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«Wenn Man Gewusst Hätte, Was Sich Drüben Im Reich Abspielte 1 Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in der Schweiz Contributions à l’histoire et à la culture des Juifs en Suisse Gaston Haas «Wenn man gewusst hätte, was sich drüben im Reich absp1- ielte 1941-1943 Was man in der Schweiz von der Judenvemichtung wusste Herausgeber: SIG Helbing & Lichtenhahn Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in der Schweiz Contributions à l’histoire et à la culture des Juifs en Suisse 4 Mit dieser Schriftenreihe möchte der Schweizerische Israelitische Gemein­ debund wissenschaftliche Arbeiten über die Geschichte und die Kultur der Juden in der Schweiz vom ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit publizieren. Die Monographien, deren Thema und Art der Darstellung von den Autoren selbst gewählt werden, sollen Lücken in der Geschichtsforschung schliessen und damit zum besseren Verständnis einer heute weitgehend integrierten Minderheit in der Schweiz beitragen. «Wenn man gewusst hätte, was sich drüben im Reich abspielte...» Unsichere Zeiten: Rassismus, Fremdenhass, Intoleranz und Antisemitismus sind in Europa wieder auf dem Vormarsch - kaum ein halbes Jahrhundert nach dem Zusammenbruch des Dritten Reichs. Was wusste die Schweiz während des Zweiten Weltkriegs von den Ver­ brechen der Nationalsozialisten an den europäischen Juden? Nichts, wenn man den Beteuerungen Bundesrats von Steiger, damals verantwortlich für die Flüchtlingspolitik, Glauben schenken will. Aber die Quellen sprechen eine andere Sprache: Berichte von Diplomaten und Reisenden, von Mit­ gliedern der Schweizer Armee und deutschen Deserteuren, von jüdischen Flüchtlingen und unerschrockenen Journalisten beweisen das Gegenteil. Angst vor deutschen Interventionen, aber bisweilen auch Fremdenhass und unverhohlener Antisemitismus waren die Leitmotive schweizerischer Armee- und Regierungsstellen, um die Grenzen für jüdische Flüchtlinge zu schliessen. Das Boot war voll... Gaston Haas, Jahrgang 1961, studierte an der Universität Zürich Geschichte und deutsche Literatur. Er lebt und arbeitet als Redaktor in Zürich. 9 783719 013608 Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in der Schweiz Contributions à l’histoire et à la culture des juifs en Suisse Vol. 4 Gaston Haas «Wenn man gewusst hätte, was sich drüben im Reich abspielte...» 1941-1943 Was man in der Schweiz von der Judenvernichtung wusste Herausgeber: Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund Helbing & Lichtenhahn Basel und Frankfurt am Main 1994 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Haas, Gaston: «Wenn man gewusst hätte, was sich drüben im Reich abspielte...»: 1941-1943; was man in der Schweiz von der Judenverfolgung wusste / Gaston Haas. Hrsg.: Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund. – Basel; Frankfurt am Main: Helbing und Lichtenhahn, 1994 (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in der Schweiz; Vol. 4) Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 1994 ISBN 3-7190-1360-X NE: GT Umschlagabbildung: Aktivdienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg an der Grenze zu Deutschland (Keystone, Zürich) Die Produktion dieser Arbeit wurde durch die Stiftung Irène Bollag-Herzheimer ermöglicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Universität Zürich im Sommersemester 1992 auf Antrag von Professor Dr. R. von Albertini als Dissertation angenommen. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf deshalb der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlags. ISBN 3-7190-1360-X Bestellnummer 21 01360 © 1994 by Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG, Basel Eingelesen mit ABBY Fine Reader Inhaltsverzeichnis 1.1.1 Der «Anschluss» Österreichs .......................................................................... 51 1.1.2 Warten auf das Pogrom ................................................................................... 52 1.1.3 Der Mord von Paris – Vorwand für die November-Pogrome ........................... 53 1.1.4 «Prophetische» «NZZ» ................................................................................... 55 1.2 Der Weg zur Vernichtung ...................................................................................... 57 1.2.1 Die Hitler-Rede vom 30. Januar 1939 ............................................................ 57 1.2.2 Die perfekte Propagandamaschinerie .............................................................. 58 1.3 Pilet-Golaz und die Anpassung in der Schweiz ...................................................... 59 1.3.1 Der Schock des 25. Juni 1940 ......................................................................... 59 1.3.2 Pilet-Golaz’ Radioansprache ........................................................................... 60 1.3.3 Verwirrung in der Öffentlichkeit .................................................................... 61 1.4 Die Hitler-Rede vom 30. Januar 1941 .................................................................... 62 2. Das Eidgenössische Politische Departement und die diplomatischen Vertretungen .............................................................................................. 65 2.1 Köln: Franz Rudolph von Weiss ............................................................................. 65 2.1.1 «Euthanasie» im Reich .................................................................................. 66 2.1.2 Die Deportation der Kölner Juden. ................................................................. 68 2.1.3 Intrige aus Berlin ............................................................................................. 70 2.1.4 Fotografien für Roger Masson ...................................................................... 71 2.2 Maulkorb für die Presse ......................................................................................... 73 2.3 Bukarest .................................................................................................................. 75 2.3.1 René de Weck ................................................................................................. 75 2.3.1.1 De Weck über Gedankenfreiheit .............................................................. 77 2.3.2 Berichte über Massaker ................................................................................... 78 2.3.2.1 Jassy ....................................................................................................... 78 2.3.2.2 Bessarabien .............................................................................................. 79 2.3.2.3 Odessa .................................................................................................... 80 2.3.2.3.1 Ein Schweizer Geschäftsmann berichtet ............................................... 82 2.3.3 Besprechungen in Bern ................................................................................... 83 2.3.4 Die Deportationen von 1942 ........................................................................... 85 2.3.4.1 Transnistrien ............................................................................................ 87 2.4 Rom ......................................................................................................................... 92 2.4.1 Nachrichten aus dem Vatikan .......................................................................... 92 2.5 Belgrad .................................................................................................................... 94 2.6 Zagreb. .................................................................................................................... 96 2.7 Ankara ..................................................................................................................... 99 2.7.1 Die Vernichtungslager werden bekannt ........................................................... 99 2.8 London .................................................................................................................. 101 2.9 Jüdische Organisationen schlagen Alarm .............................................................. 103 2.9.1 Hilferufe aus Palästina und London ............................................................... 103 3. Das Eidgenössische Justiz- und Polizeidepartement ...................................................... 107 3.1 Die Bundesanwaltschaft ........................................................................................ 107 3.1.1 Das Massaker von Babi Jar .......................................................................... 107 3.1.2 Passfälschungen ............................................................................................. 108 3.1.2.1 Konsul Rudolf Hügli .............................................................................. 108 3.1.2.2 Dr. Julius Kühl ....................................................................................... 110 3.1.2.3 Bern reagiert .......................................................................................... 111 3.2 Die Polizeiabteilung ............................... ‘. ........................................................... 117 3.2.1 Xenophobie .................................................................................................... 118 3.2.2 Dr. Rothmund und die Juden ................................................................. .... ..119 3.2.2.1 Der «Plan de causerie d’éducation nationale» ....................................... 119 3.2.2.2 Einschätzung der Haltung Rothmunds .......... ... .................................... 123 3.2.3 13. August 1942: Die Grenzen werden geschlossen
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