2012 Annual Report

FY2012

432 Observing Astronomers 407 Keck Science Investigations 328 Refereed Articles 108 Full-time Employees

Fiscal Year begins October 1

Federal Identification Number: 95-3972799 2012 Annual Report

Headquarters location: Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA

Management: California Association for Table of Research in Astronomy Contents 8-9

Partner Institutions: California Institute of Technology (CIT/Caltech), University of California (UC), Director’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Report

Observatory Director: Taft E. Armandroff

Deputy Director: Hilton A. Lewis

Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 First light Keck I telescope: 1992 First light Keck II telescope: 1996 vision

A world in which all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite variety and richness of the Universe. mission

To advance the frontiers of astronomy and share our discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all.

Cover Image: Color composite image of the Antennae Galaxy obtained by MOSFIRE in May 2012 in which the two infrared bands, J and K, are color- coded blue and red to give an impression of what infrared eyes would see. The reddish blobs are actually large star-forming clusters, which are hidden from sight in normal visible light images.

Previous Spread: Keck II gleams in the sun, while the operations crew inside expertly prepares for another night of science. 11 13-17 19-27 28-33 35-37 39-47

Cosmic Astro Science Funding Education Science Visionaries Moxie Highlights & Outreach Bibliography

Editor/Writer Debbie Goodwin

additional Writers Taft Armandroff Robert Goodrich Steve Jefferson Thatcher Moats

Contributors and Support Joan Campbell Peggi Kamisato Hilton Lewis Jeff Mader Margarita Scheffel Gerald Smith Bob Steele

Graphic Design Waimea Instant Printing

Printing Service Printers Hawaii, Inc.

Photo credits (t = top, b = bottom, l = left, m = middle, r = right) Joan Campbell/WMKO: 36t Mark Devenot/WMKO: 11, 30b Debbie Goodwin/WMKO: 37t Andrew Hara: 38 Steve Jefferson/WMKO: 31 Ron Laub/WMKO: 28 Ric Noyle: Back cover background Maureen Salmi: 36b Mariko Thorbecke/WMKO: 37b MOSFIRE: Cover Ethan Tweedie: 2-3, 6, 8, 9 tr, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 33, 34, Back cover W. M. Keck Foundation: 29 WMKO: 14, 15

Director’s Report

Taft E. Armandroff 8 To best fulfill Keck Observatory’s quest to understand the cosmos, our tools and technology are critical.

On behalf of the entire W. M. Keck A multiyear, multimillion dollar initiative, Observatory team, I am very pleased to MOSFIRE was delivered, installed and introduce you to our 2012 Annual Report. commissioned for routine operations in 2012. From detailed images of Neptune in our It is absolutely unique among the world’s own Solar System to finding the most observatories, and more than 50 nights distant galaxy known to humankind, Keck were devoted to MOSFIRE observations in Observatory made stunning discoveries over its inaugural year of operation. MOSFIRE’s the past year and actively advanced our unparalleled ability to obtain large samples understanding of the Universe. of infrared spectra of faint sources is already yielding spectacular scientific In this report, you will read about these results. discoveries and other highlights of an exceptional year at the forefront of With the successful commissioning in 2012 of another innovation, the Keck I LGS Taft E. Armandroff astronomical research. Beyond recognizing our achievements, we also herald 2013 and AO system, we launched a new project a time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of to improve the scientific performance of the first science observations made from the Keck II laser guide star AO system. the Keck I Telescope on Mauna Kea. Our The current Keck II system employs a 13-watt pulsed dye laser, and the level report’s feature story, “Astro Moxie,” reveals of AO correction is limited by its power the genesis and genius behind what are now and coupling efficiency to sodium atoms the most scientifically productive telescopes in the upper atmosphere. Working with a on Earth. small consortium of observatories and a commercial manufacturer, a new 20-watt To best fulfill Keck Observatory’s quest laser has been developed and demonstrated to understand the cosmos, our tools and to have approximately 10 times the coupling technology are critical. Keck capitalizes on efficiency. It is gratifying that two of our having the two largest, steerable optical/ country’s largest and most sophisticated infrared telescopes in full operation, private funders of scientific research highly advanced instrumentation and endorsed this project in 2012. The Gordon adaptive optics (AO) systems, and the best and Betty Moore Foundation provided atmospheric conditions in the world. The a grant of $2 million, and the W. M. Keck primary strategy we use to continually Foundation approved a $1.5 million grant. position Keck Observatory on the frontier At a time when public support for science of astronomy is innovative instrumentation. has been dramatically reduced, private Our arsenal for enabling new discoveries support for these technology initiatives is increased strikingly in 2012 with the particularly important. successful deployment of three new capabilities: the Multi-Object Spectrograph I would like to recognize distinguished for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE), our new members of the Keck Observatory Previous image: The stable air off the vast Pacific Ocean and the very Keck I Laser Guide Star (LGS) AO system, astronomy community who received dark skies of the Island of Hawaii and our latest Multi-function Acquisition, prestigious awards this year. The 2012 convincingly make the summit of Guiding and Image Quality (MAGIQ) Crafoord Prize in Astronomy was awarded Mauna Kea the finest location for ground-based observatories on monitoring system supporting our premier to Andrea Ghez (UCLA) and Reinhard Genzel Earth. planet-hunting instrument, HIRES. (Max Planck Institute) for their discovery of 9

