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Plant and Rodent Communities of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

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Plant and Rodent Communities of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Plant and rodent communities of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Warren, Peter Lynd Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 16:51:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/566520 PLANT AND RODENT COMMUNITIES OF ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL.MONUMENT by Peter Lynd Warren A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Research Associate of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to this project in one way or another. I thank Scotti Steenbergh for his substantial help from design to editing. Lupe Hendrickson's help with editing and manu­ script preparation was also essential. I also thank those who helped me in the field for their good company, especially Susan Anderson, Paul Fugate, Yvonne Maluf, and Mary Price. The assistance and cooperation of employees at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, especially Terry Peters, was very helpful and much appreciated. Finally, I owe a tremendous debt to Dr. C. H. Lowe for his encouragement, criticism, and enthusiasm. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S .............................................. vi LIST OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S ........................................viii ABSTRACT . .................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION..................................... 1 2. METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S ............................... 5 Vegetation Documentation and Analysis Transect Design ................... Vegetation Sampling ............... Livestock Exclosures .............. in in Go if) Mammal Census Technique ............................... 12 Physical Environment Sampling ......................... 13 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................. 15 Creosotebush Communities— Armenta W e l l ................. 15 Creosotebush Communities— Growler Valley ............... 20 Saltbush Community— Aguajita Spring ................... ^4 Saltbush Community-Dos Lomitas ......................... 32 Elephant Tree— Limberbush Community ................... 37 Senita Basin ....................................... 37 Paloverde-Saguaro Community ........................... 43 Ajo Mountains ........................ 43 General Patterns of Distribution and Abundance ........ 52 Plant Diversity ................................... 52 Rodent Habitat Segregation ......................... 54 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................... 60 APPENDIX A: LOCATION OF PERMANENT 0.1 HECTARE STUDY PLOTS IN ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT ..................................... 63 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page APPENDIX B: STATISTICS FOR TOTAL DENSITY (NUMBER PER 100 m2) AND COVER (%) OF PERENNIAL PLANTS IN STUDY PLOTS AT ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT ............... ....... 65 APPENDIX C: PRECIPITATION AT FOUR STUDY SITES, ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT MAY 1975-APRIL 1976 ........ .................. 68 APPENDIX D: SOIL TYPE, STRUCTURE, AND SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT AT EACH STUDY PLOT IN ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT, 0-5 CM DEPTH .... 69 APPENDIX E: SOIL WATER CONTENT IN THE TOP METER OF SOIL AT EACH STUDY PLOT IN ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT, EARLY JUNE 1975 . 70 LITERATURE C I T E D ............................................ 71 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Perennial plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) in the creosotebush community, Amenta Well exclosure and control p l o t s ........ .. ^7 2. Population data for rodents in Amenta Well exclosure and control p l o t s ......................... 19 3. Perennial plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) in the creosotebush-bur-sage community, transect no. 1, Growler Valley ....................... 22 4. Population data for rodents of the creosotebush- bur-sage community, Growler Valley ................... 25 5. Perennial Plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) in the saltbush community, transect no. 2, Aguajita Spring ..................... 2® 6. Population data for rodents of the saltbush community, transect no. 2, Aguajita S p r i n g ..................... 31 7. Perennial plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) in the saltbush community, Dos Lomitas exclosure and control plots ......................... .33 8. Population data for rodents in Dos Lomitas exclosure and control p l o t s ................................... 36 9. Perennial plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) in the Bursera-Jatropha community in Senita B a s i n ..................................... 38 10. Population data for rodents, transect no. 4, Senita B a s i n .......................................... .42 11. Perennial plant density (individuals/0.1 ha) and cover (%) of the paloverde-saguaro community, transect no. 3, A jo M o u n t a i n s ....................... 45 12. Height (cm) of jojoba (Siimnondsia chinensis) along transect no. 3, Ajo Mountains .............. 48 vi vii LIST OF TABLES— Continued Table Page 13. Population data for rodents, transect no. 3, Ajo Mountains.......................................... 50 14. Seasonal activity (captures/100 trap nights) of the common rodents along transect no. 3, Ajo Mountains (June 1975-February 19 7 6 ) .............................. 51 15. Summary of environmental characteristics and trapping results at study plots (N=20) in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument ................... ..... 57 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of permanent study plots ........................... 6 2. Creosotebush-bur-sage community at Amenta W e l l ............. 16 3. Creosotebush-bur-sage community in Growler Valley . .......... 21 4. Saltbush community at Dos Lomitas ........................... 26 5. Comparison of vegetation cover and density in Dos Lomitas exclosure and control plots . ................... 34 6. Bursera-Jatropha community in Senita B a s i n ................. 40 7. Paloverde-saguaro community at the mouth of Alamo C a n y o n ............................................ 44 8. Density of triangle bur-sage (Ambrosia deltoidea) along transect no. 3, Ajo Mountains..................... 47 9. Relationship between perennial plant species diversity and cover at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument .... 53 10. Abundance of Dipodomys and Perognathus with respect to vegetation cover at Organ Pipe Cactus National M o n u m e n t ................................................ 55 viii ABSTRACT Plant and nocturnal rodent populations of the Sonoran Desert were censused on permanent 0.1 hectare plots in the lowland portions of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, southern Arizona. The plant com­ munities studied included the creosotebush-bursage, paloverde-saguaro, and saltbush communities. Plant species diversity ranged from one species per 0.1 hectare in an area of fine-textured soil to 26 species per 0.1 hectare in an area of coarse, rocky soil. Vegetation cover ranged from 3.43 percent to 41.36 percent and was also positively re­ lated to coarse soil texture. A positive correlation was found between plant species diversity and vegetation cover. Although the dominant species varied from site to site, total numbers and species diversity of rodents were relatively constant be­ tween sites. Rodent habitat occupation was strictly segregated on the basis of plant cover and soil rockiness. Kangaroo rats were found pre­ dominantly in the more open plots and pocket mice were found predomi­ nantly in plots with greater vegetation cover. No more them one rodent species was common on a single plot. The effect of grazing on plant and rodent populations was assessed by comparison of two pairs of livestock exclosure and control plots. Little difference was observed between exclosure and control plots in the creosotebush-bur-sage community, but major grazing damage was observed in the saltbush community. Plant diversity, cover, and ix X density, and rodent diversity and abundance were significantly depressed outside the exclosure in saltbush. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is located in western Pima County in southwestern Arizona immediately adjoining the Mexican state of Sonora. It is situated near the geographic center of the Sonoran Desert, and encompasses a unique ecotone between
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