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Biology Practical-2Nd Semester 1

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Biology Practical-2Nd Semester 1 Biology practical-2nd Semester 1. Microscope 2. Tissues a) Epithelial tissues b) Connective tissue c) Muscular tissue d) Nervous tissue 3. Cell division a) Mitosis b) Meiosis 4. Blood groups 5. Rabbit dissection a) Digestive system b) Respiratory system c) Urinogenital system d) Circulatory system At the end of this lesson you will be able to: CLO P. LO Lecture – Intended Learning Outcomes No No 1.1 P1.1 List the parts of microscope and its functions 1.1 P1.2 Write the basic characteristics of plant and animal cells after the preparation of wet mount of cheek epithelium and onion cells. 1.Compound Microscope 2. How to use Microscope? 3. How to prepare wet mounts? Compound Microscope Parts of Microscope Functions 1. Arm Support body tube and help to carrying microscope 2. Base support 3. Ocular lens Magnify 5, 10, 15X 4. Objective lens Magnify 4, 10, 40, 100X 5. Nose Piece Revolving part to which objective lenses are attached 6. Body Tube Joins nose piece with ocular lens 7. Mechanical Stage Supports the Slide 8. Coarse adjustment Moves the stage up and down to focus the object. 9.Fine adjustment Fine Focusing 10. Light Source (illumination) Bulb from below to light the specimen 11. Iris Diaphragm Regulates the amount of light passing through Specimen 12. Condenser Help in concentrate the light before entering the specimen Steps for using the Microscope • 1. Carry the microscope with two hands • 2. Plug the microscope in and switch it on . • 3. Click the lowest power objective (scanner4X) into position . • 4. Use-coarse adjustment to lower the stage • 5.Place the slide onto the stage. • 6. look through the ocular and adjust the condenser for brightness. • 7.Using the coarse adjustment to raise the stage until touch the slide. • 8.Look into the microscope and adjust until object comes into focus . Steps for using the Microscope • 9. Finish focusing with the fine focusing knob . • 10. Move the slide back and front - note the object moves in opposite direction. • 11. Turn the next higher power objective (40X, 100x)into position . • 12. Now, use only fine adjustment to fine tune the focus ,coarse adjustment should not be disturbed • 13. When complete viewing ,retune to low power, raise the objective and remove the slide. Wet Mount - preparation Tools & Materials • Microscope • 2 Flat slides • 2 Cover slides • Water • Stain (safranin-methylene blue) • Paper towel (Tissues) • Toothpick • Scissors-forceps • Onion • Plastic dropper Wet Mount - preparation 1. 2. 3. Place the Place the cover glass as shown in the figure Observe specimen in the under centre + stain microscope Mount specimen as shown in the diagram to avoid air bubbles under the cover slip In the Laboratory! • Carefully observe each type of epithelium under the microscope. • Use only the fine focus to adjust to your comfort. • Do not disturb the stage or position of the slide. • Draw the tissue image as you see under the microscope. 11 Onion cell Human Cheek Epithelial Cells Plant vs. Human Cell Lab • We did a Lab , comparing plant and animal cells. We looked at cheek cells and onion cells. • Plant cells have cell walls that protect and support the cell, which makes the cells look so geometric. • Cheek cells are different; they don’t have a cell wall to support the structure, so they are not as geometrical as and rounder than the onion cells. • Plant and animal cells also have many similarities, like both being eukaryotic. They are more complex than prokaryotic cells. • Both types of cell have a nucleus, a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Animal cell & plant cell At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer: 1. List out the different parts of microscope and its functions At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer: 2. Give 3 differences between animal and plant cells S.NO Plant Cell Animal Cell 1. 2. 3. Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions: At the end of this lesson you will be able to: CLO P. LO Lecture – Intended Learning Outcomes No No 1.1 P 2.1 Name the types of epithelial tissues with respect to its characters, function and location. • What is Histology? Human Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Classified into two depending on the number of layers One Cell thick More than one layer 1. Simple Squamous 1. Keratinised 2. Simple Cuboidal 2. Non keratinised 3. Simple Columnar 3. Transitional 4. Pseudo stratified Name Characters Location Function 1. Single layer of Flat cells 1. Cheek epithelium Protection Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue 2. Bulged nuclei lining of blood vessel .2 (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺷﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ) 3. air sacs of lungs Name Characters Location Function 1.Single layer of cubical 1.Lining of kidney tubules Absorption Simple Cuboidal cells Epithelial Tissue 2. Large, central & round (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ) nuclei 2.Ducts of salivary gland Secretion and mammary glands Name Characters Location Function 1.Single layer of columnar Lining of small intestine Protection Simple Columnar cells Absorption Epithelial Tissue Secretion 2. Oval and basal nuclei (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ) Name Characters Location Function 1.Single layer of columnar 1.Trachea Protection Pseudo-stratified cells of different height Epithelial Tissue Secretion 2. Nuclei at different levels (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ) giving false appearance of 2. Ducts of many glands many layers Types Simple Epithelium Types Character Location function Simple 1. Single layer of Flat cells 1. Cheek epithelium protection Squamous 2. Bulged nuclei 2. lining of blood vessel 3. air sacs of lungs Simple 1. Single layer of cubical cells 1. Lining of kidney tubules Secretion Cuboidal 2. Large, central & round nuclei Absorption 2. Ducts of salivary gland and mammary glands Simple 1. Single layer of columnar cells Lining of small intestine Protection Columnar 2. Oval and basal nuclei Secretion Absorption Pseudo 1. Single layer of columnar cells 1. Trachea Protection stratified of different height 2. Ducts of many glands Secretion 2. Nuclei at different levels giving false appearance of many layers Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Pseudo -Stratified Epithelium Simple Epithelium Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudo stratified Name Characters Location Function Non-keratinized 1.Many layers Mouth Protection Stratified Epithelial 2. basal cells – cubical or columnar and Buccal cavity Covering surface cells - Squamous (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﻏﻳﺭﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ) Vagina esophagus Name Characters Location Function keratinized 1.Many layers Skin Protection Stratified Epithelial 2. Top layer cells – dead Covering (keratinized) (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ) Name Characters Location Function Transitional Epithelial 1.It is 4-8 layers Urinary bladder expansion 2. basal cells - columnar Intermediate cells – cubical (ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ) When bladder expands the cells - Squamous (flat) Types of stratified epithelium Types Character Location function Non- 1. Many layers Mouth Covering keratinized 2. basal cells - cubical or columnar and Buccal cavity Protection surface cells - squamous Vagina esophagus Keratinized 1. Many layers Skin Protection 2. Top layer cells – dead (keratinized) Transitional 1. It is 4-8 layers Urinary bladder expansion 2. basal cells - columnar Intermediate cells – cubical When bladder expands the cells - squamous (flat) Non keratinized epithelium Keratinized epithelium Transitional epithelium Stratified epithelium Non keratinized Keratinized Transitional At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer: 1. Name the types of epithelial tissues At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer: 2. Tabulate the characters, function and location of epithelial tissues . Simple epithelial Character function Location tissue 1. 2. 3. 4. Stratified epithelial Character function Location tissue 1. 2. 3. Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions: The End of Lab -3- Lab - 4 Connective Tissue At the end of this lesson you will be able to: CLO P. LO Lecture – Intended Learning Outcomes No No 1.1 P 3.1 Name the types of loose and dense connective tissues with respect to its characters, function and location. Connective Tissues (C.T) 1.Proper Connective Tissue 2.Spiecialized Connective Tissue 1.Cartilage A.Loose Connective Tissue B.Dense Connective Tissue 2.Bone Areolar .C.T Dense Regular .C.T 3.Blood Dense Irregular .C.T Adipose.C.T Reticular .C.T Elastic .C.T Types Character Location function Areolar Areolar tissue 1. Below skin Support connective in most tissue Fibroblasts Collagen fibers Elastic fibers internal Protection ( Strength & flexibility ) ( stretch ) organs Types Character Location function Adipose Loose connective tissue 1. Below skin, Stores energy, connective tissue containing fibroblast in around the between the adipocytes (Fat kidneys & heart Insulating layer, cells). Cushion. Types Character Location function Reticular Fibers are small and highly Liver, Spleen, Lymph Support Connective tissue branched forming network nodes Strength giving frame work to soft tissue organs Areolar tissue – containing fibroblast in Fibers are highly branched fibroblasts, collagen & between the adipocytes forming network. Elastic fibres (Fat cells). Liver, Spleen, Lymph nodes Below skin Below skin Support Support , protection Stores energy Connective tissue proper Types Character Location function Dense regular Collagen fibers – Dense and 1. Tendon (muscle-bone) Support connective tissue regularly packed (one direction) 2. Ligament (bone- bone) Ligament Types Character Location function
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