the supermassive black hole at the center telescopes.” Nelson originated the use of of the Milky Way Galaxy. Professor Ghez an array of mirrors, synchronized in real and her team first used the speckle imaging time by a sophisticated control system, to Astronomy heavyweights, from left to right: Andrea Ghez (UCLA), system at Keck Observatory and later function in effect as a single primary mirror. David Jewitt (UCLA), Mike Brown Keck’s adaptive optics system to track the Nelson’s segmented-mirror concept was (Caltech), and Jerry Nelson (UC orbits of stars around the Galactic Center, proved first with the Keck I telescope, and Observatories). thereby measuring the immense mass of now forms the foundation for most future, Above: Looking through the the black hole located there. Administered leading telescope designs. Congratulations cassegrain focus of the mighty by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, to all of these scientists who received such Keck I telescope, the operations the Crafoord Prize for Ghez’s research well-deserved recognition in 2012! crew readies MOSFIRE for indicates that adaptive optics has truly installation. come of age as a powerful tool in modern Our vision, mission and values have Below: MOSFIRE dedication plaque. astronomy. remained constant over the past two “First Light April 4, 2012. Multi- decades, and we are absolutely committed Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration. The spectrograph was In other notable acknowledgments, David to maintaining Keck Observatory as the made possible through funding Jewitt (UCLA) and Jane Luu (MIT) were world’s key discovery machine for the provided by the National Science recognized with the 2012 Shaw Prize in next 20 years. Collaborative partnerships Foundation and astronomy Astronomy. Drs. Jewitt and Luu and Mike with our talented and ambitious research benefactors Gordon and Betty Moore.” Brown (Caltech) also were awarded the 2012 astronomers are as strong as ever, and Kavli Prize in Astrophysics “for discovering I am deeply honored to work with such Following Page: MOSFIRE is the and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its an exceptional group of individuals that newest and the most advanced astronomical instrument available largest members, work that led to a major comprises our professional staff, our Board today. advance in the understanding of the history of Directors and our Science Steering of our planetary system.” Keck Observatory Committee. My gratitude also extends to played a significant role in the research the generosity of the funders of our work, characterizing these outer solar system be they federal agencies, educational objects. institutions, private foundations or individuals. Finally, Jerry Nelson (UC Observatories), Project Scientist for the Keck Observatory, Thank you for your interest in science and was awarded the Benjamin Franklin the mission of the W. M. Keck Observatory. Medal in Electrical Engineering in 2012, Your enthusiasm and support mean a great recognizing “his pioneering contributions deal to our future scientific discoveries and to the development of segmented-mirror leadership. 10 Cosmic Visionaries 11 The governing board of the W. M. Keck by a Science Steering Committee that Observatory consists of representatives includes leading astronomers from our from our founding partners: the California partner communities. Keck Observatory’s Institute of Technology and the University Advancement program is guided by an of California. In addition, NASA and the W. M. esteemed volunteer leadership council whose Keck Foundation each have liaisons to the members contribute both their expertise Board of Directors. The Keck Observatory and their philanthropy to ensure Keck Directorate and the Board are advised Observatory’s continued success.

