DOCSLIB.ORG

Jojoba: a Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jojoba: a Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Jojoba: A Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Item type text; Book Authors Sherbrooke, Wade C.; Haase, Edward F. Publisher Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Downloaded 11-Jan-2017 09:28:37 Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238171 Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 5 JOJOBA A WAX -PRODUCING SHRUBOF THE SONORAN DESERT University of Arizona OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES Tucson, Arizona 85719 1974 110 130 116 116 M. 112 36 36 Y Y Y Y + + 34 3 YY + Y 32° 32 30° 30 Y Geographical Distribution in the Sonoran Desert + Vouct and North America IYSi gh tf ng Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider BUXACEAE Frontispiece.Distribution of jojoba. Reproduced with permission from Hastings, Turner, and Warren (1972) . Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 5 JOJOBA: A WAX- PRODUCING SHRUB OF THE SONORAN DESERT Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography by Wade C. Sherbrooke and Edward F. Haase The work upon which this publication is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Native American Programs, Contract No. HEW- OS- 74 -20. University of Arizona OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES Tucson, Arizona 85719 1974 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii PREFACE iii LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION 1 BIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY 3 Plant Morphology and Embryology 3 Reproduction 5 Habitat and Physiological Ecology 7 Genetic Variation 8 Phytogeography 9 Systematics 11 Evolution 13 Ethnobotany 13 Use by Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and as an Ornamental 15 UTILIZATION OF WAX 16 Whale Oil Substitute 17 Sulfurization and Sulfation 18 Hydrogenation, Polymerization and Epoxidation 19 Acids, Alcohols and Esters 20 Modern Medicinal Uses 20 Patents 21 Extraction 21 Jojoba Meal 22 PRODUCTION OF SEED 23 Native Populations 23 Cultivated Plantations 24 Plantation Management 25 CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 29 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 AUTHOR INDEX 133 KEY WORD INDEX 136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the process of locating documents on jojoba, we required and received considerable assistance from the librarians of the University of Arizona Library System, particularly reference librarians at the Science Division and staff in the Interlibrary Loan Section.In addition, we were aided by personnel at the Arizona State Museum Library and at the Herbar- ium Library of the University of Arizona. Numerous references on jojoba were provided by the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum of the University of Arizona. Many individuals provided us with references and /or suggestions. For this assistance we would like to thank the following: Dr. Frank S. Crosswhite, Dr. Richard S. Felger, Dr. Howard S. Gentry, Dr. LeMoyne Hogan, Ms. Ida K. Langman, Dr. Paul S. Martin, Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Dr. Nicholas T. Mirov, Dr. Rudolf Schmid, Dr. Lyle K. Sowls, Dr. J.J. Spadero, Dr. Raymond M. Turner, Dr. Charles W. Weber, Dr. Michael A. Wells, Dr. Gin O. Wong, Dr. Tien Wei Yang and Dr. D. M. Yermanos. Special recognition is accorded Miss Patricia Paylore of the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. We have heavily relied on her computerized information retrieval system and Thesaurus of Arid Lands Terminology for the printout of the abstracts and the indices.In addition, she has been most generous in contributing her editorial skills and advice to the project. Mr. John Nichols translated several papers from German. Systems Analyst Lynn Lybeck was responsible for making the computer program fulfill our needs. Mrs. Julie V. Garrettson was in charge of the keypunch operation, and Mrs. Jean Mills typed the manuscript. ABSTRACT This document reviews the literature and includes an annotated bibliography (256 references) on the desert shrub jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis(Link) Schneider, of the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. The first section, biology and natural history, treats the following topics: plant morphology and embryology, reproduction, habitat and physiological ecology, genetic variation, phytogeography, systematics, evolution, ethnobotany, use by wildlife and domestic animals, and as an ornamental. The second section, utilization of wax, covers information on the chemistry and economic utilization of the liquid wax obtained from jojoba seed. Topics include whale oil substitute, sulfurization, sulfation, hydro- genation, polymerization, epoxidation, acids, alcohols, esters, modern medicinal uses, patents, extraction, and jojoba meal. The third section reviews the literature on the production of jojoba seed, native populations, cultivated