AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1295 the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY September 10, 1945 New York City

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1295 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY September 10, 1945 New York City

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA, NYMPHALIDAE) BY RICHARD M. Fox

Mr. Frank Martin Brown sent me the comparison with a good series from Colom- Ithomiinae from his Ecuadorian collection, bia in the Mengel collection at the Reading with the request that I study them and Public Museum. The differences are more pass them on to the American Museum of numerous than mentioned by Haensch and Natural History for permanent deposit. are perfectly consistent. This form is Based on this study, three new genera and found only in western Ecuador. No repre- 12 new species and subspecies are presented sentative of the species has been recorded here. All the type material is from Ecua- from the Oriente region. dor and, except as otherwise noted, from MALE AND FEMALE: Like idae idae ex- the Brown collection; holotypes and allo- cept as follows. The black margins of the types, except as otherwise noted, are in the hindwings are strikingly narrower, being American Museum of Natural History; 5 to 7 mm. wide at M3, as compared to a paratypes are in the American Museum of width of 9 to 12 mm. in idae. Further- Natural History, Academy of Natural more, the proximal boundary of this border Sciences of Philadelphia, Carnegie Mu- is clean cut and definite, while in idae it is seum, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Museum of ill defined and obscured by a median band Comparative Zoology, Reading Public of black brown scaling which suggests the Museum, and United States National more definite median band of the "Lycorea Museum. pattern"; in vespertina this scaling is This paper is being published while I am wholly wanting, the tawny ground color in the Navy "somewhere in the Pacific." being clear and clean. The expanse of the I am sincerely indebted to those who have forewing is less, 75 to 80 mm. as compared helped prepare for publication my rough with 80 to 85 mm.; the apex is more acute. original material. Especially kind in this The yellow postmedian spot of the fore- respect have been Dr. Walter Sweadner wing at M3-Cu1 is tiny, vestigial, or want- of the Carnegie Museum, and Miss Annette ing; in idae it is always well developed and L. Bacon and Miss Alice Gray of the definite. As a general rule the black wedge- American Museum. And in this, as in all shaped spot in the forewing cell is prolonged other projects on which I embark, my Wife nearly to the base under the median in has functioned as my alter ego. vespertina; in idae this spot is chunkier and not prolonged basad. On the forewings Melinaea idae vespertina, new subspecies beneath, the orange tawny below Cu2 in Figure 21 vespertina extends to the edge of the yellow Haensch (1909, in Seitz, Macrolepidop- spot in the anal angle; in idae the yellow tera of the world, vol. 5, p. 124) noted that anal angle spot is surrounded by black. the Ecuadorian race of Melinaea idae C. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, and R. Felder varies from the Colombian Playas de Juan Montalvo, Los Rios, race in its narrower hindwing margin and Ecuador, 30 meters, March, 1938. Allo- smaller size. In itself this may appear type, female, topotypic, March 14, 1938. trivial. However, a large series of both Paratypes: 55 males and 15 females, topo- sexes in the Brown collection from the typic; six males and one female, Santo Pacific drainage has enabled me to make a Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha; 12 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295 males and five females, Palmar, Manabi; 4, 1941 (genitalia slide 435). Allotype, two males and two females, Balzapamba, female, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Bolivar; two males, Huigra, Chimborazo Pichincha, Ecuador, 500 meters, January 1, (Rhoades); one male, Hacienda Cutu- 1941. Paratypes: one male, Palmar, Ma- guay, Chimborazo (Coxey). nabi; one female, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha; one male, Rio Ithomia diasia browni, new subspecies Toachi, Pichincha; one male and one fe- Figures 1, 26 male, Morro-Morro, near Pinias, El Oro; A small series from the Brown collection six males, Dos Puentes, Chimborazo captured on the Pacific slopes appeared to (Coxey); one male, Hacienda Cutuguay, be Ithomia diasia Hewitson but upon com- Chimborazo (Coxey); two males, Ecua- parison with a set of specimens from dor (von Hagen). Colombia in the Reading Public Museum The Whymper record of Ithomia diasia turned out to be undescribed; no doubt it from Chimbo cited by Campos (1921, Rev. is mixed with diasia in collections. Colegio Nac. Vicente Rocafuerte, no. 4, MALE AND FEMALE: Ithomia diasia p. 20; and 1927, ibid., nos. 27-28, p. 9) browni is a little smaller than diasia diasia probably is this form. in both sexes, the forewing apices are slightly less acute, the black margins and Hypothyris meterus zephyrus, new subspecies