W. M. Keck Observatory Keck Observatory Board of Directors Science Steering Committee George Blumenthal, Chair Christopher Martin, Co-Chair Keck Observatory’s twin, Edward Stolper, Vice-Chair Jason X. Prochaska, Co-Chair ten-meter telescopes are the largest and most Nathan Brostrom Charles Beichman scientifically productive Sandra Faber Judith Cohen telescopes in the world. Hashima Hasan, liaison Dale Cruikshank Following Page: Theodore J. Keck, liaison Richard Ellis Keck II weighs 300 Shrinivas Kulkarni Sandra Faber, ex officio tons and operates with Thomas Soifer Marla Geha, nonvoting member nanometer precision. Andrea Ghez Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex officio Keck Observatory Michael Liu Advancement Advisory Council Geoffrey Marcy Sanford Robertson, Chair, Michael Murphy, nonvoting member and Jeanne Robertson Jerry Nelson, ex officio Clive Davies, Vice-Chair, and Carol Davies Taft Armandroff,ex officio Marc and Lynne Benioff Sandra Faber, ex officio C. Wallace and Bobbie Jean Hooser Gary and Pam Jaffe Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex officio Arthur Levinson Gordon Moore John and Anne Ryan Rob and Terry Ryan Doug and Deborah Troxel

Astro Moxie

Twenty years ago, in 1993, the World Wide Web had a mere 50 servers. The Dow Jones averaged 3,800 and gasoline cost a little more than a dollar a gallon. The term “spamming” was freshly coined, Intel shipped its first Pentium chip and the $2.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope was in orbit, early on its path to becoming one of NASA’s most successful space missions.

And it was an exciting time for astronomers: a perfect trifecta of advances in electronic instrumentation, computing power, and engineering were assembling to produce a new generation of telescopes – one that would radically change the way we understood the cosmos and the forces that drive it. 14 Astro Moxie ‘... Keck could do observations that were considered completely impossible at other observatories.’

Jerry Nelson (who would become the basically none of those took advantage principal designer of the Keck telescopes) of the electronics advances and the convinced the University of California other things that had come along.” (UC), which was thinking of building a 7-meter telescope, to allow him and Although this wasn’t Smith’s first Terry Mast of the Lawrence Berkeley telescope, there were some definite firsts National Laboratory (LBNL) to develop a that had to be navigated. 36-segment design that would increase “One thing we missed at first was humankind’s ability to collect light by a the mirror,” Smith said. “There were a factor of four. lot of surprises in making the mirror.” The strong support of the leadership Specifically, the shape of the segments at LBNL and at UC was essential in made them too difficult to polish after providing early funding needed for being cut. “The degree of difficulty was development of Nelson’s ideas. “Thanks higher than we thought,” he said. “We to these institutions, we actually had knew the material would bend a little bit all the money we asked for, so work and we believed the contractor had the Project manager Gerald (Jerry) Smith stands progressed limited only by our ability to capability to polish out right to the edge.” proudly on the summit of Mauna Kea with a completed Keck I telescope on the left and Keck II recognize and solve technical problems,” But the contractor didn’t. While the under construction. Nelson said. And that design work led sample piece they had was polished, the to the equally important support and contractor wasn’t able to replicate it on enthusiasm of the California Institute of the final pieces. Technology (Caltech), which convinced Want Of Light Howard Keck, a trustee of the W. M. “Even with that, we had a little serendipity there called ‘ion figuring’ – it Before the W. M. Keck Observatory was Keck Foundation, to rally support for the project with $70 million to build Keck I, shoots a beam of ions and erodes the built, the 200-inch Hale Telescope at then another $68 million to build Keck II. glass, which allows you to polish very Palomar Observatory reigned supreme. small areas,” Smith said. “It was being It was the largest telescope in the Hawaii was selected for the site after developed at Kodak during the same world, but after 50 years, progress in UC undertook a comprehensive test time we were running into problems astronomy was flattening out because program and confirmed the excellent site with the warping. It basically solved our the instruments were getting so good, properties of the Mauna Kea summit, issues,” he said. astronomers needed more photons than according to Gerald (Jerry) Smith, who the 5-meter mirror could provide. became the Ten Meter Telescope Project With the segments in order, the team Manager. The only other competitive got the big issue of getting all the pieces The biggest hindrance to an explosion of sites in the world were in Chile and, at to work together in every position the discoveries was a want of light and the the time, no serious consideration was mirror would point. Gravity affects each telescopes themselves were the problem. given to locating the observatory there. segment differently depending on its Mirrors larger than Palomar’s could not Mauna Kea also had the advantage that position, and a complex mechanical be made and supported at the exacting it provided relatively easy access from and software system was developed to levels needed for astronomy. the West Coast. enforce a single, parabolic shape to all 36 segments. Challenge in hand, a few bold engineers “It was an exciting project,” Smith said. dared to draw up the first sketches of “It was the first time in almost 50 years “When we first got the telescope built a radical new approach to gathering that someone started off to build a new with just nine segments, that was the light: tile together smaller hexagons, technology telescope. There were a first time we knew it was going to work,” and control them so finely that they number of telescopes built after Palomar, Smith said. “We got nine segments would act as a single, giant mirror. but they were pretty much the same all under computer control as it was After countless iterations and debates, technology — a little more advanced, but designed. And we got an image. That 15

