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Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma Membrane (A) Generalized Animal Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane (a) Generalized animal cell © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear pores (b) Nucleus 2 Extracellular fluid Glycoprotein Glycolipid (watery environment) Cholesterol Sugar group Polar heads of phospholipid molecules Bimolecular lipid layer containing proteins Channel Nonpolar tails of Proteins Filaments of phospholipid molecules cytoskeleton Cytoplasm (watery environment) 3 Microvilli Tight (impermeable) junction Desmosome (anchoring junction) Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Connexon Underlying Extracellular Gap basement space between (communicating) membrane cells junction 4 Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleus Plasma Smooth endoplasmic membrane reticulum Cytosol Lysosome Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released Microtubule from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Intermediate filaments 5 Ribosome mRNA 1 As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, Rough ER it migrates into the rough ER tunnel system. 2 1 3 2 In the tunnel, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). Protein 3 The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. Transport 4 vesicle buds off 4 The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. Protein inside transport vesicle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Rough ER Tunnels Proteins in tunnels Membrane Lysosome fuses with ingested substances. Transport vesicle Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome. Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Golgi vesicle containing Golgi membrane components apparatus Secretory vesicles fuses with the plasma Pathway 1 membrane and is Proteins incorporated into it. Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted Plasma membrane becomes a secretory Secretion by vesicle. exocytosis Extracellular fluid © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 (a) Microfilaments (b) Intermediate filaments (c) Microtubules Tubulin subunits Fibrous subunits Actin subunit 7 nm 10 nm 25 nm Microfilaments form the blue Intermediate filaments form Microtubules appear as gold batlike network. the purple network surrounding networks surrounding the cells’ the pink nucleus. pink nuclei. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Fibroblasts Rough ER and Golgi apparatus No organelles Secreted fibers Nucleus Erythrocytes (a) Cells that connect body parts © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Epithelial Nucleus cells Intermediate filaments (b) Cells that cover and line body organs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Skeletal muscle cell Nuclei Contractile filaments Smooth muscle cells (c) Cells that move organs and body parts © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Fat cell Lipid droplet Nucleus (d) Cell that stores nutrients © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Lysosomes Macrophage Pseudopods (e) Cell that fights disease © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Processes Rough ER Nerve cell Nucleus (f) Cell that gathers information and controls body functions © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Nucleus Flagellum Sperm (g) Cell of reproduction © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Extracellular fluid Lipid- soluble solutes Cytoplasm (a) Simple diffusion of lipid-soluble solutes directly through the phospholipid bilayer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Water molecules (b) Osmosis, diffusion of water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 (a) RBC in isotonic solution (b) RBC in hypertonic solution (c) RBC in hypotonic solution © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Small lipid- Lipid- insoluble insoluble solutes solutes Lipid bilayer (c) Facilitated (d) Facilitated diffusion via diffusion through protein carrier specific for one a channel protein; chemical; binding of substrate mostly ions, causes shape change in selected on basis transport protein of size and charge © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Slide 1 Extracellular fluid Na+ + Na K+ Na+-K+ pump Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Pi P i Na+ K+ + ATP Na 1 2 3 K+ ADP 1 Binding of cytoplasmic Na+ 2 The shape change expels 3 Loss of phosphate restores to the pump protein stimulates Na+ to the outside. Extracellular the original shape of the pump phosphorylation by ATP, which K+ binds, causing release of the protein. K+ is released to the causes the pump protein to inorganic phosphate group. cytoplasm, and Na+ sites are change its shape. ready to bind Na+ again; the cycle repeats. Cytoplasm © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 22 Extracellular Plasma fluid membrane docking protein 1 The membrane- bound vesicle Vesicle migrates to the docking plasma membrane. protein Molecule to be secreted Secretory vesicle Cytoplasm Fusion pore formed 2 There, docking proteins on the vesicle and plasma membrane bind, the vesicle and Fused membrane fuse, and docking a pore opens up. proteins 3 Vesicle contents are released to the cell exterior. (a) The process of exocytosis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Vesicle Lysosome 1 Vesicle forms and fuses with lysosome Release of for digestion. 2A contents to cytosol 2 Transport to plasma membrane and exocytosis of vesicle contents Detached vesicle Ingested 2B substance 3 Membranes and receptors (if present) recycled to Pit plasma membrane (a) Endocytosis (pinocytosis) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Bacterium or other particle Pseudopod (b) Phagocytosis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Membrane receptor Target molecule (c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 KEY: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine New Old Newly strand Old (template) (template) synthesized forming strand strand strand DNA of one sister chromatid © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Centrioles Chromatin Centrioles Spindle Centromere microtubules Forming mitotic spindle Centromere Plasma Nuclear Chromosome, Fragments of membrane envelope consisting of two nuclear envelope sister chromatids Nucleolus Interphase Early prophase Late prophase Metaphase Nucleolus plate forming Cleavage furrow Nuclear Mitotic Sister Daughter envelope spindle chromatids chromosomes forming Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and cytokinesis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Slide 1 Nucleus DNA Cytoplasm (site of transcription) gene (site of translation) 1 mRNA specifying one polypeptide is made from a gene on the DNA template by an enzyme (not shown). 2 mRNA leaves nucleus Amino and attaches to ribosome, mRNA acids and translation begins. Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Correct amino acid attached to Synthetase each type of enzyme tRNA by an enzyme IIe 3 Incoming tRNA recognizes a complementary Growing mRNA codon calling for its polypeptide Met amino acid by temporarily chain binding its anticodon to the Gly 4 As the ribosome moves codon. along the mRNA, a new amino Ser tRNA “head” acid is added to the growing Phe bearing anticodon protein chain. Ala Peptide bond 5 Released tRNA reenters the cytoplasmic pool, ready to be recharged Large ribosomal subunit with a new amino acid. Codon Direction of ribosome Small ribosomal subunit reading; ribosome Portion of moves the mRNA strand mRNA already along sequentially translated as each codon is read. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Apical surface Basal Simple surface Apical surface Basal surface Stratified (a) Classification based on number of cell layers © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Squamous Cuboidal Columnar (b) Classification based on cell shape © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Number of layers Cell shape One layer: simple epithelial More than one layer: stratified tissues epithelial tissues Squamous Diffusion and filtration Secretion in Protection serous membranes Cuboidal Secretion and absorption; ciliated types Protection; these tissue types are rare propel mucus or reproductive cells in humans Columnar Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells Transitional No simple transitional epithelium exists Protection; stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures (c) Function of epithelial tissue related to tissue type © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Air sacs of lungs Nucleus of Nuclei of squamous squamous epithelial cell epithelial cells Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (a) Diagram: Simple squamous (air sac) walls (275×). © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Nucleus of Simple simple cuboidal cuboidal epithelial epithelial cells cell Basement Basement membrane membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal (b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (250×). © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Nuclei of simple Mucus of a columnar epithelial cells goblet cell tend to line up Simple columnar epithelial cell Basement Basement membrane membrane Photomicrograph: Simple columnar (c) Diagram: Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine (575×). © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 Pseudo- stratified Cilia epithelial layer Pseudostratified Basement epithelial layer membrane Basement Nuclei of membrane pseudostratified cells do not line up Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified (d) Diagram: Pseudostratified (ciliated) ciliated columnar epithelium lining columnar the human trachea (560×). © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Nuclei Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Basement Basement membrane membrane Connective Photomicrograph: Stratified tissue squamous epithelium lining of (e) Diagram:
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