0.5 mr- Figure 28 The species as a whole may be recog- nized by the two light spots near the margin of the forewing, M,-Cu1 and Cul-Cu2; these are in the submarginal position, but the persistence of these two only, with the loss of the others of the series, suggests that they probably are admarginal rather than submarginal. This is the first record of H. meterus Hewitson west of the divide. It has the yellow postdiscal band of H. m. deemae Fox, but it is wider, the distad pro- Fig. 1. Ithomia diasia browni, dissection of jection over M2 especially being deeper and male,genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) rounded. The forewings of zephyrus are a little broader, the apex is blunter. the discocellular and cell bands are notice- FEMALE: Forewing above and below ably thinner. On the underside, diasia has agrees closely with deemae, especially with tawny only in the outer half of the hind- the paratype from eastern Ecuador now in wing costal margin, all other margins and the United States National Museum. The bands being black, and the white dots in postdiscal yellow band is wider, being fully the borders are wider and tend to be 7 mm. wide along M2, as compared to 5 mm. round; browni has the tawny on the outer or less in deemae, and the projection along half of the hindwing costal margin also, this vein in zephyrus is broadly rounded, but there is a rich red brown scaling along rather than pointed. There is yellow scal- the inner edge of the forewing distal mar- ing below Cu2 at the end of the black gin, in the discocellular and cell bands, and comma mark, which here is nearly as broad along the inner edge of the hindwing distal at its proximal end as at the margin, thus margin, and the white spots in the border being rectangular rather than wedge are narrow and elongated. shaped. The two yellow submarginal dots This subspecies is named for Mr. Frank characteristic of this species are present, Martin Brown. strong; there are vestigial submarginal TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, Pal- dots at R-M1 and M2-M3, especially visible mar, Manabi, Ecuador, 200 meters, April beneath. Hindwing above with distal mar- 1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE 3 gin narrowly tawny from the apex; a black series of dentate spots centered on the bar over the upper part of the cell and be- veins and pointing anteriorad, and the low Sc; a black median band beginning in basal area within this band is slightly more the middle of M2-M3 and extending nearly transparent and is tinged faintly with to the inner margin just below the cell, both yellow, somewhat as in C. nise Cramer. sides of it denticulate. A black submar- In callichroma the spots of the median band ginal series, of which only the first spot, are heavier, while their points are directed M3-Cu1, is isolated, the others connected posteriorad, the anterior edge of the band with the marginal line; Cul remains tawny being straight. The hindwing beneath nearly to the margin, however. Remainder bears a series of tiny white spots placed in of the wing tawny. Hindwing beneath the black triangles of the border, as in most similar, the black markings stronger; two Ceratinia species. C. bisulca is entirely additional black spots, one beyond the end semitransparent, even to the black apices of the cell opposite the black costal bar, as of the forewings, fully as transparent as C. in meterus meterus, and a small narrow singularis Rebel, and decidedly more so streak in the cell opposite M3-Cul, as in than callichroma or C. poecila Bates. C. deemae; costal margin narrowly tawny; bisulca was found flying with these last two a small yellow spot over the base of the species. The genitalia are remarkable for humeral vein. Antennae and body colors the cleft, laterally bifid uncus. This as in deemae. character, which at first I took to be an

0.5mm.

Fig. 3. Ceratini,a bisulca, center figure of bifid uncus compared with unci of other species. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.)