was really the moment of success that “It was very exciting,” Lewis said. “We we knew we had this and we were going were doing stuff that no one in the to finish it and have a great telescope.” world was doing. Even though we Nine segments also reproduced the weren’t working nearly as efficiently as size of the Palomar mirror, perhaps not we are nowadays, we were still doing coincidentally. remarkable science. All that early science was done on the backs of a tiny number At same time, the principal investigators of people. Back then every problem was at UC and Caltech were building the first new. When a problem came up you had instruments while Smith and his team to try and solve it in real time – the were tuning up the telescope. The first astronomers were very anxious to get instrument was an infrared camera/ going. By comparison, now it’s a really spectrometer from Caltech, and its first smooth-running machine,” he said. science observations were recorded in 1993. The lean and mean mentality developed Enter the Golden Age With a revolutionary, segmented-mirror design, during construction became a permanent Keck I was the first new-technology telescope built part of the culture at the Keck From brilliant design, sheer grit, and in almost 50 years. Observatory. That drive allowed great less than 6 percent of what the then two-year-old Hubble telescope cost, the science to happen, but made for some W. M. Keck Observatory was born and tough working conditions. has since remained home to the two the telescopes to glean answers “When we first became operational at biggest and most scientifically productive to hypotheses formed from other Keck I, we had a staff of about 40 people, telescopes on Earth. observations. Take, for example, the which is about one-third of the staff Although the huge light-gathering Hubble Deep Field. we have now,” said Hilton Lewis, Deputy power of the two 10-meter primary Director of the W. M. Keck Observatory, “The Hubble sat on this field for 10 days mirrors was central to the observatory’s and came up with the deepest image who was hired in 1986 to help develop success, its location on Mauna Kea, humankind had ever taken before,” the software that operates the with its spectacularly dark skies and Armandroff said. “It revealed all these telescopes. “It was very intense in the stable air, as well as the observatory’s galaxies that had certain properties and early days; You’d work all day, go home, world-leading instruments, gave Keck’s were fainter than we had ever seen, but sit down for dinner and that’s when the astronomers a clear advantage, said you really needed to know the distance W. M. Keck Observatory Director Taft phone would start ringing, because that’s to understand their properties. Keck Armandroff. when the evening crew would show up. was the only telescope that could get You’d be on the phone for several hours “All that put together meant that those spectra because of the greater in the early part of the nights, and then Keck could do observations that were light-gathering power and the better go to bed. Then the phone would ring considered completely impossible at conditions on Mauna Kea,” he said. Each several times between then and dawn other observatories,” Armandroff said. Keck mirror has 17 times the light- and then you’d come back in for the “So there were immediately a bunch of gathering capability of Hubble. next day. When you are a very tightly problems in astronomy that were being knit group and everyone is depending on addressed by Keck that were impossible Twenty years ago there were a number everyone else, you do what you need to to address anywhere else.” of big questions about the Universe: How do.” was it formed and how has it evolved? That enormous pent up demand for When, and how, did galaxies form? What While the work was hard, it was also answers set Keck Observatory’s role is dark matter composed of and how did rewarding. from day one: Astronomers used it shape the Universe seen today? Did 16 other stars produce planets like Earth? How common are exoplanets (planets orbiting stars other than our Sun)? That field has grown exponentially, and Keck is a leader in the study of planets around other stars, both discovering them with precise Doppler measurements and measuring their properties. Keck produced the first actual images of a Summit Ops team members Gary Anderson and Joe Gargiulo with summit lead Grant Hill in the Keck I planetary system around another star. control room. “If you look at what graduate students are going into now, a lot of them want to study exoplanet astronomy,” Armandroff said. “There were just a handful of people • Studying how stars, galaxies and For me, the amazing thing is we have studying that 20 years ago. And they supermassive black holes formed and been able to stay right at the forefront. were largely thought of as martyrs in evolved during the earliest years of The others have bigger budgets and a way, because they would look and the Universe. bigger staffs.” look and look and they wouldn’t find anything.” • In our own Solar System, defeating We also build the best instruments. atmospheric distortions using Keck Observatory develops all its Other major revelations in astronomy adaptive optics to image targets instrument projects in cooperation with from Keck Observatory include: such as asteroids, comets, volcanoes founding partners UC and Caltech. “We have a long-term relationship where the • Dark energy revealed by distant on Jupiter’s moon Io, and storms on Uranus and Neptune. instrument development teams are an supernovae observations has led extension of us and we are an extension to the surprise of the accelerating And much remains to be discovered. of them,” Armandroff said. “I think that expansion of the universe — now one “Basically there are as many unanswered kind of trusting, mutually beneficial of the hottest areas of physics and questions now as ever,” Lewis said. “If relationship makes a difference in the astronomy. anything, the mysteries are deeper. quality of product that you get and • Dark matter has become a big part Each layer we pull back reveals more allows us to really innovate and take of galaxy formation and is central to complexity.” chances to get to the cutting edge, the explain the structure in the Universe. best.” It has become the dominant theory for the existence of galaxies and clusters of galaxies called the cold The Future of dark matter paradigm. Madly Creative Competition • Black holes have turned from science While the Keck Telescopes gather more fiction to science fact. It took first Since Keck II was built, 11 other 8- to light, have the best instruments, and observations with Keck, then adaptive 10-meter telescopes have been built, are arguably at the best site in the optics (which removes the blurring of elevating both the amount and the world, the real X Factor comes from the astronomers whose creativity constantly Earth’s atmosphere) with Keck and quality of astronomy being done pushes the limits of what is possible. confirmation with the Very Large worldwide. Telescope in Chile to reveal the black “In the beginning, we were the only “A crucial part of the observatory’s hole in the center of our galaxy. success comes from the way the Subsequently, it has been learned one of the current generation of large telescopes and as long as it worked, community has come together to use that almost every galaxy has its own it,” Lewis said. “Their clamor to use the we could beat the pants off anyone,” black hole correlating to its size – the Observatory because we have the Lewis said. “We just needed starlight. bigger the black hole, the bigger the biggest telescopes in the world and have What really changed was all the other galaxy. this enormous light grasp and fantastic 8-meter-class telescopes coming along. instrumentation has attracted a class • Testing the physical conditions in the It has become vastly more competitive. of astronomers that are incredibly moments just after the Big Bang, by We have basically had to lift our game motivated and very talented. studying the primordial abundances in every area: Keck has to be more of light elements and isotopes like reliable, has to perform better; we have “It’s a Darwinian/entrepreneurial process; deuterium and beryllium. to add new capabilities more quickly. someone starts out with a little idea, and 17

