MASTER’S THESIS M.Sc. Environmental Engineering
Success Factors of Integrated Multimodal Mobility Services Analyses of Existing Examples and Recommendations for their Implementation
Author
Lisa Luginger Matriculation Number: 03610039
Fachgebiet für Siedlungsstruktur und Verkehrsplanung Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gebhard Wulfhorst
Technische Universität München
MASTER’S THESIS M.Sc. Environmental Engineering
Success Factors of Integrated Multimodal Mobility Services Analyses of Existing Examples and Recommendations for their Implementation
Author:
Lisa Luginger Matriculation Number: 03610039
Supervisor:
M.Sc. Montserrat Miramontes
Munich, March, 2016
I Abstract
Abstract
Recently, the implementation of multimodal mobility stations has become more and more widespread all over Germany. Combined with virtual platforms and an integrated tariff they are part of a multimodal mobility service. So far, only few studies concerning multimodal mobility stations and recommendations for their implementation are available. Thus this master’s thesis aims to identify success factors of multimodal mobility offers and hence deliver recommendations for their implementation. A comprehensive literature review on four German case studies – mobil.punkte in Bremen, switchh in Hamburg, EinfachMobil in Offenburg and Leipzig mobil in Leipzig – is performed. In this context, eight tiers of integration are identified: physical, marketing, information, registration, trip planning, booking, access and billing integration. Based on these findings a classification scheme is developed in order to examine the respective integration strategy of the four depicted case studies. According to these results as well as expert interviews, success factors for the implementation of multimodal mobility services are identified. The key success factors concerning the results of the classification scheme are the development of an integrated marketing strategy, the supply of integrated information and the provision of an integrated access medium. With regard to the statements of the expert interviews, an agile project management, the timely involvement of all actors as well as the willingness to take a certain level of risk are mentioned to positively contribute towards a successful implementation of projects like these. Recommendations are delivered for the determination of station location and configuration as well as for integration strategies.
Table of Contents III
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...... 1 2 New Mobility Concepts - Theoretical Principles ...... 3 2.1 Definition ...... 3 2.2 Components of New Mobility Concepts - Shared Mobility ...... 4 2.2.1 Car-sharing ...... 5 2.2.2 Bike-sharing ...... 7 2.2.3 Further Complementary Offers: Carpooling, Taxi and Rideselling ...... 8 2.2.4 Impacts Evaluation of Sharing Offers Presented by the Example of Car- sharing ...... 9 2.3 Combined Mobility ...... 12 2.3.1 Multimodality and Intermodality ...... 12 2.3.2 Integrated Multimodal Mobility Platforms ...... 14 2.3.3 Multimodal Mobility Stations ...... 16 3 Case Studies ...... 19 3.1 Selection of Case Studies ...... 19 3.2 Mobil.punkte – Bremen ...... 20 3.2.1 Bremen and its Transport System ...... 20 3.2.2 Main Characteristics ...... 21 3.2.3 Implementation Process, Development and Goals ...... 22 3.2.4 System Design ...... 23 3.2.5 Impacts of mobil.punkte ...... 26 3.3 Switchh – Hamburg ...... 27 3.3.1 Hamburg and its Transport System ...... 27 3.3.2 Main Characteristics ...... 28 3.3.3 Implementation Process, Development and Goals ...... 29 3.3.4 System Design ...... 31 3.3.5 Switchh Relaunch – Short Outlook on switch 2.0 ...... 35 3.4 EinfachMobil - Offenburg ...... 37 3.4.1 Offenburg and its Transportation System ...... 37 3.4.2 Main Characteristics ...... 38 3.4.3 Implementation Process, Development and Goals ...... 39 3.4.4 System Design ...... 40 3.5 Leipzig mobil - Leipzig ...... 45 3.5.1 Leipzig and its Transportation System ...... 45 3.5.2 Main Characteristics ...... 46 IV Success Factors of Integrated Multimodal Mobility Services