plantations, and plantation management. Current research activities of the Jojoba Indian Project, sponsored by the Office of Native American Programs at the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and other research and development activities on jojoba are noted. A major portion of the paper consists of the abstracted bibliography, which appears as a computer print -out with complete citations and key words. Authorand key word indices are included. PREFACE Jojoba (pronounced hóhóba) Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider has recently received widespread attention because the seed oil (liquid wax) content of approximately 50% is a possible substitute for sperm whale oil, a product derived from an endangered species. An important industry based on utiliza- tion of the desert shrub jojoba appears to be on the horizon in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and other arid lands of the world. The following factors point optimistically toward a successful jojoba industry and economic self - development for Indians in the southwestern United States: 1) Extensive stands of native jojoba occur on the San Carlos Apache and Papago Indian Reservations in southern Arizona and it might be successfully cultivated on many Indian or private lands in Arizona and California. 2) Indians in the southwestern United States have a great need for viable and stable additions to their reservation economies. 3) A wealth of technical scientific literature indicates a considerable potential for a wide variety of useful jojoba products, such as lubricants, cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations, polishes, candles, and a host of others. Development of an Indian jojoba industry in the United States was given financial support by the Indian Division of the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1972 -73 through the Office of Arid Lands Studies at the University of Arizona at Tucson and the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of California at Riverside. The program continues to be supported through the Office of Native American Programs in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The first International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses was held at the University of Arizona, Tucson, in June 1972, to document the state of knowledge of jojoba and appraise its future potential for utilization. The Office of A rid Lands Studies prepared a bibliography of jojoba for distribution at the conference. The conference and the subsequent publication of the proceedings signaled a renewal of interest in the economic development of jojoba around the world, and a commitment by the Federal government to foster the development of a jojoba industry on Indian reservations in the southwestern United States. With support from the Office of Native American Programs, we have continued to identify literature on jojoba and develop a library of scientific information in the field.Our efforts have been greatly enhanced by the use of the Arid Lands Information System and Thesaurus of Arid Lands Termi- nology developed by Patricia Paylore at the Office of Arid Lands Studies. Use of this computerized information retrieval system has allowed us to classify and retrieve abstracts, based on key words, of all the pertinent jojoba literature that we have located. We plan to continue our efforts, expanding the data base of our tapes as new publications become available. With that thought in mind, we would appreciate information from our readers on any jojoba literature which we may have missed, or which may bepublished in the future. The capacities of our information retrieval system lend themselves well' to our role as a clearinghouse for information on jojoba and its development. We are able to provide retrievals of abstracts of stored documents from key word inquiries. We also maintain a limited supply of Xeroxed copies of many of the published references cited in our bibliography for distribution to scien- tists and other appropriate individuals interested in jojoba research. Since July 1972, in cooperation with the International Committee on Jojoba Research and Development, a quarterly newsletter, Jojoba Happenings, has been pub- lished by the Office of Arid Lands Studies to communicate current jojoba developments to Indians, scientists, and other interested parties. Anyone interested in jojoba activities can receive this publication on a continuing basis by requesting it from the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson. We hope that our bibliographic efforts will provide a helpful background of knowledge to stimulate further interest and investigation of jojoba and its economic utilization.It is our sincere desire that these efforts will eventually lead to a substantial improvement in the economic welfare of Indians in the Southwest through the development of reservation -centered jojoba industries that are integrated into the social fabric and life style of the people. W.C.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant and Rodent Communities of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
