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Textos Essenciais Vol. I MARIA MANUEL BAPTISTA FERNANDA DE CASTRO (ORG.) Género e Performance T EXTOS ESSENCIAIS 4 TEXTOS DE: Alicia Puleo Ankica Čakardić Chrysa Tsalichi Ellie Ragland Fernanda de Castro Ioannis Theotokas Joanna Zylinska Kam Louie Maria do Mar Pereira Maria Manuel Baptista Patricia Redondo Tiina Rosenberg MARIA MANUEL BAPTISTA FERNANDA DE CASTRO (ORG.) Género e Performance T EXTOS ESSENCIAIS 4 TEXTOS DE: Alicia Puleo Ankica Čakardić Chrysa Tsalichi Ellie Ragland Fernanda de Castro Ioannis Theotokas Joanna Zylinska Kam Louie Maria do Mar Pereira Maria Manuel Baptista Patricia Redondo Tiina Rosenberg [Ficha Técnica] Título Marta Leitão Género e Performance Renata Araújo — Textos Essenciais Vol. IV Rita Himmel Telma Brito Organização Thaís Azevedo Maria Manuel Baptista e Fernanda de Zulmira Jesus Castro Capa Coordenação Editorial Grácio Editor Maria Manuel Baptista Fernanda de Castro Design gráfico e paginação Grácio Editor Direção de Comunicação Alexandre Almeida 1ª edição em maio de 2021 Fernanda de Castro ISBN 978-989-54956-8-9 Conselho de Revisores Maria Manuel Baptista © Grácio Editor Fernanda de Castro Travessa da Vila União, Belmira Coutinho n.º 16, 7.o drt Rita Himmel 3030-217 COIMBRA Telef.: 239 084 370 Revisores de Apoio e-mail: [email protected] Alcina Fernandes sítio: www.ruigracio.com António Pernas Belmira Coutinho Reservados todos os direitos (há neste livro dois Catarina Alves textos abrangidos pela Creative Commons). Fernanda de Castro Geanine Escobar Este livro está disponível gratuitamente em Helena Ferreira https://estudosculturais.com/gece4. Joana Pereira Liana Romera Esta obra foi financiada por fundos nacio- Maria Manuel Baptista nais, através da Fundação para a Ciência e Marie Tavares a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do projeto UIDB/04188/2021. Índice PREFÁCIO Da posse ∞ do corpo à violência ∞ ................................................ A pandemia da violência doméstica ......................................................7 Fernanda de Castro & Maria Manuel Baptista I. ECOFEMINISMO & ANTROPOCENO ..............................................31 1. O fim do Homem: um contra-apocalipse feminista .......................33 Joanna Zylinska Tradução Larissa Latif 2. Ecofeminismo para outro mundo possível....................................83 Alicia Puleo Tradução Helena Ferreira II. FEMINISMO & GÉNERO ...............................................................113 3. Marx e a teoria da reprodução social: três vertentes históricas diferentes .............................................115 Ankica Čakardić Tradução Alcina Fernandes 4. As vozes das mulheres: o homem idealizado pela mulher no século XX.........................143 Kam Louie Tradução António Pernas 5. Da estética ativista feminista........................................................177 Tiina Rosenberg Tradução Marta Leitão & Maria Manuel Baptista 6. Jacques Lacan: feminismo e o problema da identidade de género ...................203 Ellie Ragland Tradução Joana Pereira III. (IN)VISIBILIZAÇÕES ....................................................................227 7. Um outsider-within? A posição e o estatuto dos Estudos sobre Mulheres, Feministas e de Género na Academia .............229 Maria do Mar Pereira Tradução Belmira Coutinho 8. Mulheres e toxicodependências. História de uma invisibilização....................................................253 Patricia Redondo Tradução Marie Tavares, Liana Romera & Fernanda de Castro 9. O emprego de mulheres no mar. Perceções, atitudes e experiências de homens marítimos no contexto grego .........289 Ioannis Theotokas & Chrysa Tsalichi Tradução Telma Brito Sobre as autoras e os autores ...........................................................309 Prefácio Da posse ∞ do corpo à violência ∞ A pandemia da violência doméstica Fernanda de Castro & Maria Manuel Baptista As mulheres já estão a sofrer o impacto fatal resultante do con- finamento e da quarentena (...) Estas restrições são fundamen- tais mas aumentam o risco de violência contra as mulheres que estão à mercê de parceiros abusivos. António Guterres (2020) O corpo implica mortalidade, vulnerabilidade, agência: a pele e a carne expõem-nos ao olhar dos outros, mas também ao toque, e à violência, e os corpos põem-nos também em risco de se tor- narem a agência e o instrumento de tudo isto. Judith Butler, “Violência, Luto, Política” (2018, p.28) alentina, Teresa, Lúcia, Sílvia, Teresa, Deolinda, Ana, Cláudia, Paula, Ana Maria, Isabel, Marta, Manuela, Ar- Vminda, Maria, Eduarda, Carla, Maria Isabel, Celeste ... Estes são alguns dos nomes que “identificam” civilmente os corpos que sucumbiram às mãos dos seus agressores, em 2020, em plena pandemia de COVID-19: 32 vítimas mortais no total, das quais 27 são mulheres. Em 2021, até à data de hoje, são já 4 as vítimas mortais de violência doméstica, das quais 3 são mulheres. Por que são os corpos femininos os mais vulneráveis e objeto preferencial de violência? 