In fact, Keck I was the only large telescope built entirely from private funds. “The Keck Foundation funding was one of the largest private grants ever made,” said Jerry Smith. “With that level of support, we could get what we needed and go on a fast track.” Deputy Director Hilton Lewis was hired in June, 1986 to lead the team that developed the original tele- scope operating software. The past 20 years have continued to be extraordinary. Diverse people from myriad backgrounds have dared to dream the impossible and demanded realization. they push it and try and take advantage “We could hit the ball out of the park of capabilities we have at Keck,” Lewis in that area by creating a kind of data Perhaps the moxie of the Keck said. “It’s a virtuous circle of success. set that is so unique that no one else Observatory can best be summed The observers discover something that could touch it, and then with the most up by Ian McLean, one of the no one has seen before and so they interesting objects that come out of astronomers who presented at the Keck get more time on the telescope. As they that dataset you follow those up with Observatory’s 20th Anniversary Science get more information, we take that into the TMT,” he said. Meeting in March 2013. “As I watched account in our strategic plan as we from UKIRT and JCMT, I saw the folks design new instruments. The ambitious Another area for expansion is in the from California break ground and start and visionary scientist is a big part of time domain. Some objects change to assemble Keck I, the largest and pushing us forward.” dramatically in real time: gamma most audacious telescope ever built. I ray bursts, variable stars and stellar wished I could join them. I wanted to motions around the black hole at the work alongside people who had such center of our galaxy. “It’s going to be incredible ‘can do’ spirit. I got my wish Science Guaranteed very hard for the really large telescopes when UCLA came calling in May 1989. It seems the fact that I put the first Oversubscribed by up to a factor of six, to do anything in the time domain, facility class infrared camera on the Keck Observatory’s role has often been because they are not going to be as 3.8-m telescope got some attention! But the endgame for many of the most flexible,” Armandroff said. I got much, much more than my wish. I important projects in astrophysics, with got the entire dream. only the most impactful proposals being granted coveted time on each of the “It is hard to believe that 24 years mighty Kecks. Astro Moxie later I have the honor to share in this remarkable 20th anniversary But as future developments expand Perhaps the most powerful forces celebration, and that the little lab I the Keck architecture to larger moving Keck Observatory forward into founded back then has contributed to mirrors, including the proposed Thirty the future are the funding visionaries: Keck’s infrared instruments. Wow! I get Meter Telescope (TMT) project, Keck the people at NASA who decided to be goose bumps just thinking about it.” Observatory will have the luxury to a partner in Keck; the university officials concentrate on different kinds of projects. who decided to invest in astronomy; the philanthropists who put their resources “There are a tremendous number of in Keck to push forward the frontiers opportunities for science from Keck of science; and the federal funding in the future,” Armandroff said. “For agencies that continue to invest in example, since Keck first came on line, it Keck’s capabilities. has been extremely competitive to get time on our telescopes. That pressure Today, the economic climate has will lessen when we get on to the next changed from 1993. With some generation of telescopes, so instead of observatories being shuttered from just taking snapshots, we can make lack of funding, private philanthropy is extensive photo albums. We envision becoming increasingly important. having a competition for key projects Following page: The mighty Keck telescopes and devoting substantial amounts of That’s an advantage that Keck closing their shutters at dawn after another time for a specific scientific objective.” Observatory has ingrained it its DNA. successful night of observing.