individual freak, is present in every slide I Fig. 2. Ceratinia bisulca, dissection of male have made of the species, but has not been genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) observed in any other Ceratinia. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, female, Rio I have seen no females. These should be Toachi, Pichincha, Ecuador, 800 meters, recognizable by the peculiarities of the November, 1939. hindwing median band and the light fascia across the forewings. Ceratinia bisulca, new species TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, Hua- Figures 2, 3, 27 gra-yacu, Oriente [Napo-Pastaza], Ecua- MALE: No doubt this has passed hereto- dor, 900 meters, April 8, 1941 (genitalia fore as C. callichroma Staudinger, which it slide 404). Paratypes: two males, topo- closely resembles. The yellow postmedian typic; one male, Puyo, Napo-Pastaza; fascia of the forewing is wider than in one male, between Chupientsa and Rio callichroma; its distal edge is bowed so that Tayusa, Rio Upano, Santiago-Zamora; it is wider in the middle, and it extends into one male, Zumbi, Rio Zamora, Santiago- the anal angle below the comma mark. Zamora; one male, Mayaico, Rio Nangar- In callichroma the narrower yellow fascia ico, Santiago-Zamora. has a nearly straight distal edge, not being wider in the middle than at the costa, and A NOTE ON THE Dircenna COMPLEX the lighter color beneath the comma mark Figure 4 is tawny, not yellow. The black median According to the male genitalia, as well band of the hindwing is composed of a as venation, Dircenna Doubleday must be 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295 limited to those species with a relatively cellular veins of the hindwings, the humeral, shorter penis (two and one-half to one and and the hair patch, by which I separated two-thirds the length of the tegumen plus the two names previously (1940, Trans. uncus), the proximal end of which is bilobed Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 66, pp. 194-195), and which lacks a subterminal spine. I demonstrates that there is complete inter- have examined preparations of the follow- gradation. Corbulis Boisduval (1870) and ing forms belonging to Dircenna: jemina, Epithomia Godman and Salvin (1879) both euchytma, bairdii, suna, loreta, olyras, fall before Callithomia Bates (1862). The relata, calverti, klugii, dero, zelie, varina second group, made up of species which visina, vandona, and xanthophane. The fe- must be disassociated from Dircenna, seems males of all of these have four-jointed to be only a slight developmental step be- tarsi on the foreleg. Thus, Schatz's defini- yond Callithomia. Genitalically, the length tion of the genus (1892, in Staudinger and of the subterminal spine of the penis is the Schatz, Exotische schmetterlinge, vol. 2, only distinguishing feature, and that itself pp. 95-96) is strengthened by the male is gradated among the species, strongly genitalia. suggesting a complete transition to the The species placed in Callithomia and species of classical association in Calli- Corbulis (= Epithomia) and some residue species generally placed in Dircenna may 0.5 mm.

