ANIMAL TISSUES MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre BASIC TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE BLOOD MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BINDS DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES TOGETHER. COMPONENT PARTS; 1. FIBRES 2. CELLS MARS Learning Centre 3. GROUND SUBSTANCE(MATRIX) MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre Kheer to understand the concept of connective tissue component-cells, matrix, fibers MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE-CELLS FIBROBLAST MACROPHAGES MAST CELL PLASMA CELL ADIPOSE CELL PIGMENT CELL MESENCHYME CELL WANDERING CELLS MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE- FIBRES 1. COLLAGEN FIBRES 2. ELASTIC FIBRES 3. RETICULAR FIBRES MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE-MATRIX GLYCOPROTEINS WATER MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 1. FIBROBLASTS are large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in several connective tissues, and usually are the most numerous. Fibroblasts migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and certain components of the ground substance. Helps in wound healing MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 2.ADIPOCYTES Also called fat cells or adipose cells, are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 3. MAST CELLS Are abundant along side the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. They produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection MARS Learning Centre INFLAMMATION CONNECTIVE TISSUE MARS Learning Centre (a) Mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine, initiating an inflammatory response. (b) Histamine increases blood flow to the wound site, and increased vascular permeability allows fluid, proteins, phagocytes, and other immune cells to enter infected tissue. These events result in the swelling and reddening of the injured site, and the increased blood flow to the injured site causes it to feel warm. Inflammation is also associated with MARSpain due to th eLearningse events stimulat inCentreg nerve pain receptors in the tissue. MARS Learning Centre 4. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Are not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue. However, in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues. For example, neutrophils gather at sites of infection, and eosinophils migrate to sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses. MARS Learning Centre 5. MACROPHAGES • Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Macrophages have an irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. • Fixed macrophages reside in a particular tissue; examples include alveolar macrophages in the lungs • Wandering macrophages have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 6. PLASMA CELLS Are small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Thus, plasma cells are an important part of the body’s immune response. MARS Learning Centre PATHOGEN : A bacterium, virus, or other MARS Learning Centre microorganism that can cause disease. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX OR GROUND SUBSTANCE • The ground substance or matrix is the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers • The ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified • Ground substance contains water ,polysaccharides and proteins. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CONNECTIVE TISSUE- FIBRES 1. COLLAGEN FIBRES 2. ELASTIC FIBRES 3. RETICULAR FIBRES MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre COLLAGEN FIBERS ( colla glue) Are very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility. Collagen fibers often occur in parallel bundles. Chemically, collagen fibers consist of the protein collagen, which is the most abundant protein in your body. Collagen fibers are found in most types of connective tissues, especially bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments COLLAGEN FIBERS MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre ELASTIC FIBERS which are smaller in diameter than collagen Fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue. An elastic fiber consists of molecules of the protein elastin. Because of their unique molecular structure, elastic fibers are strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking. Equally important, elastic fibers have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, a property called elasticity. Elastic fibers are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue. MARS Learning Centre RETICULAR FIBERS (reticul- net) Produced by fibroblasts, reticular fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks. Like collagen fibers, reticular fibers provide support and strength. Reticular fibers are plentiful in reticular connective tissue, which forms the stroma ( bed or covering) or supporting framework of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE OR AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER FIBROUS SPECIALISED CARTILAGE SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD MARS Learning CentreLYMPH MARS Learning Centre 1.LOOSE CONNECTIVE (AREOLAR) TISSUE MOST WIDESPREAD CONNECTIVE TISSUE HELPS AS PACKING MATERIAL CONTAINS COLLAGEN, ELASTIC AND RETICULAR FIBRES CONTAINS FIBROBLAST AND MACROPHAGES MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre LOOSE CONNECTIVE ( AREOLAR ) TISSUE MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre LOOSE OR AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE MARS Learning Centre 2.DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS LARGE NUMBER OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBRES COLLAGEN FIBRES ARE ORGANISED INTO PARALLEL BUNDLES. DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS FOUND IN TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS TENDON MARS Learning Centre TENDON Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons TENDON TENDON connects muscle to bone. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons TENDON MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre Dense fibrous connective tissue is found in ligaments LIGAMENT connects bone to bone MARS Learning Centre DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHITE COLLAGENOUS FIBROUS TISSUE YELLOW ELASTIC FIBROUS TISSUE FOUND IN DERMIS OF SKIN FOUND IN PRESENT IN HIGHLY PERIOSTEUM ELASTIC STRUCTURE COVERING OF MUSCLES, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER ORGANS VOCAL CORD LUNGS LARGE ARTERIES MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre 3.SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE -ADIPOSE TISSUE Adipose tissue is a specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells Adipose tissue pads and insulates the body Each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat as fuel MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre Connective tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. FUNCTIONS: • It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues • Protects and insulates internal organs • Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles • Serves as the major transport system within the body (blood, a fluid connective tissue); • Is the primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose, or fat, tissue); • And is the main source of immune responses. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE OR AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER FIBROUS SPECIALISED CARTILAGE SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD MARS Learning CentreLYMPH MARS Learning Centre BONES OSTEON OSTEOLOGY BONE IS SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE IS LIVING TISSUE MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre COMPOSITION OF BONE CELLS F I B R E S MATRIX OSTEOGENIC CELLS COLLAGEN FIBRES (ossein) 15% water (30 % ) o rganic 55% crystallized mineral salts. OSTEOBLASTS ( inorganic ) OSTEOCYTES OSTEOCLASTS MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre The most abundant mineral salt is calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. It combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], to form CRYSTALS OF HYDROXYAPATITE. As the crystals form, they combine with still other mineral salts, such as calcium carbonate and ions such as magnesium, fluoride, potassium, and sulfate. As these mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix, they crystallize and the tissue hardens. This process is called CALCIFICATION, is initiated by bone –building cells called osteoblasts. MARS Learning Centre MARS Learning Centre If a bone is placed in weak hydrochloric acid, the mineral part is removed from it ( gets dissolved ) and the remaining organic framework is left behind. Such a bone is called decalcified ( calcium removed ) bone and it is soft and flexible which can even be tied into a knot. CALCIFIED BONE MARS Learning Centre DECALCIFIED BONE MARS Learning Centre On the other hand if the bone is strongly heated its organic matter is destroyed and only the mineral part ( or ash ) will remain. Such a bone turns brittle and quickly breaks. OLD AGE BRITTLE BONE With age , as in old pMARSeople,