ANIMAL TISSUES
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MARS Learning Centre BASIC TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BONE
BLOOD
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MARS Learning Centre LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES TOGETHER.
COMPONENT PARTS;
1. FIBRES 2. CELLS MARS Learning Centre 3. GROUND SUBSTANCE(MATRIX)
MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre Kheer to understand the concept of connective tissue component-cells, matrix, fibers
MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE-CELLS
FIBROBLAST
MACROPHAGES
MAST CELL
PLASMA CELL
ADIPOSE CELL
PIGMENT CELL
MESENCHYME CELL
WANDERING CELLS MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE- FIBRES
1. COLLAGEN FIBRES
2. ELASTIC FIBRES
3. RETICULAR FIBRES
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MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE-MATRIX
GLYCOPROTEINS
WATER
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MARS Learning Centre 1. FIBROBLASTS are large, flat cells with branching processes.
They are present in several connective tissues, and usually are the most numerous.
Fibroblasts migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and certain components of the ground substance.
Helps in wound healing
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MARS Learning Centre 2.ADIPOCYTES
Also called fat cells or adipose cells, are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats).
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MARS Learning Centre 3. MAST CELLS Are abundant along side the blood vessels that supply connective tissue.
They produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection
MARS Learning Centre INFLAMMATION CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MARS Learning Centre (a) Mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine, initiating an inflammatory response. (b) Histamine increases blood flow to the wound site, and increased vascular permeability allows fluid, proteins, phagocytes, and other immune cells to enter infected tissue. These events result in the swelling and reddening of the injured site, and the increased blood flow to the injured site causes it to feel warm. Inflammation is also associated with MARSpain due to th eLearningse events stimulat inCentreg nerve pain receptors in the tissue.
MARS Learning Centre 4. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Are not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue.
However, in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues.
For example, neutrophils gather at sites of infection, and eosinophils migrate to sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses.
MARS Learning Centre 5. MACROPHAGES • Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Macrophages have an irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.
• Fixed macrophages reside in a particular tissue; examples include alveolar macrophages in the lungs
• Wandering macrophages have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis.
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MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 6. PLASMA CELLS
Are small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte.
Plasma cells secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body.
Thus, plasma cells are an important part of the body’s immune response.
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PATHOGEN : A bacterium, virus, or other MARS Learning Centre microorganism that can cause disease. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX OR GROUND SUBSTANCE • The ground substance or matrix is the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers
• The ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified
• Ground substance contains water ,polysaccharides and proteins.
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MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE- FIBRES
1. COLLAGEN FIBRES
2. ELASTIC FIBRES
3. RETICULAR FIBRES
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MARS Learning Centre COLLAGEN FIBERS ( colla glue)
Are very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility.
Collagen fibers often occur in parallel bundles.
Chemically, collagen fibers consist of the protein collagen, which is the most abundant protein in your body.
Collagen fibers are found in most types of connective tissues, especially bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
COLLAGEN FIBERS
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MARS Learning Centre ELASTIC FIBERS which are smaller in diameter than collagen Fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue.
An elastic fiber consists of molecules of the protein elastin.
Because of their unique molecular structure, elastic fibers are strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking.
Equally important, elastic fibers have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, a property called elasticity.
Elastic fibers are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue.
MARS Learning Centre RETICULAR FIBERS (reticul- net)
Produced by fibroblasts, reticular fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks.
Like collagen fibers, reticular fibers provide support and strength.
Reticular fibers are plentiful in reticular connective tissue, which forms the stroma ( bed or covering) or supporting framework of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
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MARS Learning Centre CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE OR AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER FIBROUS
SPECIALISED
CARTILAGE SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD MARS Learning CentreLYMPH
MARS Learning Centre 1.LOOSE CONNECTIVE (AREOLAR) TISSUE
MOST WIDESPREAD CONNECTIVE TISSUE
HELPS AS PACKING MATERIAL
CONTAINS COLLAGEN, ELASTIC AND RETICULAR FIBRES
CONTAINS FIBROBLAST AND MACROPHAGES
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MARS Learning Centre LOOSE CONNECTIVE ( AREOLAR ) TISSUE
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MARS Learning Centre LOOSE OR AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MARS Learning Centre 2.DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS LARGE NUMBER OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBRES
COLLAGEN FIBRES ARE ORGANISED INTO PARALLEL BUNDLES.
DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS FOUND IN TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS TENDON
MARS Learning Centre TENDON Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons
TENDON
TENDON connects muscle to bone. MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons TENDON
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MARS Learning Centre Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in ligaments LIGAMENT connects bone to bone
MARS Learning Centre DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
WHITE COLLAGENOUS FIBROUS TISSUE YELLOW ELASTIC FIBROUS TISSUE FOUND IN DERMIS OF SKIN FOUND IN PRESENT IN HIGHLY PERIOSTEUM ELASTIC STRUCTURE COVERING OF MUSCLES, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER ORGANS VOCAL CORD LUNGS LARGE ARTERIES
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MARS Learning Centre 3.SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE -ADIPOSE TISSUE
Adipose tissue is a specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells
Adipose tissue pads and insulates the body
Each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat as fuel
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MARS Learning Centre Connective tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body.
FUNCTIONS:
• It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues
• Protects and insulates internal organs
• Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles
• Serves as the major transport system within the body (blood, a fluid connective tissue);
• Is the primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose, or fat, tissue);
• And is the main source of immune responses. MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE OR AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER FIBROUS
SPECIALISED
CARTILAGE SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD MARS Learning CentreLYMPH
MARS Learning Centre BONES OSTEON OSTEOLOGY
BONE IS SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BONE IS LIVING TISSUE
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MARS Learning Centre COMPOSITION OF BONE
CELLS F I B R E S MATRIX OSTEOGENIC CELLS COLLAGEN FIBRES (ossein) 15% water (30 % ) o rganic 55% crystallized mineral salts. OSTEOBLASTS ( inorganic )
OSTEOCYTES
OSTEOCLASTS
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MARS Learning Centre The most abundant mineral salt is calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2].
It combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], to form CRYSTALS OF HYDROXYAPATITE.
As the crystals form, they combine with still other mineral salts, such as calcium carbonate and ions such as magnesium, fluoride, potassium, and sulfate.
As these mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix, they crystallize and the tissue hardens.
This process is called CALCIFICATION, is initiated by bone –building cells called osteoblasts.
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MARS Learning Centre If a bone is placed in weak hydrochloric acid, the mineral part is removed from it ( gets dissolved ) and the remaining organic framework is left behind.
Such a bone is called decalcified ( calcium removed ) bone and it is soft and flexible which can even be tied into a knot.
CALCIFIED BONE
MARS Learning Centre DECALCIFIED BONE MARS Learning Centre On the other hand if the bone is strongly heated its organic matter is destroyed and only the mineral part ( or ash ) will remain. Such a bone turns brittle and quickly breaks.
OLD AGE BRITTLE BONE With age , as in old pMARSeople, the org aLearningnic part of the bon eCentre is reduced and the bones become more fragile taking much time in rejoining after a fracture.
MARS Learning Centre FOUR TYPES OF CELLS ARE PRESENT IN BONE TISSUE
OSTEOGENIC CELLS: Are stem cells, they divide to produce osteoblasts.
OSTEOBLASTS: Immature bone cells that produces collagen fibres.
OSTEOCYTES: Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
OSTEOCLASTS: They are known as bone removing cells because they secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix.
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MARS Learning Centre NAMES OF BONES TOTAL BONES IN HUMAN BODY - 206
CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RIBS RADIUS VERTEBRAE HIP BONE ULNA
FEMUR TARSALS PHALANGES TIBIA METACARPALS MARS Learning CentreFIBULA CARPALS METATARSALS MARS Learning Centre PHALANGES PARTS OF LONG BONE
UPPER END ( EPIPHYSIS )
PERIOSTEUM ENDOSTEUM
SHAFT ( DIAPHYSIS )
MEDULLARY CAVITY
MARS LearningLO WCentreER END ( EPIPHYSIS )
MARS Learning Centre STRUCTURE OF THE BONE
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MARS Learning Centre PERIOSTEUM: the external surface of the bone is covered by a membrane called periosteum which consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers and richly supplied by blood vessels.