o.smm. A

B -

Fig. 4. a, Penis of Dircenna varina. b, Penis of Callithomia beron.lla. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) be distinguished from Dircenna proper by the relatively longer penis (two and one- Fig. 5. Callithomia zingiber, dissection of male half to four times the length of the tegu- genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) men plus uncus), having the proximal end rounded and possessing a subterminal thomia. Accordingly I place these forms spine near the distal end. The females all in Callithomia. One might give them a have the five-jointed fore tarsus. This subgeneric name, but they emphatically block of forms may be divided into two are not a separate genus. They are very groups of less than generic value: (1) closely connected with Callithomia proper, Penis with weaker subterminal spine short, but have only a superficial connection with not much more than a little tooth. These Dircenna. are included: alexirrhoe, alpho, agrippina, butes, infuscata, hezia, hedila, tridactyla, CaUithomia zingiber, new species megaleas, and beronilla. (2) Penis with Figures 5, 23, 25 strong subterminal spine, about one-third This may turn out to be a subspecies of the length of the costa of the valve. These C. pulcheria Hewitson, of which I have are included: xantho, methonella, inturna seen only the single female in the United (= rufa), epidero, lenea, and drogheda. States National Museum taken by Coxey Note that the first group includes the geno- at Hacienda La Merced, Tungurahua, types both of Callithomia (alexirrhoe Bates) Ecuador. Distributional considerations in- and of Corbulis (agrippina Hewitson = volving pulcheria, zingiber, and the species Epithomia callipero Bates). A reexamina- following lead to a separation at this time. tion of the characters such as the disco- MALE AND FEMALE: The female of 1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE 5 zingiber is marked exactly as is the female on the veins and in the cells except near of pulcheria, except that the tawny of the the orange border; between this tawny forewing is confined to a strip of scaling transparent and the marginal tawny along the mid part of the anal margin, in- opaque is a band of transparent, situated stead of filling the base of the wing and about where the black loop of C. lenea running out below Cu1 to the yellow spot. Cramer would be. Beneath, some sub- The hindwings are identical on both sides. apical white dots on the forewing and a The under side of the forewing varies be- complete series on the hindwing. In both tween the two forms in the same way as sexes the submarginal dot of the hindwing does the upper side, but the submarginal at M2-M3 is weak or wanting. tawny scaling present in pulcheria (accord- Antennae black with yellow clubs; head ing to the female seen) is wanting or slight and thorax black with a few white spots; in all six females of zingiber. Like pulcheria abdomen black brown above, yellow green there is a series of yellow transparent spots beneath, with some yellow green spots on in the black outer half of the forewing: an the sides of the posteriormost segments, oval one CuI-Cu2, a narrow one M3-Cul, a and a lateral streak on the anteriormost smaller narrow one M2-M3, a long streak segment. Ml-M2, a smaller streak below Rs and an TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, May- opaque yellow costal spot. These yellow aico, Rio Nangarico, Santiago-Zamora, transparent spots are surrounded by black Ecuador, 1000 meters, November 21, transparent in both zingiber and pulcheria. 1941 (genitalia slide 425). Allotype, fe- The forewing beneath bears three to five male, Zumbi, Rio Zamora, Santiago- white submarginal dots at the apex. The Zamora, Ecuador, 700 meters, November hindwing is orange tawny, slightly more 10, 1941. Paratypes: one female, Maya- transparent in the disc, with narrow black ico, Rio Nangarico, Santiago-7amora; margins which, when heavier, are scalloped four females, Zumbi, Rio Zamora, Santi- between the veins, and with a black bar ago-Zamora. over Rs and Sc from the base to the apex of the cell. Beneath, the hindwing bears Callithomia lauta, new species a series of white submarginal dots placed Figure 24 in the black marginal scallops, and the Coxey collected a female on the Rio costal margin itself is tawny orange. Pastaza at the same station, Hacienda La Superficially, the male is completely Merced, and on the same day that he cap- different, and it was with some surprise tured the above-mentioned female of C. that I realized its association with the fe- pulcheria Hewitson. Although it may be male. The forewing resembles the mark- only an aberration of pulcheria, the con- ings of C. epidero Bates, but the hindwing siderable difference in the development of is unique. Forewing cell with a black tri- the pattern elements leads me to believe angular spot near the base resting on the that it is distinct. I have been unable to cubitus, the margins above R and below associate