    Plant and rodent communities of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Warren, Peter Lynd Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 16:51:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/566520 PLANT AND RODENT COMMUNITIES OF ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL.MONUMENT by Peter Lynd Warren A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Optimization of a Germination Assay and Long-Term Storage for Cannabis
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999367; this version posted March 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Development and optimization of a germination assay and long-term storage for Cannabis sativa pollen Daniel Gaudet1, Narendra Singh Yadav1, Aleksei Sorokin1, Andrii Bilichak1,2, Igor Kovalchuk1* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada 2Current address: Morden Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Pollen viability and storage is of great interest to cannabis breeders and researchers to maintain desirable germplasm for future use in breeding or for biotechnological and gene editing applications. Here, we report a simple and efficient cryopreservation method for long-term storage of Cannabis sativa pollen. Additionally, we have deciphered the bicellular nature of cannabis pollen using DAPI staining. We have also standardized a pollen germination assay to assess the viability of cannabis pollen, and found pollen collected from different principal growth stages exhibits different longevity. Finally, we developed a long-term storage method which includes pollen combination with baked whole wheat flower and desiccation under vacuum for cryopreservation. By using this method, we were able to maintain germination viability in liquid nitrogen after 4 months, suggesting potentially indefinite preservation of cannabis pollen. Keywords: Cannabis sativa, Pollen germination assay, Cryopreservation, Long-term storage, DAPI staining of germinated pollen, Vegetative nuclei, Sperm nuclei.
    [Show full text]
  • 2000 Crop Report
    WALNUTS The first English, or Persian, Walnut* trees were brought to California around 1770 by the Mission fathers who acquired them in South America. These early trees bore small round nuts with very hard shells and were cultivated to a limited extent by early California pioneers, In 1856, Ozro W. Childs is reported to have planted the first commercial orchard in California. Today 99 percent of the total U.S. walnut crop is produced in California, with Sutter County among the leading walnut producing counties in the State. *In Medieval days, walnuts were associated with English merchant sailors and were transported in ships around the world. Because of this, Persian walnuts were soon called English walnuts. TABLE OF CONTENTS FRUIT AND NUT CROPS 1 FRUIT & NUT CROPS-BEARING AND NON-BEARING 2 FIELD CROPS 3 FIELD CROPS, continued 4 VEGETABLE CROPS 5 SEED CROPS 6 NURSERY PRODUCTS 7 APIARY PRODUCTS 7 LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTS 8 SUMMARY-FARM VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 TEN LEADING CROPS AND VALUE 9 GROSS VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 10 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMPARISON 11 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 11 EXPORT SUMMARY 12 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REPORT 13 PERSONNEL BACK PAGE FRUIT AND NUT CROPS ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE PRODUCTION VALUE HARVESTED PER PER CROPS YEAR ACRES ACRE TOTAL UNIT UNIT TOTAL Almonds, 2000 5,549 0.61 3,385 Tons$ 1,837.58 $ 6,220,200 Meats 1999 4,476 0.87 3,894 Tons 1,600.00 6,230,400 Almonds, 2000 846 Tons 55.00 46,500 Hulls 1999 974 Tons 70.00 68,200 Apples 2000 600 7.23 4,338 Tons 221.86 962,400 1999 765
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization, Propagation and Management of Jojoba
    CHARACTERIZATION, PROPAGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF JOJOBA (SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS L.) IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF VOI, KENYA SHADRACK KINYUA INOTI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2016 ii ABSTRACT Jojoba is a dioecious desert shrub which produces oil of high quality equivalent to that of sperm whale. It is used mainly in the cosmetic and lubrication industry. Currently, there is low production of jojoba globally mainly due to high male to female ratio in the plantations since they are mainly established from seed. To overcome this problem, five experiments were set up with the aim of characterization, propagation and management of jojoba in semi arid areas of Kenya. The experiments included molecular characterization of mature bushes, sex determination in young jojoba seedlings using morphological traits, identifying the most appropriate plant growth regulators and management regimes