MEDULLARY CAVITY: A long bone has a hollow cavity in the middle which is filled with bone marrow.
BONE MARROW IS OF TWO TYPES
YELLOW MARROW RED MARROW
Made up of adipose tissue which is present at and blood vessels which give the ends and produces rise to white blood cells red blood cells
Produces blood iMARSn emergency Learning Centre
Bone marrow is a semisolid , fatty , neurovascular tissue. It is a special kind of tissue called myelogenous or myeloid tissue. STRUCTURE OF BONE
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MARS Learning Centre Matrix occurs as layers, called LAMELLAE
LAMELLAE are arranged in concentric rings around the narrow cavity called the HAVERSIAN CANAL.
In the lamellae are found small , fluid filled spaces called LACUNAE.
Lacunae contain OSTEOCYTES. Cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes lie in radiating channels in the matrix known as CANALICULI.
A haversian canal together with the lamellae , lacunae, and canaliculi form a unit known as HAVERSIAN SYSTEM OR OSTEON.
The haversian canals are interconnected by transverse channels , the VOLKMANN’S CANALS
Each haversian canal contains an artery , a vein, a lymph vessel and a nerve , all Packed in with connective tissue.
MARS Learning Centre Haversian canal
MARS Learning Centre TYPES OF BONES
Based on their texture, bones are classified into 2 types.
1. COMPACT BONE
2. SPONGY BONE
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MARS Learning Centre COMPACT BONE: Compact bones are present in the outer layer of long bones. SPONGY BONE: It has lamellae , called trabeculae, that form interlacing network with small spaces between them. These spaces contain red bone marrow.
MARS Learning Centre FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES
1. SUPPORT
2. PROTECTION
3. MOVEMENT
4. STORAGE - FAT AND MINERALS (CA+ + P) MARS Learning Centre
5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION (HEMATOPOIESIS ) CARTILAGE
INFANT
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MARS Learning Centre ADULT SKELETON During early fetal life, the human skeleton is mostly cartilaginous, but is subsequently largely replaced by bone
FOETUS
INFANT / CHILD
ADULT MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre In adults, cartilage persists in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, nose external ears and at joints.
KNEE JOINT CARTILAGE
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MARS Learning Centre •More CARTILAGE Cartilage is a relatively solid type of connective tissue
It can bend and hence it can bear weight to some extent.
It is not as strong as bone and is softer than bone
It does not contain blood vessels ( avascular ), receives nutrition by diffusion KNEE JOINT CARTILAGE
Cartilage in ear
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MARS Learning Centre COMPOSITION OF CARTILAGE
COLLAGEN FIBRES + MATRIX + CELLS ELASTIC FIBRES CHONDROCYTES PROTEIN – CARBOHYDRATE COMPLEX CHONDROBLAST
CALLED AS CHONDROITIN SULPHATE
Chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibres are secreted by cells called as CHONDROCYTES
MARSOuter coverin gLearning of cartilage is call eCentred as perichondrium TYPES OF CARTILAGE
1. HYALINE CARTILAGE
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
3. WHITE FIBROCARTILAGE
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MARS Learning Centre HYALINE CARTILAGE Most abundant cartilage in the body
EXAMPLES
COSTAL CARTILAGE
TRACHEA MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre HYALINE CARTILAGE
---- OUTER FIBROUS LAYER
INNER CELLULAR LAYER
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MARS Learning Centre ELASTIC CARTILAGE
EXAMPLES
EPIGLOTTIS EXTERNAL EAR
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MARS Learning Centre ELASTIC CARTILAGE
CHONDROCYTES WITH ELASTIC FIBRES MARS Learning Centre
MARS Learning Centre WHITE FIBROCARTILAGE
EXAMPLES
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
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PUBIC SYMPHYSIS MARS Learning Centre WHITE FIBROCARTILAGE
MADE UP OF STACKS OF COLLAGEN FIBRES
CHONDROCYTES ARE FOUND IN SINGLE OR ROWS
LITTLE MATRIX
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MARS Learning Centre THANK YOU
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