it with any described form. Cu-Cu2 black and opaque, interrupted at FEMALE: Like C. zingiber Fox, the tawny the end of the cell by a yellow opaque spot; of the forewing is confined to a small area distal margin narrowly black, wider at the at the middle of the hind margin, the rest apex; discocellular band black, curving of the wing being black with light spots be- out to fill the basal fourth of M2-M3, and tween the veins. But whereas these light not continued strongly over Cul, as is the spots in zingiber and pulcheria are sur- case in epidero. The hindwing has a narrow rounded by black transparent, in lauta the black border scalloped lightly between the black transparent is found only in Rs-Ml veins, preceding which is a brilliantly and at the end of the cell above Mr, the orange tawny opaque band nearly 4 mm. other spots being sharply defined by the wide at Cu1-Cu2, narrowed to about 1 mm. opaque black along the veins and at the in M3-Cui and wider around the apex; disc distal margin. The black scaling on the of the wing transparent, tawny suffusion veins is narrow, a little wider on Cul. The 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295 light spots are yellow transparent, their dented between the veins. The appear- outer parts (except the one just below Rs) ance of this insect is very similar to Greta being more opaque and scaled with bluish ortygia Weymer and to Godyris cleonica white. The yellow costal spot is much Hewitson, both of which Brown found fly- elongated, running from just proximad of ing with it. the base of R1 to the base of R3-R4. There is MALE AND FEMALE: The forewing of a yellow transparent spot in the end of the the male is transparent; costal margin cell below Mr; base of cell solidly black. ochre brown, rather lighter and more The hindwing above is tawny orange with orange proximal of the cell apex; distal narrow, scalloped black border and semi- margin of the same color, narrow, dentate transparent disc as in pulcheria and zingi- on the veins; hind margin similarly ber. Forewings below with five subapical colored behind cubitus-Cu2, some black white spots. Hindwing below as in pul- scaling along the edge of the wing; disco- cheria and zingiber except that the marginal cellular veins blackish; all other veins black is triangular between the veins and ochre brown except the extreme proximal contains larger white submarginal spots in end of M1 which is whitish. A very faint the apices of the triangles. There is a dis- whitish cell bar; a narrow white spot in- tinct, though narrow, black loop, as in C. denting the costal margin just beyond the lenea Cramer, running down from the cell apex; below the radius and at the end outer end of the black costal bar, parallel of the cell it is continued as a transparent to the margin, ending just beyond Cul, and marking the boundary between the opaque and the semi-transparent tawny orange. 0 5mm. Antennae and body as in zingiber. This is one of the most beautifully color- ful Ithomiinae I have seen. The bluish white shading on the yellow spots of the forewing is particularly striking, being better described, perhaps, as pale blue. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, female, Ha- cienda La Merced, Rio Pastaza, below Bafios, Tungurahua, Ecuador, 4000 feet, March, 1930 (W. J. Coxey), in the United Fig. 6. Velamy8ta phengite8, dissection of male States National Museum. genital armature. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) Velamysta phengites, new species white spot which crosses the base of M,. Figures 6, 17, 20 Transparent white spots as follows: a This is closest to V. cruxifera Hewitson larger one on the base of Cul-Cu2; a small but is definitely a distinct species, and the oval one M2-M3 one third of the way out to two were found together by Brown. Aside the margin from the cell; five against the from a number of genitalic differences, the marginal color between veins R to' Cu2, and coloration and pattern differ markedly, al- two between M, and M3 the smallest. though the same pattern elements are pres- Hindwing transparent, clouded with ochre, ent. V. phengites is slightly smaller than especially toward the anal angle; hair pen- cruxifera, the dark discocellular spot of the cils gray brown, the little outer one over a forewing is reduced to some scaling on the round white spot; the friction patch pearly veins, the transparent smoky areas of both brown; distal margin not sharply defined, wings are much lighter, the orange on the narrow, ochre brown, partly replaced costal margin of the forewing does not ex- proximad with ochre orange from M3 to tend beyond the cell apex, the hindwing the anal angle; transparent white spots has an ochre cast rather than whitish and against the marginal color from R to M3, lacks the strong postmedian smoky shade, and a suggestion of another spot below M3; and the margins of the wings are less in- a very faintly whitish spot over the base of 1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE 7