of mother plants for propagation as well as field established seedlings. Randomized complete block design was used and the treatments were replicated three times. Analysis of variance was carried out using SAS statistical package whereas the differing means were separated using the LSD and DMRT. The experiments were carried out between 2012 and 2014. The results showed that the mature jojoba bushes had a low genetic diversity which was shown by PIC range of 0.2583-0.3748. Single leaf area morphological trait for male seedlings (4.4 cm2) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the females (3.2 cm2). Anatone gave superior rooting percent of 24.2% for cuttings compared with the other plant growth regulators, IBA, Roothom and the control which were 21%, 14.8% and 11.5% respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • (Simmondsia Chinensis) Yield Using Evaluation of Distinctive Clones Grown Under the Egyptian Environmental Conditions
    International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2016 Vol. 12(1):145-165 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Increase the Economic Value of the Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis) Yield Using Evaluation of Distinctive Clones Grown Under the Egyptian Environmental Conditions Esmail, A. E. G.1, Amira, K. G. A.2 and Adss, I. A. A.3 1Pomology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt; 2 Horticulture Department, floriculture Division, Agriculture Faculty, Damanhour University, Egypt; 3Plant Pathology Department, Division of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt. Esmail, A. E. G., Amira, K. G. A. and Adss, I. A. A. (2016). Increase the economic value of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) yield using evaluation of distinctive clones grown under the Egyptian environmental conditions. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 12(1): 145-165. Abstract Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is an industrial crop being grown in the arid and semiarid regions. Evaluation of ten jojoba clones that were selected from privet jojoba farm was studied to compare their growth parameters such as, tree volume, branch length (cm), branch diameter (mm), number of nodes forming branches, mean length for secondary branches per every branch, leaf area, chlorophyll (A and B), flowering date, flowering percentage, fruit set percentage and seed yield per plant (g). Moreover, seed samples were analyzed for oil content, protein content, minerals content and carbohydrates content. Finally comparing between the studied clones using the different of total protein band and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to determine genetic relationships among jojoba genotypes. All these parameters showed significant differences among the studied clones during both seasons except branch diameter (mm) and minerals percentage in the first season as the differences between clones were insignificant.
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List
    Arizona Department of Water Resources Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Official Regulatory List for the Phoenix Active Management Area Fourth Management Plan Arizona Department of Water Resources 1110 West Washington St. Ste. 310 Phoenix, AZ 85007 www.azwater.gov 602-771-8585 Phoenix Active Management Area Low-Water-Use/Drought-Tolerant Plant List Acknowledgements The Phoenix AMA list was prepared in 2004 by the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) in cooperation with the Landscape Technical Advisory Committee of the Arizona Municipal Water Users Association, comprised of experts from the Desert Botanical Garden, the Arizona Department of Transporation and various municipal, nursery and landscape specialists. ADWR extends its gratitude to the following members of the Plant List Advisory Committee for their generous contribution of time and expertise: Rita Jo Anthony, Wild Seed Judy Mielke, Logan Simpson Design John Augustine, Desert Tree Farm Terry Mikel, U of A Cooperative Extension Robyn Baker, City of Scottsdale Jo Miller, City of Glendale Louisa Ballard, ASU Arboritum Ron Moody, Dixileta Gardens Mike Barry, City of Chandler Ed Mulrean, Arid Zone Trees Richard Bond, City of Tempe Kent Newland, City of Phoenix Donna Difrancesco, City of Mesa Steve Priebe, City of Phornix Joe Ewan, Arizona State University Janet Rademacher, Mountain States Nursery Judy Gausman, AZ Landscape Contractors Assn. Rick Templeton, City of Phoenix Glenn Fahringer, Earth Care Cathy Rymer, Town of Gilbert Cheryl Goar, Arizona Nurssery Assn. Jeff Sargent, City of Peoria Mary Irish, Garden writer Mark Schalliol, ADOT Matt Johnson, U of A Desert Legum Christy Ten Eyck, Ten Eyck Landscape Architects Jeff Lee, City of Mesa Gordon Wahl, ADWR Kirti Mathura, Desert Botanical Garden Karen Young, Town of Gilbert Cover Photo: Blooming Teddy bear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii) at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monutment.
