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The Magnetic Fields of Young Solar-Type Stars

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The Magnetic Fields of Young Solar-Type Stars The Magnetic Fields of Young Solar-Type Stars Ian Angus Waite B. App. Sc. (D.D.I.A.E); Dip. Ed.; B. Econ. (U.Q.); M. Phil. (U.S.Q) University of Southern Queensland A thesis submitted for the degree of PhilosophiæDoctor (PhD) 2013, July c Copyright Ian Angus Waite 2013 ii Abstract This thesis describes an investigation aimed at using spectropolarimetric observations of the magnetic fields of young solar-type stars to improve the understanding of the early development of solar and stellar dynamos and activity cycles. The emergence of stellar dynamos is important in understanding the evolution of young stars (and activity effects on any attendant emerging planetary systems). Stars were selected on the basis of their rapid rotation and activity. HD 106506, HD 76298, HD 35256, HD 29613 and EK Draconis formed the primary targets. Spectropolarimetric data were obtained with the Anglo-Australian Telescope, the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the T´elescope Bernard Lyot with supporting broadband photometric data from the Mount Kent Observatory. Reduction and analysis of the data were performed to produce magnetic field detections, spot occupancy and magnetic field maps, differential rotation values, chromospheric flux estimates, starspot light curves and other measurements. Several results were obtained, as follows: (1) A distributed dynamo fundamentally different to the modern Sun’s interface-layer dynamo appears widespread in young solar- type stars, with all targets displaying significant surface azimuthal fields consistent with the dynamo operating throughout the convection zone. (2) All stars showed significant enhancement in chromospheric activity that appears to be primarily a function of rapid stellar rotation (3) Multi-epoch observations of the young solar analogue EK Draconis demonstrated a rapidly evolving magnetic field that could not be explained due to differential rotation alone, and hints at the presence of temporal variability due to the rapid evolution from a strongly toroidal magnetic field (∼80%) to a more balanced poloidal-toroidal configuration in three months of observations. (4) The differential +0.14 −1 rotation of HD 29615, with a rotational shear δΩ = 0.58−0.12 radd is one of the largest yet observed through χ2 minimisation method, making this star a useful test case for the theory and modelling of dynamos in young solar-type stars. i ii Certification of Dissertation I certify that this dissertation contains no material accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge, it contains no material published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. Signature of Candidate Date ENDORSEMENT Signature of Supervisor Date iii Acknowledgements I wish to pay tribute to the late Dr Meir Semel, from Laboratoire d’etudes spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, France. This work has been supported, either by financial or in-kind support, by the following organisations: • University of Southern Queensland, including the Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments • Mount Kent Observatory, • University of Louisville, • Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Innovation, Sci- ence, Research and Tertiary Education under the International Science Linkages programme • Anglo-Australian Observatory • L’Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan´etologie (IRAP), l’Universit´e Paul Sabatier (PRES Universit´ede Toulouse) • Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris-Meudon • Toowoomba Grammar School, Queensland, Australia This work has been published under the auspices of the Bcool collaboration. I would like to thank the technical staff at the MKO, including Dr Rhodes Hart & Dr John Kielkopf, AAT, CFHT and TBL for their helpful assistance during the acquisition of data contained in this thesis. This project used the facilities of SIMBAD, HIPPARCOS and IRAF. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. This research was achieved us- ing the POLLUX database (http://pollux.graal.univ-montp2.fr) operated at LUPM (Universit Montpellier II - CNRS, France) with the support of the PNPS and INSU. In addition, I wish to thank Dr Jean-Fran¸cios Do- nati, from IRAP, for providing ESpRIT, ZDICAM and the reduced data on EK Draconis and to Dr Pascal Petit, also from IRAP, for providing the reduced data on HD 35296. I would like to acknowledge the thousands of individuals who have coded for the LaTeX project for free. It is due to their efforts that we can generate professionally typeset PDFs now. My thanks must go to the three anonymous examiners for taking the time to share their insight and expertise during the examination process and hence has made this thesis a better document. Special thanks must go to Dr Bradley Carter and Dr Stephen