M1; Cu2 and the anal veins ochre orange; all others ochre brown. The forewing be- 0.5 mm. neath exactly as above, the marginal color a little lighter; pearly brown friction patch at the anal margin. Hindwing beneath as above; radius black brown from the base to the cell apex; costal margin and humeral angle gray ochre anterior of Sc; an oval gray white spot over the thickening of R, but the vein itself ochre brown here; marginal color lighter than above. Geni- talia mostly similar to cruxifera, but vary from it in the shape of the valve, which in cruxifera is pointed but in phengites rounded. The female is like the male, but the color- Fig. 7. Pteronymia browni, dissection of male ing is stronger, the borders are slightly genital armature. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) wider; the white spot on the costal margin of R and the black border has a little tawny of the hindwing is, course, wanting. brown scaling at the veins of the hindwing. and M1 stalked, Sc coalesced with the ra- for Mr. Frank dius to within 3 mm. of the cell apex, its free This species is named length no longer than 3d. Martin Brown. head, TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, Rio Antennae in both sexes black; Jondachi, near Archidona, Napo-Pastaza, thorax, and legs black, white scaling; ab- 1939 domen black brown above, ashen beneath. Ecuador, 800 meters, November, TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, San (genitalia slide 434). Pablo, near Banios, Tungurahua, Ecuador, 2200 meters, October 15, 1938. Allotype, 0.5 mm. female, same data. Paratypes: one male, topotypic; two males and one female, Rio Blanco, near Banios, Tungurahua (genitalia slide 382); one male, Yungilla, near Banios, Tungurahua.

Pteronymia browni, new species Figures 7, 16 MALE: This is of the same size, wing shape, and scheme of markings as P. ticida Hewitson, but the clubs of the antennae are yellow, not black. All black markings are heavier, especially the fore- Fig. 8. Pteronymia gert8chi, dissection of male wing discocellular band, and there is a genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) clear yellow tinge on the disc of the hindwing, very slight at the extreme base of the Pteronymia gertschi, new species forewing. P. ticida, by contrast, has an Figures 8, 19 orange yellow tinge on the bases of both This species is similar to P. tucuna Bates, wings. Beneath, the margins of P. browni of which fine series were taken in northern are solidly black, without any trace of Peru both by Bassler and by Klug. P. tawny scaling, and the white dots at the gertschi, however, is a little smaller, and apex of the forewing and in the hindwing the pattern is essentially different, although border are small, round. In ticida these this is not immediately obvious because spots are oblong or elongated, not round, the elements are obscured by partial trans- 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295