    [Show full text]
  • (Simmondsia Chinensis (LINK) Schneider) to the Site of Cultivation at Egypt
    Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Response of growth and wax production of Jojoba Response of growth and wax production of Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis (LINK) Schneider) to the site of cultivation at Egypt. 1 2 . 1, 1 Salah M. Mahmoud , Saber F. Hendawy , Ibrahium M . F Mahmoud A. El Serafy , and Hussan A. Youssf 1 1El-Azhar Univ. Faculty of Agric, Dept of Horticulture, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt. 2Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Researches Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Researches Division, National Research Center, Egypt Received: September 09th, 2016; Accepted: February 15th, 2017 Jojoba plant (Simmondsia Chinensis (link) Schneider), or Ho-Ho-ba or goat nut is a shrub belonging to the Simmondsiaceae family. It is well known as a useful medicinal plant and as a new crop of interest for many industrial purposes. The present study was carried out duringhe two successive seasons of 2012/ 2013 and 2013/ 2014 in private jojoba farms located as following: El-Kassasin city, El-Ismailia, Marsa Matroh, El-Sharkia, Asuite and El-Khanka governorates(Egypt). The study focused on studying the effect of the different local growing site of Egypt on the growth and wax production, and aiming to detect the best location for the suitable growing site to produce the best growth and wax yield. Nine jojoba female shrubs were selected in each farm from the growing shrubs depending on its obvious morphological growth characters and the different seeds shape and then they were marked by labels for data measurements. The monthly temperature and relative humidity average during the study seasons of culture were taken and recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Jojoba Oil Golden Grade
    JOJOBA OIL GOLDEN GRADE PRODUCT DATA SHEET The JOJOBA plant is original of the Sonoran Desert.Fromitsbean,agolden,odourless,non- allergic liquid wax is produced that is known as JOJOBA OIL. The structure of JOJOBA OIL is very similar in composition to the human natural skin oils, it is an excellent moisturizer and is ideal for all skin types without promoting acne or any other skin problems. JOJOBA OIL GOLDEN GRADE helps to heal irritated skin conditions such as psoriasis or any form of dermatitis and helps control acne and oily scalps. JOJOBA OIL GOLDEN GRADE contains myristic acid which has anti- inflammatory actions. Since it is similar in composition to the skin's own oils, it is quickly absorbed and is excellent for dry and mature skins, as well as inflamed conditions. It also has antioxidant properties. TECHNICAL DATA Appearance: Clear bright golden oily liquid Acidity index: 1.0 mg KOH/g oil Peroxide value: 5.0 meq O2/Kg oil 3 Specific gravity (25ºC): 0.863 - 0.873 g/cm Extraction method: Cold pressed Since it is composed of wax esters, JOJOBA OIL is an extremely stable substance and does not easily deteriorate or become rancid. These wax esters are formed by long-chained monohydroxyl alcohols and fatty acids, which differ from fats in that the esters are long-chained fatty acids with glycerine. JOJOBA OIL controls transpiration water loss (water and moisture loss through skin) and helps to control flaking and dryness of the skin, thereby also helping to fight wrinkles. Updated: 02/2007 JOJOBA OIL GOLDEN GRADE JOJOBA OIL GOLDEN GRADE In dermatological tests done by Christensen and Packman1 using JOJOBA OIL, it was shown that jojoba oil increases the skin's suppleness by 45% and after 8 hours the effect was still present.