Science Highlights

From far to near and there to here, discoveries were everywhere. Some of the highlights are described here, beginning with the most distant galaxies in the early Universe, to dwarf galaxies, super-luminous stellar explosions and extremely massive black holes, passing through the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and ending with a visit to a newly discovered family of small planets orbiting a nearby star.

A complete FY2012 bibliography of refereed science publications with Keck Observatory data is listed at the end of the Annual Report. 20 Most Distant Galaxy Discovered Although finding just one galaxy at a critical epoch is exciting by itself, it is not sufficient to characterize the entire epoch.

celestial objects and structures first appeared. The team concluded about 80 percent of the hydrogen gas was neutral in the ancient Universe, 12.9 billion years ago.

To put this into perspective, astronomers have deduced that the Universe began 13.7 billion years ago at the Big Bang. The extreme temperature and density of this fireball decreased rapidly as its volume increased. Hot cosmic plasma composed mainly of protons and electrons recombined to form neutral hydrogen atoms about 13.3 billion years ago, marking the beginning of the cosmic “Dark Age” when neither stars nor galaxies existed.

The gas continued to cool for another Color composite image of the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field. Right panel: The red galaxy at 100 million years or so, until about 13.2 the center of the image is the most distant galaxy, SXDF-NB1006-2. Left panels: Close-ups of the most billion years ago, when the densest distant galaxy. Credit: NAOJ parts of the neutral hydrogen clouds contracted under their own gravity forming the first stars and galaxies. Radiation from this first generation of Starting with the most distant discovery: brightness and were subsequently ruled stars heated and re-ionized the nearby teamwork between the Subaru and Keck out. hydrogen, eventually re-ionizing the observatories has led to the discovery entire Universe. Researchers are focused of the most distant galaxy known, more To provide convincing evidence of a high on identifying the exact epoch of this than 12.9 billion light-years from the redshift in the remaining candidates, period of “Cosmic Dawn” in an effort to Earth. The new galaxy, dubbed SXDF- the team needed two powerful answer major astronomical questions NB1006-2, is slightly farther away than spectrographs: the Faint Object Camera about the history of our Universe. the previous record holder, GN-108036, and Spectrograph (FOCAS) on the found in 2011. Subaru and the Deep Imaging Multi- Although finding just one galaxy at a Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) on Keck II. critical epoch is exciting by itself, it is The astronomy team led by Takatoshi not sufficient to characterize the entire Shibuya at The Graduate University In addition to proving its age/distance, epoch. Therefore precise measurement for Advanced Studies in Japan used the spectroscopy also allowed the of the number of galaxies during Cosmic 37 hours of the wide-field imaging team of astronomers to verify that the Dawn requires surveys of even wider capabilities of the Subaru Telescope proportion of neutral hydrogen gas in fields, now being planned with new, more to identify four galaxy candidates that the 750-million-year-young Universe sensitive and faster instruments, such might indicate a redshift of 7.3, which was higher than it is today, shedding as the recently commissioned MOSFIRE translates to 12.9 billion light years. Two insight on the early Universe during the (Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red of the candidates were seen to vary in “cosmic dawn” – when the light of ancient Exploration) instrument on Keck I.