parency. The dark discocellular band of transparent, the veins here being black, the present species is narrower, ends in an while in the cloud they are yellow. Be- acute point at the lower end of 3d, whereas neath, the forewing with discocellular band in tucuna the band is broader, covers the and costal marginal color as far as the cell cubital segment and enters the base of apex very dark red brown; costal margin M2-M3. Further, there are no yellow beyond cell, and apical and distal margins transparent spots on the forewing apex of ochre brown; hind margin a pearly black gertschi, the yellow median cloud of the friction area; margins finely lined black forewing does not approach so closely to distad; three small white apical spots, the borders, and its distal side is a straight ringed black, mostly tiiangular. Hind- line. Beneath, the brown of the borders is wing beneath with central transparent area a little darker, more reddish, and the hind- exactly as above; borders ochre brown, wing submarginal spots are flatter, nearer lined with black on each side, the marginal the margin with less white showing. line a little broader, containing a series of Bassler found what I have taken to be flattened lunate black spots with smaller typical tucuna flying along the lower San- streak-like white centers; a black streak tiago; gertschi was collected upstream a between the radius and Sc; costal margin relatively few miles. It is possible that and humeral angle ochre brown. their distributions overlap. The female is substantially like the male. MALE AND FEMALE: Forewing of the Borders and bands slightly heavier, yellow male transparent; costal margin in the cloud somewhat stronger. radius and distal margin narrowly, apex a Antennae black with yellow brown clubs; little wider, hind margin behind cubitus- head, thorax, and legs black with white Cu2 all black; discocellular band black, scaling and spots; abdomen black brown narrow, wedge shaped, ending acutely at above, sulphur yellow beneath. the lower end of 3d. A sulphur yellow spot This species is named for Dr. Willis J. indenting the costal margin just beyond the Gertsch of the American Museum of discocellular band, continued as a trans- Natural History. parent oblong spot which stands away from TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, Su- the dark band, with transparent between cua, Santiago-Zamora, Ecuador, 900 me- them, and ends at, but does not include, ters, February 1, 1939 (genitalia slide 433). M2. A long transparent yellow dash M2- Allotype, female, between Rio Tutenongoza M3, placed distal of the oblong spot above and Sucua, Rio Upano, Santiago-Zamora, it, separated from it by the black vein and Ecuador, 900 meters, February 10, 1939. serving as a continuation of it; even with Paratypes: one male, between Rio Tuten- the distal tip of this dash is a small short ongoza and Chupientsa, Rio Upano, Santi- dash next to the dark border in M3-Cul; ago-Zamora; one male, between Chupi- an oblong dash filling the center of Cul- entsa and Rio Tayusa, Rio Upano, Santi- Cu2; some yellow transparent in the outer ago-Zamora. third of the cell. All veins black except under the yellow discal spot. Hindwing Episcada comstocki, new species with gray black pencil over a pearly black Figure 15 friction area; the distal margin black, Twelve females collected by Brown and fairly uniform in width, although a little two by Coxey seem to be an undescribed widened near the cubitals, and tapering species. I have not seen any males which to a fine line beyond the anals. Rest of seem to belong with the series. As far as wing transparent, a yellowish cloud in- the description by Haensch in Seitz goes cludes the cell, the proximal two-thirds of (1909, op. cit., vol. 5, p. 151), they fit E. M1-M2, the basal fifth of M2-M3, half of cabenis Haensch, but do not match MrCui, two-thirds of Cu1-CU2, and most Haensch's figure and his original descrip- of the anal cells. The distal edge of this tion (1905, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 50, cloud is a fairly straight line; between the p. 171, pl. 5, fig. 6). yellow and the border, the wing is colorless, FEMALE. The wings are transparent, 1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE 9 evenly and very lightly dusted with white, band is wider than in orolina, bifid at the with narrow black brown margins, a lower corner of the cell, continued over M2 pointed discocellular band on the forewing, and M3 as far as the brown line preceding an orange brown streak between Rs and the tawny band. A transparent costal spot Sc above the forewing cell. Beneath, the lies beyond the cell apex, slightly whitened; margins are ochre, narrowly lined with the base of Ml is slightly white, crossed by a brown on each side, and extremely minute vague whitish spot. There is a whitish suffu- whitish dots in the outer edge of the border sion in Cu1-Cu2 and in the end of the cell. at the apices of both wings. The humeral The tawny band fills the subapical area and angle and costal margin above Sc of the is more narrowly continued in the cubital- hindwing are clear yellow. The forewing distal margin to the anal angle. Hindwing has an opaque white band against the dark above with thinly brown veins, black discocellular band, beginning with the brown margins with rusty brown central oblong costal spot and continuing of an line (as in orolina), the rest of the wing even width to M3, where it , is cut off hyaline. Beneath as above, the white ad- sharply. The veins are white within this marginal spots of the forewing forming a band. There is a faint white spot in the nearly continuous line in the apex; a row anal angle of the forewing. Antennae of narrow, long admarginal white spots in black; head, thorax, and upper side of ab- the hindwing. Antennae black; abdomen domen black brown; abdomen beneath brown above, white below. clear yellow. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, be- This species is named for Mr. William P. tween Chupientsa and Rio Tayusa, Rio Comstock of the American Museum of Upano, Santiago-Zamora, Ecuador, 750 Natural History. meters, February 11, 1939. Paratype: TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, female, Ha- one male, Rio Santiago, Peru [Ecuador] cienda San Francisco, Rio Mapoto and Rio (Bassler). Pastaza, Tungurahua, Ecuador, 1300 meters, September 27, 1938. Paratypes: VELADYRIS, NEW GENUS nine females, topotypic; two females, Rio Figures 9, 10 Margarjitas, Rio Pastaza, Tungurahua; This genus is erected to receive Ithomia two females, Hacienda Mascota, Rio Topo, pardalis Salvin and its Peruvian sub- Napo-Pastaza (Coxey). species, Velamysta totumbra Kaye, which Campos' record (1927, ibid., nos. 27-28, have been placed with Velamysta. The p. 10) of Ithomia salvinia Bates may pos- venation of the hindwing separates these sibly be this species. forms at once from Velamysta, while the male genitalia indicate a relationship with Hypoleria santiagona, new species Godyris rather than with the Dircenna Figure 18 complex to which Velamysta belongs. The hindwing venation is characteristic Male with two well-separated hair pencils of a few Hypoleria species, especially H. on the hindwing, a small basal one and a orolina Hewitson, in which Rs, M1, and 3d larger darker outer one placed about half- are complete, not atrophied, and the cell is way out to the end of the cell, both patches closed. Slightly smaller than orolina, and lying posterior to R. Humeral of both with the same general scheme of color and sexes bifid; forewing with 2d angled (3d pattern, which is found also in H. sedusa in Velamysta). In the male Sc and R sepa- Haensch and H. oculata Haensch. rate at the base, running closely parallel MALE: Hypoleria santiagona differs from for a few millimeters, then Sc swings away similar Hypoleria species in that the yellow and then back, outlining a raised area (as tawny band of the hindwing is densely in Hypoleria), inosculating, in the speci- scaled throughout and is sharply deline- mens examined, with Rs near the margin. ated proximad by a narrow opaque brown Veins not swollen at cell apex; Rs swings line. All veins in the hyaline areas of the upward at the upper end of ld; ld, R, and wing are brown scaled. The discocellufar Rs together form a narrow "Y"; 2d angled. 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295