    [Show full text]
  • Food and Food Forests for Southwest Gardens a Residential and Small Farm Approach the Problem: Food Insecurity
    Food and Food Forests for Southwest Gardens A Residential and Small Farm Approach The Problem: Food Insecurity Modern and even organic farming practices destroy the soil 18 to 80 times faster than natural soil formation rate (Jeavons 2005). In fact, leading scientists suggest that only 40 to 80 years of top soil remain world wide (UN Report 2000). History told, the fall of every great civilization was often marked by their failure to take care of their soils (Berry 2002) Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions The Problem: Food Insecurity Much of the problem is scale. • Groundwater withdrawal exceeds recharge in most cases. • 1.75 billion tons of soil are lost annually to erosion. Much of the problem is cultural-based • Farmers account for less than 1% of our population. • Factory farming and factory food (fast food) has created an obesogenic nation, 75 billion in medical expenditures to taxpayers. • 26% of the edible food wasted at consumer level 7.3 units of (primarily) fossil energy are consumed for every unit of food energy produced. Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions Promise of Alternatives Small scale farming and sustainable farming can have the following benefits: • May use 10% of the water consumed in conventional agriculture. • Produce 4 to 8 times more food per area. • Improve soil formation rates 10 times more than in nature. • Mitigates or reverses soil erosion • Focuses on local and diverse economies and food distribution systems. • Reduces energy consumption and fossil fuel use. Introduction Literature Review Analysis Design Conclusions Promise of Alternatives • In 2006, 53% (by value) of Russia’s total agricultural output came from household plots accounting for 2.9% of agricultural land.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Flowering Time and Pollen Production in Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis) Towards a Strategy for the Selection of Elite Male Genotypes
    agronomy Brief Report Characterization of Flowering Time and Pollen Production in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) towards a Strategy for the Selection of Elite Male Genotypes Noemi Tel Zur 1,* , Ronen Rothschild 2, Udi Zurgil 1 and Yiftach Vaknin 3 1 French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beersheba 84990000, Israel; [email protected] 2 Jojoba Israel Ltd., Kibbutz Hatzerim 8542000, Israel; [email protected] 3 Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 April 2020; Accepted: 13 April 2020; Published: 22 April 2020 Abstract: The seeds of the dioecious shrub jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) yield a liquid wax that is in high demand for the cosmetics industry. While elite female cultivars of this species are currently clonally propagated, male plants are grown from seed, resulting in large variations in both the flowering period and the pollen viability, and hence large variation in yields. We characterized the existing male plant material in a local plantation as a platform for future selection of elite male cultivars that would produce sufficient amounts of viable pollen throughout the extended flowering period of the female cultivars. Using as a guide the number of viable pollen grains per 1-m branch, defined here as the calculated effective pollen productivity (EPP), we identified plants with an elevated EPP that flower concurrently with the female cultivars. Keywords: dioecious; flowering time; phenological diversity; pollen viability 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Site R038XA114AZ Schist Hills 12-16" P.Z
    Natural Resources Conservation Service Ecological site R038XA114AZ Schist Hills 12-16" p.z. Accessed: 09/27/2021 General information Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site. Figure 1. Mapped extent Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated. MLRA notes Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 038X–Mogollon Transition AZ 38.1 – Lower Mogollon Transition Elevations range from 3000 to 4500 feet and precipitation averages 12 to 16 inches per year. Vegetation includes canotia, one-seed juniper, mesquite, catclaw acacia, jojoba, turbinella oak, ratany, shrubby buckwheat, algerita, skunkbush, tobosa, vine mesquite, bottlebrush squirreltail, grama species, curly mesquite, desert needlegrass and New Mexico feathergrass. The soil temperature regime is thermic and the soil moisture regime is ustic aridic. This unit occurs within the Transition Zone Physiographic Province and is characterized by canyons and structural troughs or valleys. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock classes occur on rough mountainous terrain in association with less extensive sediment filled valleys exhibiting little integrated drainage. Classification relationships This site is similar to TE Sites #250 and #275 found on the Prescott National Forest. Associated sites R038XA104AZ Granitic Hills 12-16" p.z. R038XA105AZ Limestone Hills 12-16" p.z. R038XA133AZ Volcanic/Metamorphic Hills 12-16" p.z.
    [Show full text]