bibliotheca Americana : or, A chronological catalogue of the most curious and interest­ ing books, pamphlets, state papers, etc. upon the subject of North and South America, from the earliest period to the present, in print and manuscript; for which research has been made in the British musæum, and the most celebrated public and private lib­ raries, reviews, catalogues, etc. With an introductiory discourse on the present state of literature in those countries (1789) / Variously attributed to Arthur Homer (whose pro­ jected Bibliotheca americana, announced in 1799, was never published); to a "Mr. Reid, American, resident in London"; to J. Debrett, the publisher of the work; and to Alexander Dairymple. ESTC attributes to Leman Thomas Rede. - http://www.archive.org/details/bibliothecaameri00home 7 Blome, Richard: The present state of His Majesties isles and territories in America : viz, Jamaica, Barbadoes, S. Christophers, Mevis, Antego, S. Vincent, Dominica, New Jersey, Pensilvanie, Monserat, Anguilla, Bermudas, Carolina, Virginia, New-England, Tobago, New-Found-Land, Mary-Land, New-York : with new maps of every place, to­ gether with astronomical tables ... and how to make sun-dials fitting for all those places (1687). - http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_36901 Atlas over USAs udvidelser 8 Amerikanske lokalstater •Alabama - The Encyclopedia of Alabama. / : Alabama Humanities Foundation. •Alaska •Amerikansk Samoa •Arizona •Arkansas - Herndon, Dallas Tabor: Centennial history of Arkansas. - Chicago, Little Rock, The S. J. Clarke publishing company, 1922. - 1172 s. - http://archive.org/details/centennialhistor00hern Herndon, Dallas Tabor; Arkansas History Commission: Outline of executive and le­ gislative history of Arkansas . - Ft. Smith, Calvert-McBride printing co., 1922. - 210 s. - http://archive.org/details/outlineofexecuti00hernrich
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