emitting a long Mr, the upper arm equal in length to ld, the lower arm half the length; 3d complete, curved, about twice the length of ld; anterior side of cell much shorter than posterior side; Rs and M1 not inosculating. Female with Sc and R completely united as far as halfway to the cell apex, then Sc swings steeply away, curving to reach the margin in the wing apex, its total length more than twice the greatest width of the cell; ld wanting, M1 and Rs separating well beyond the cell apex; 2d, 3d, and Mr as in the male. Male genitalia closest to Godyris, but the valves narrower and the penis far more slender; gnathos stronger than in Hypo- leria, uncus heavier and penis much longer in proportion. GENOTYPE: Ithomia pardalis Salvin.

DYGORIS, NEW GENUS Figures 11, 12 Ithomia dircenna C. and R. Felder has been placed in Godyris, but an examination of a pair of this rare species (San Martin district, Perir, collected by Woytkowski, in the Carnegie Museum) shows that it must be placed in a separate genus. The male genitalia and the female hindwing venation distinguish this from any other genus. The hindwing of the male is hardly sepa- rable from that of Godyris. The hair pencil is long, single; humeral vein lightly Fig. 9. Veladyria pardali8, male hindwing, bifid; ld very short, 2d five times as long, detail of female forewing, female hindwing. 3d atrophied, cell open; Sc atrophied be- (Drawn by Alice Gray.) fore emarginating. The female hindwing has ld and M1 totally wanting, 3d angled o0mm with the lower arm straight, not curved. In the male genitalia, the tegumen is narrow, not broadened as in most Ithomi- inae. Uncus relatively short (about one- quarter the height of the genitalia) and broad, not produced to a point, semi-oval on the whole, membranous, heavily spined, its posterior edge cleft (my slide gives the appearance of a manatee's nose!). Valves small, narrow, apex produced into a blunt curved point, costal margin negligible, ventral fold produced to a sharp tooth at its anterior end, heavily spined. Penis strongly Fig. 10. Veladyris pardalis, dissection of male curved, S-shaped; proximal end broad, genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) foramen one-third its length. .1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMIINAE 11

neath are narrower; the dark color on the upper is much lighter than in dircenna, being a rusty brown rather than black brown; the yellow patches in the transparent postdiscal forewing area of the male are fainter and more diffuse; 3d and 4d are entirely yellow. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, El Partidero, Rio Anzu, Napo-Pastaza, Ecua- dor, 1000 meters, September, 1935 (genitalia slide 420). Allotype, female, Pacai- o.smm. Rs

Fig. 12. Dygoris dircenna pastazana, dissection of male genital armature. (Drawn by Alice Gray.) yacu, Rio Bobonaza, Napo-Pastaza, Ecua- dor, 800 meters, September, 1938.

Fig. 11. Dygoris dircenna, male hindwin r HYPOMENITIS, NEW GENUS detail of female forewing, female hindwinr. Figures 13, 14 (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) Hypomenitis, which so far as I know is GENOTYPE: Ithomia dircenna C. and R. monotypic, is distinguished from Godyris Felder. by the genitalia, by the two separated hair pencils and the nonbifid humeral vein. It Dygoris dircenna pastazana, differs from Greta by the hair patch, which new subspecies in that genus is either single (continuous) Figures 12, 22 or, if divided, the two parts are not well MALE AND FEMALE: The wing pattern separated. In Greta females 2d is wanting, is just as in dircenna dircenna C. and R. with M1 and M2 stalked. In Hypomenitis Felder, but the cell bar and the bar over 2d is present, M1 and M2 distinct. It is dis- the cubital segment of the forewing and tinguished from Hypoleria by the humeral the bar across M3-Cul of the hindwing are vein in both sexes and by the strong ld of heavier in the male, the dark patch at the the females which is wanting in Hypoleria. end of the hindwing cell is entirely wanting Humeral vein of the hindwing simple, in the female; the admarginal spots be- not bifid. In the male there are two well- 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1295

separated hair patches, the basal one of which is long, the distal one consisting of only a few hairs in the cell apex. Sc separating from R gradually, atrophied opposite the cell apex; ld and 2d both short, about equal in length, ld forming an obtuse inside angle with Rs, and about a right angle with 2d; 3d evenly curved, longer than ld plus 2d by far, atrophied at its anterior end, the cell open. All other veins complete and reaching the'~~~~~~~~~~~~~margin. In the female, Sc Fig. 14. Hypomenitis theudelinda, dissection of male genital armature. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) gradually separates from R, reaching the margin above the cell apex; ld two-thirds the length of 2d, 3d long, the main part evenly curved, the short Mr emitted from an angle of 3d which is situated close to 2d. Male genitalia characterized by the slender penis, the peculiarly shaped uncus, and the valves, which are constricted below the distal process and bear a wide in-turned Fig. 13. Hypomenitis theudelinda, male hind- fold which is continuous with the juxta. wing, detail of female forewing, female hind- GENOTYPE: Ithomia theudelinda Hewit- wing. (Drawn by R. M. Fox.) son. 1945] NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ITHOMHIINA!S 13

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Fig. 22. Dygori8 dircenna pastazana, holotype, male. Fig. 23. Callithomia zingiber, holotype, male. Fig. 24. Callithomia lauta, holotype, female. Fig. 25. Callithomia zingiber, paratype, female. Fig. 26. Ithomia dia8ia brownt, paratype, male. Fig. 27. Ceratinia bi8ulca, paratype, male. Fig. 28. Hypothyris meterus zephyrus, holotype, female.