3.5.3 Implementation Process, Development and Goals ...... 47 3.5.4 System Design ...... 48 3.6 Identification of Different Tiers of Integration ...... 51 4 Methodology ...... 55 4.1 Development of the Classification Scheme ...... 55 4.2 Expert Interviews ...... 58 5 Analyses and Results ...... 59 5.1 Application of the Classification Scheme ...... 59 5.1.1 Application Instructions ...... 59 5.1.2 IntegrationStrategy of mobil.punkte ...... 62 5.1.3 Integration Strategy of switchh 1.0 ...... 66 5.1.4 Integration Strategy of switchh 2.0 ...... 72 5.1.5 Integration Strategy of EinfachMobil ...... 78 5.1.6 Integration Strategy of Leipzig mobil ...... 82 5.1.7 Summary of the Results ...... 88 5.2 Identification of Success Factors ...... 90 5.2.1 Evaluation Results ...... 90 5.2.2 Expert Interviews ...... 91 6 Derivation of Recommendations for the Implementation of Multimodal Mobility Stations ...... 93 6.1 Identification, Activation and Involvement of Actors and Partners ...... 93 6.2 Number of Mobility Stations and Spatial Expansion...... 93 6.3 Location Determination ...... 94 6.4 Station Configuration ...... 95 6.5 Mobility Stations as Part of the Integration Strategy of Multimodal Mobility Services ...... 97 6.5.1 Integrated Marketing ...... 97 6.5.2 Integrated Information ...... 99 6.5.3 Integrated Registration ...... 99 6.5.4 Integrated Trip Planning ...... 100 6.5.5 Integrated Booking ...... 100 6.5.6 Integrated Access ...... 100 6.5.7 Integrated Billing ...... 101 7 Conclusion ...... 103 List of References ...... 107 List of Abbreviations ...... 117
Table of Contents V
List of Figures ...... 119 List of Tables ...... 121 Appendix ...... 123 Appendix A ...... 123 Appendix B ...... 124 Appendix C ...... 128 Appendix D ...... 132 Appendix E ...... 136 Appendix F ...... 141 Declaration Concerning the Master’s Thesis ...... 143
Introduction 1
1 Introduction
Continuously increasing traffic volume, the finiteness of fossil fuels, challenges posed by climate change and the shift in society’s values require a rethinking of urban mobility strategies (Cranzler & Knie, 2009). To be able to satisfy the future demand for mobility in a more sustainable way, not only public transport has to be strengthened, but also individual and flexible mobility must be ensured. In this context the promotion of sustainable urban mobility concepts plays a key role for the quality of life and competitiveness of cities. In order to achieve more sustainable transport, attractive alternatives to the use of privately owned cars have to be offered (UITP, 2011). Yet several new mobility offers, such as car-sharing or bike-sharing, are in existence. They have already proved to be successful in terms of contributing to more sustainable mobility behaviour. In this context the implementation of multimodal mobility stations is a relatively new concept. These stations can be described as transport nodes that combine different forms of mobility, spatially concentrated and virtually integrated via information platforms and combined tickets. Mobility stations are expected to promote multimodal travel behaviour and thus lead to more environmental friendly and efficient mobility. The implementation of multimodal mobility stations has recently become more and more widespread all over Germany. Bremen even started with the implementation of mobil.punkte 13 years ago. These mobility points link the local car-sharing provider cambio with public transport by building car-sharing stations in public space near public transport stops. In recent years some municipalities and transportation companies started the implementation of similar projects with the scope exceeding bimodal connections, such as Park and Ride or Bike and Ride and offer complementary mobility services as well: Hamburg, Leipzig, Offenburg and Würzburg are just a few other examples indicating that the implementation of mobility stations, at least in Germany, plays an increasingly important role with regard to the promotion of sustainable urban mobility. Up to now, only few studies concerning multimodal mobility stations and recommendations for their implementation are available. Thus, within the scope of this master’s thesis, success factors of multimodal mobility offers shall be identified. Amongst the comprehensive analysis of different case studies plus their examination concerning integration strategies, expert interviews shall provide the basis for the identification of success factors of multimodal mobility services. Hence recommendations for their implementations shall be derived. The current work is divided into one introductory part, followed by three main parts and a conclusion. The introductory chapter (chapter 2) presents general developments in the scope of new mobility concepts and its (expected) effects on sustainable urban mobility. The main 2 Success Factors of Integrated Multimodal Mobility Services characteristics of various sharing concepts as well as different forms of mobility behavior are explored. Within the third chapter four examples of mobility stations and the corresponding integrated multimodal services already in operation are identified and analysed by means of literature review. The following aspects are to be investigated on: