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Jojoba: a Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography

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Jojoba: a Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Jojoba: A Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Item Type text; Book Authors Sherbrooke, Wade C.; Haase, Edward F. Publisher Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 26/09/2021 05:12:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238171 Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 5 JOJOBA A WAX -PRODUCING SHRUBOF THE SONORAN DESERT University of Arizona OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES Tucson, Arizona 85719 1974 110 130 116 116 M. 112 36 36 Y Y Y Y + + 34 3 YY + Y 32° 32 30° 30 Y Geographical Distribution in the Sonoran Desert + Vouct and North America IYSi gh tf ng Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider BUXACEAE Frontispiece.Distribution of jojoba. Reproduced with permission from Hastings, Turner, and Warren (1972) . Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 5 JOJOBA: A WAX- PRODUCING SHRUB OF THE SONORAN DESERT Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography by Wade C. Sherbrooke and Edward F. Haase The work upon which this publication is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Native American Programs, Contract No. HEW- OS- 74 -20. University of Arizona OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES Tucson, Arizona 85719 1974 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii PREFACE iii LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION 1 BIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY 3 Plant Morphology and Embryology 3 Reproduction 5 Habitat and Physiological Ecology 7 Genetic Variation 8 Phytogeography 9 Systematics 11 Evolution 13 Ethnobotany 13 Use by Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and as an Ornamental 15 UTILIZATION OF WAX 16 Whale Oil Substitute 17 Sulfurization and Sulfation 18 Hydrogenation, Polymerization and Epoxidation 19 Acids, Alcohols and Esters 20 Modern Medicinal Uses 20 Patents 21 Extraction 21 Jojoba Meal 22 PRODUCTION OF SEED 23 Native Populations 23 Cultivated Plantations 24 Plantation Management 25 CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 29 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 AUTHOR INDEX 133 KEY WORD INDEX 136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the process of locating documents on jojoba, we required and received considerable assistance from the librarians of the University of Arizona Library System, particularly reference librarians at the Science Division and staff in the Interlibrary Loan Section.In addition, we were aided by personnel at the Arizona State Museum Library and at the Herbar- ium Library of the University of Arizona. Numerous references on jojoba were provided by the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum of the University of Arizona. Many individuals provided us with references and /or suggestions. For this assistance we would like to thank the following: Dr. Frank S. Crosswhite, Dr. Richard S. Felger, Dr. Howard S. Gentry, Dr. LeMoyne Hogan, Ms. Ida K. Langman, Dr. Paul S. Martin, Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Dr. Nicholas T. Mirov, Dr. Rudolf Schmid, Dr. Lyle K. Sowls, Dr. J.J. Spadero, Dr. Raymond M. Turner, Dr. Charles W. Weber, Dr. Michael A. Wells, Dr. Gin O. Wong, Dr. Tien Wei Yang and Dr. D. M. Yermanos. Special recognition is accorded Miss Patricia Paylore of the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. We have heavily relied on her computerized information retrieval system and Thesaurus of Arid Lands Terminology for the printout of the abstracts and the indices.In addition, she has been most generous in contributing her editorial skills and advice to the project. Mr. John Nichols translated several papers from German. Systems Analyst Lynn Lybeck was responsible for making the computer program fulfill our needs. Mrs. Julie V. Garrettson was in charge of the keypunch operation, and Mrs. Jean Mills typed the manuscript. ABSTRACT This document reviews the literature and includes an annotated bibliography (256 references) on the desert shrub jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis(Link) Schneider, of the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. The first section, biology and natural history, treats the following topics: plant morphology and embryology, reproduction, habitat and physiological ecology, genetic variation, phytogeography, systematics, evolution, ethnobotany, use by wildlife and domestic animals, and as an ornamental. The second section, utilization of wax, covers information on the chemistry and economic utilization of the liquid wax obtained from jojoba seed. Topics include whale oil substitute, sulfurization, sulfation, hydro- genation, polymerization, epoxidation, acids, alcohols, esters, modern medicinal uses, patents, extraction, and jojoba meal. The third section reviews the literature on the production of jojoba seed, native populations, cultivated plantations, and plantation management. Current research activities of the Jojoba Indian Project, sponsored by the Office of Native American Programs at the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and other research and development activities on jojoba are noted. A major portion of the paper consists of the abstracted bibliography, which appears as a computer print -out with complete citations and key words. Authorand key word indices are included. PREFACE Jojoba (pronounced hóhóba) Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider has recently received widespread attention because the seed oil (liquid wax) content of approximately 50% is a possible substitute for sperm whale oil, a product derived from an endangered species. An important industry based on utiliza- tion of the desert shrub jojoba appears to be on the horizon in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and other arid lands of the world. The following factors point optimistically toward a successful jojoba industry and economic self - development for Indians in the southwestern United States: 1) Extensive stands of native jojoba occur on the San Carlos Apache and Papago Indian Reservations in southern Arizona and it might be successfully cultivated on many Indian or private lands in Arizona and California. 2) Indians in the southwestern United States have a great need for viable and stable additions to their reservation economies. 3) A wealth of technical scientific literature indicates a considerable potential for a wide variety of useful jojoba products, such as lubricants, cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations, polishes, candles, and a host of others. Development of an Indian jojoba industry in the United States was given financial support by the Indian Division of the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1972 -73 through the Office of Arid Lands Studies at the University of Arizona at Tucson and the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of California at Riverside. The program continues to be supported through the Office of Native American Programs in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The first International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses was held at the University of Arizona, Tucson, in June 1972, to document the state of knowledge of jojoba and appraise its future potential for utilization. The Office of A rid Lands Studies prepared a bibliography of jojoba for distribution at the conference. The conference and the subsequent publication of the proceedings signaled a renewal of interest in the economic development of jojoba around the world, and a commitment by the Federal government to foster the development of a jojoba industry on Indian reservations in the southwestern United States. With support from the Office of Native American Programs, we have continued to identify literature on jojoba and develop a library of scientific information in the field.Our efforts have been greatly enhanced by the use of the Arid Lands Information System and Thesaurus of Arid Lands Termi- nology developed by Patricia Paylore at the Office of Arid Lands Studies. Use of this computerized information retrieval system has allowed us to classify and retrieve abstracts, based on key words, of all the pertinent jojoba literature that we have located. We plan to continue our efforts, expanding the data base of our tapes as new publications become available. With that thought in mind, we would appreciate information from our readers on any jojoba literature which we may have missed, or which may bepublished in the future. The capacities of our information retrieval system lend themselves well' to our role as a clearinghouse for information on jojoba and its development. We are able to provide retrievals of abstracts of stored documents from key word inquiries. We also maintain a limited supply of Xeroxed copies of many of the published references cited in our bibliography for distribution to scien- tists and other appropriate individuals interested in jojoba research. Since July 1972, in cooperation with the International Committee on Jojoba Research and Development, a quarterly newsletter, Jojoba Happenings, has been pub- lished by the Office of Arid Lands Studies to communicate current jojoba developments to Indians, scientists, and other interested parties. Anyone interested in jojoba activities can receive this publication on a continuing basis by requesting it from the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson. We hope that our bibliographic efforts will provide a helpful background of knowledge to stimulate further interest and investigation of jojoba and its economic utilization.It is our sincere desire that these efforts will eventually lead to a substantial improvement in the economic welfare of Indians in the Southwest through the development of reservation -centered jojoba industries that are integrated into the social fabric and life style of the people.
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