7 FERNANDA DE CASTRO & MARIA MANUEL BAPTISTA Ao longo de 2020 e ainda 2021, o COVID-19, inimigo invisível, infetou milhões e ceifou a vida a mais de três milhões pessoas mundialmente, levando o mundo a uma batalha biológica nunca antes vista neste século. As medidas adotadas para tentar con- trolar a disseminação do vírus provocaram uma profunda reces- são global, atingindo todos os setores sociais, económicos e até políticos, sem exceção. Neste primeiro aniversário pandémico, são já visíveis, eviden- tes e passíveis de estudo os efeitos sociais, pessoais, políticos e económicos do confinamento total dos corpos e das mentes dos su- jeitos: recessão económica grave, instabilidade política, falências a vários níveis, aumento abrupto do desemprego e da ajuda ali- mentar, distúrbios alimentares, depressão, aumento do número de divórcios, testamentos, violência de género, aumento da carga de trabalho doméstico e stress associado a uma distribuição desi- gual de tarefas domésticas (Bonalume, 2020), em associação a um regime de teletrabalho ansiogénico e extenuante. Se há algo que este longo período de pandémico permitiu foi a reflexão e análise, ainda que sem o distanciamento necessário deste contexto, das inúmeras consequências resultantes da pan- demia. Mais do que mortes provocadas pela COVID-19, a pande- mia deixou (in)visibilizadas muitas outras vítimas colaterais, vítimas de uma violência simbólica e concreta, com a afetação de recursos ao combate deste inimigo biológico e invisível: • doentes crónicos; • doentes acometidos por outras doenças que requerem tra- tamentos ou intervenções (resultante da pressão brutal sobre os sistemas de saúde, sobretudo em países com menos recursos ou que se encontravam no início de 2020 em franca recuperação económica e social); • vítimas de violência doméstica; • meninas e raparigas que foram impedidas, pelo confina- mento, de frequentar a escola e que são obrigadas pela fa- mília ou por preceitos religiosos à mutilação genital e ao matrimónio precoce e forçado e, consequentemente, ao abandono escolar; 8 DA POSSE ∞ DO CORPO À VIOLÊNCIA ∞. A PANDEMIA DA VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA • mulheres cujo confinamento dificultou o acesso à saúde e aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos; • vítimas de tráfico humano que passam a circular e a serem traficadas virtualmente com maior intensidade, com re- curso às redes sociais; • pessoas com empregos ou vínculos precários e com funções nos serviços essenciais [produção, limpeza, assistência, tra- balhadores domésticos (72% perdeu os empregos)] (ONU, 02/09/2020); • mães e/ou esposas que encontram no lar um emprego (não renumerado) que impulsiona e subsidia o sistema neolibe- ral e capitalista. A pandemia expôs desigualdades, intensificando e aperfei- çoando novas formas de exploração e submissão dos mais fracos e desprotegidos pelo sistema. Na senda de Ochy Curiel, a obrigatoriedade da heterossexualidade está ligada (...) às for- mas de produção capitalistas (...) atribuindo às mulheres posi- ções inferiores na divisão do trabalho como empregadas domésticas, secretárias, amas, educadoras, empregadas de mesa, dando lugar a uma sexualização no próprio trabalho (...) Trata-se de uma imposição institucionalizada (...) para assegu- rar o direito masculino ao acesso físico, económico e emocional às mulheres (2018, p.226). O Secretário-geral das Nações Unidas, António Guterres, sa- lienta que “a ameaça da COVID-19 aos direitos e às liberdades das mulheres vai muito além da violência física. A profunda crise económica que acompanha a pandemia provavelmente terá um rosto notoriamente feminino” (Guterres, 2020), não só pelo retro- cesso significativo das ações e políticas implementadas no com- bate à desigualdade de género e à violência doméstica, mas pela vulnerabilidade a que as mulheres estão sujeitas de uma forma muito particular e que a pandemia veio amplificar. As mulheres estão na linha da frente e representam cerca de 70% dos traba- lhadores da área do cuidado e da saúde (ONU, 23/04/2020) e tam- bém são a maioria no trabalho informal (vendedoras ambulantes, 9 FERNANDA DE CASTRO & MARIA MANUEL BAPTISTA temporárias, domésticas, cuidadoras). A pandemia de COVID-19 tornou evidente sobre quem recai o trabalho doméstico não remu- nerado, que se alia, por vezes, ao desemprego ou ao teletrabalho em regime extenuante e que não conhece horários. A pandemia contribuiu para o reforço das “desigualdades e [d]as estruturas de poder que permitem a opressão patriarcal e estrutural nas famílias e nas comunidades” (Ghosh, 2020). De facto, com a pandemia as relações de poder no cerne do lar, e que afetam as nossas
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