Marsden for their friendship and extensive assistance with this work; from the beginning to the end. Finally, this work is dedicated to lovely wife Geraldine and three beautiful children: Stephanie, Michaela and Andrew. List of Publications After enrolling in the Doctor of Philosophy Programme The following are a list of papers have been published during my candidature of which I have had some involvement. The papers that relate directly to this thesis, have been highlighted in bold font. 1. Al´ecian, E., Wade, G. A., Catala, C., Grunhut, J. H., Landstreet, J. D., Bagnulo, S., B¨ohm, T., Folsom, C. P., Marsden, S., Waite, I. A., 2012, A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars - I. Observations and measure- ments, MNRAS, 429, 1001 2. Henrichs, H. F., Kolenberg, K., Plaggenborg, B., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Landstreet, J. D., Wade, G. A., Grunhut, J. H., Oksala, M. E. and Mimes Col- laboration, 2012, σ Lup Stroemgren v differential magnitudes (Henrichs+, 2012), VizieR On-line Data Catalog: J/A+A/545/A119 Originally published in: 2012, A&A, 545, 119 3. Henrichs, H. F., Kolenberg, K., Plaggenborg, B., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Landstreet, J. D., Wade, G. A., Grunhut, J. H., Oksala, M. E., 2012, Discovery of a magnetic field in the early B-type star σ Lupi, A&A, 545, 119 4. Folsom, C. P., Bagnulo, S., Wade, G. A., Al´ecian, E., Landstreet, J. D., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., 2012, Chemical abundances of magnetic and non-magnetic Herbig Ae/Be stars, 2012, MNRAS, 422, 2072 5. Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Al´ecian, E., Brown, C., Burton, D., & Hart, R., 2011, High-resolution Spectroscopy and Spec- tropolarimetry of Some Late F- / Early G-type Sun-like Stars as Tar- gets for Zeeman Doppler Imaging, PASA, 28, 323. vi 6. Henrichs, H. F., Kolenberg, K., Plaggenborg, B., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Landstreet, J., Grunhut, J., Oksala, M., Wade, G., the MiMeS Collaboration, 2011, Discovery of the magnetic field of the B1/B2V star σ Lupi, arXiv1108.4556. 7. Henrichs, Huib F., Kolenberg, Katrien, Plaggenborg, Benjamin, Marsden, Stephen C., Waite, Ian A., Wade, Gregg A., 2011, The magnetic field of the B1/B2V star σ Lup, IAUS, 272, 192. 8. Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Hart, R., Donati, J.-F., Ram´ırez V´elez, J. C., Semel, M., Dunstone, N., 2011, Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - III. The early-G star HD 106506, MNRAS, 413, 1949. 9. Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M. M., Ram´ırez V´elez, J. C., Al´ecian, E., Brown, C. J., Carter, B. D., Donati, J.-F., Dunstone, N., Hart, R., Semel, M., Waite, I. A., 2011, Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - II. The early-G star HD 141943 - coronal magnetic field, Hα emission and differential rotation, MNRAS, 413, 1939. 10. Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M. M., Ram´ırez V´elez, J. C., Al´ecian, E., Brown, C. J., Carter, B. D., Donati, J.-F., Dunstone, N., Hart, R., Semel, M., Waite, I. A., 2011, Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - I. The early-G star HD 141943 - brightness and magnetic topologies, MNRAS, 413, 1922. 11. Marsden, Stephen C., Jeffers, Sandra V., Donati, Jean-Francois, Mengel, Matthew W., Waite, Ian A., Carter, Brad D., 2010, Do young Suns undergo magnetic reversals? IAUS, 264, 130. vii 12. Guggenberger, E., Kolenberg, K., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Henrichs, H. F., L¨uftinger, T., 2009, High-Resolution Magnetic Field Measurements of RR Lyrae Stars with SemPol, 1170, 278 13. Wood, P. R., Marsden, S., Waite, I., Nicholls, C. P., 2009, Spectropolarimetric Observations of the Sequence-D Red Giant Variables S Lep and Z Eri. AIPC, 1170, 173 14. Marsden, S. C., Donati, J.-F., Petit, P., Dunstone, N. J., Jardine, M., Carter, B. D., Waite, I. A., Semel, M., Ram´ırez V´elez, J., 2009, Stellar Magnetic Fields in Swollen Convection Zones. ASPC, 405, 531 15. Marsden, Stephen C., Waite, Ian A., Carter, Bradley D., 2009 Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence. AIPC, 1094, 531. 16. Wilson, I. R. G., Carter, B. D., Waite, I. A., 2008, Does a Spin-Orbit Coupling Between the Sun and the Jovian Planets Govern the Solar Cycle? PASA, 25, 85 17. Kielkopf, John F., Carter, B., Brown, C., Hart, R., Hay, J., Waite, I., 2007, Per- formance of the Digital Science Partnership Remotely-Operated 0.5-Meter Cor- rected Dall-Kirkham Telescopes. AAS, 211, 1130 18. Waite, Ian, Marsden, Stephen & The AAT Zeeman Doppler Imaging Team, 2007, Spectropolarimetry of solar-type stars with the AAT, Anglo-Australian Newslet- ter, 112, 3 Prior to enrolling in the Doctor of Philosophy Programme The following papers have been published prior to my candidature. viii 1. Budding, E., Bembrick, C., Carter, B. D., Erkan, N., Jardine, M., Marsden, S. C., Osten, R., Petit, P., Semel, M., Slee, O.
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