Earliest Spiral Galaxy Surprises Astronomers 21

What sets BX442 apart from other galaxies of its epoch is that it appears to be in the process of merging with another galaxy.

When the earliest galaxies formed, they the infrared, which was critical for the likely were rather chaotic – too hot research, said astronomer David Law of to settle into beautiful grand spirals the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & like the Milky Way and other galaxies Astrophysics at the University of Toronto seen in the nearby Universe today. In and the lead author on the paper. another example of inter-observatory cooperation, astronomers using the “We needed every inch of Keck’s light Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Keck collecting area, exquisite image quality II found a solitary “grand design” spiral from the AO system, and a sensitive galaxy in the early Universe, which could instrument to not only detect the galaxy hold clues to how spirals start to take but chop up its light into 3,600 pieces to shape. analyze. OSIRIS is really one of the only instruments in the world that could do A group led by Alice Shapley of the what we needed, and everything came University of California, Los Angeles together beautifully,” he said. (UCLA) found an ancient spiral, called HST/Keck false color composite image of galaxy BX442. Credit: David Law, Dunlap Institute for BX442, in a Hubble imaging survey of In the end, it took 13 hours over three Astronomy & Astrophysics 300 distant galaxies. The team then nights with Keck II to gather enough employed Keck Observatory’s OSIRIS spectra from BX442 to confirm the (OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging nature of the distant spiral. Spectrograph) instrument to take a much better look. What also sets BX442 apart from other galaxies of its epoch is that it appears “As you go back in time to the early to be in the process of merging with Universe – about 3 billion years after the another galaxy. That, in fact, could be the Big Bang; the light from this galaxy has reason it is beginning to form a spiral. been traveling to us for about 10.7 billion years – galaxies look really strange, The researchers tested the idea with clumpy and irregular: not symmetric,” a simulation and found such a merger Shapley said. “The vast majority of old could form the spiral pattern. The galaxies look like train wrecks. Our first simulations indicate that its glory may be thought was, Why is this one so different, fleeting though; the spiral could dissipate and so beautiful?” again in just 100 million years.

Using Keck’s OSIRIS instrument, “BX442 represents a link between early astronomers studied different parts of galaxies that are much more turbulent BX442 and determined that it was, in than the rotating spiral galaxies that we fact, rotating and not just two unrelated see around us,” Shapley said. “Indeed, this disk galaxies along the same line of sight galaxy may highlight the importance of that give the appearance of being a merger interactions at any cosmic epoch single spiral galaxy. in creating grand design spiral structure.”

The laser guide star adaptive optics (LGS-AO) system on Keck II is able to get better resolution than Hubble in 22 Most Distant Dwarf Galaxy The existence of this low-mass dark galaxy is just within the bounds we expect if the Universe is composed of dark matter ...

On the far end of the Universe, another stars or are made almost exclusively of surprising discovery this year developed dark matter. from the confluence of the most power- ful instruments from man and Nature: “It could be that many of the satellite the mighty Keck II telescope and a galaxies are made of dark matter, making gravitational lens. The combination them elusive to detect, or there may be a revealed a small dwarf galaxy nearly 10 problem with the way we think galaxies billion light years away. form,” Vegetti said. “The existence of this low-mass dark galaxy is just within Simona Vegetti, from the Massachusetts the bounds we expect if the Universe is Institute of Technology, and colleagues composed of dark matter, which has a studied how a massive elliptical galaxy, low temperature. However, further dark JVAS B1938+666, amplified and distorted satellites will need to be found to confirm The gravitational lens B1938+666 as seen in the light from a distant background this conclusion.” the infrared with Keck II and adaptive optics. galaxy. Gravity, like the glass in an In the center is a massive red galaxy 9.8 billion optical lens, can focus and concentrate light years from Earth that acts like a cosmic light on a huge scale. In the case of JVAS magnifying glass, distorting the light from an even more distant galaxy. The result is a spectacular B1938+666, the background galaxy is Einstein ring image of the background galaxy. almost exactly behind the lensing galaxy, Distortions in the ring revealed a low-mass “dwarf” and is distorted into a circular “Einstein galaxy, a satellite of the foreground-lensing galaxy. Credit: D. Lagattuta /W. M. Keck Observatory ring.”

The 10-meter Keck II telescope and its sharp-eyed adaptive optics system coupled with the Near Infrared Camera 2 (NIRC2) were required to measure the small Einstein ring with sufficient precision to reveal the presence of the dwarf galaxy. “This satellite galaxy is exciting because it was detected despite its low mass,” said Robert Schmidt of the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University, in an article published in Nature.

Galaxies like our own are believed to form over billions of years through the merging of many smaller galaxies. Computer modeling suggests there should be about 10,000 satellite dwarf galaxies buzzing around the Milky Way. However, only about 30 have been observed, leading astronomers to conclude that many either have very few Distant, Rare Supernovae 23 Our discoveries probe an early time in the Universe that overlaps with the time we expect to see the first stars.

Most galaxies are made up of billions of “The type of supernovae we’ve found is individual stars. On occasion, a single, extremely rare,” said Cooke. “In fact, only massive star can briefly outshine all one had been discovered prior to our the rest as it explodes in the form of work. This particular type of supernova a supernova. A team led by Jeffrey results from the death of a very massive Cooke from Swinburne University of star (100–250 times the mass of our Sun) Technology used the Low Resolution and explodes in a completely different Imaging Spectrograph (LRIS) on Keck I to way compared to other supernovae. detect two explosions of superluminous Discovering and studying these events supernovae 10 to 100 times brighter than provides us with observational examples other supernovae types. to better understand them and the elements they eject into the Universe Superluminous supernovae were when they die.” discovered only a few years ago, and are A simulation of a galaxy hosting a superluminous rare in the nearby Universe. Their origins Cooke and co-workers searched through supernovae and its chaotic environment. are not well understood, but some may a large volume of the Universe at Credit: Adrian Malec/Marie Martig/Swinburne occur when extremely massive stars redshifts greater than or equal to 2, and undergo a nuclear explosion triggered by found two superluminous supernovae, the conversion of photons into electron– at redshifts of 2.05 and 3.90 – breaking positron pairs. Such events are thought the previous supernova redshift record to have occurred more frequently in the of 2.36, and implying a production rate early Universe (at high redshift) when of superluminous supernovae at these massive stars were more common. This, redshifts at least 10 times higher than and the extreme brightness of these in the nearby Universe. Although the events, encouraged Cooke and colleagues spectra of these two objects make it to search for superluminous examples unlikely that their progenitors were at redshifts greater than 2, when the among the first generation of stars, the Universe was less than one-quarter of results suggest that detection of such its present age. primordial stars may be within our reach.

The team identified supernovae from “Shortly after the Big Bang, there the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope’s was only hydrogen and helium in the (CFHT) Legacy Survey deep fields, and Universe,” Cooke said. “All the other employed Keck Observatory’s prime elements that we see around us today, firepower “to confirm their distances,” such as carbon, oxygen, iron and silicon, Cooke said, “We need to get a spectrum were manufactured in the cores of stars of their host galaxies, which are very or during supernova explosions. The first faint because of their extreme distance. stars to form after the Big Bang laid The large aperture of Keck and the high the framework for the long process of sensitivity of LRIS made this possible. enriching the Universe that eventually In addition, some supernovae have produced the diverse set of galaxies, bright emission features that persist stars and planets we see around us for years after they explode. The Keck today. Our discoveries probe an early (Observatory) spectroscopy is able to time in the Universe that overlaps with detect these lines.” the time we expect to see the first stars.”

Record Massive Black Holes 24 Lurk in Monster Galaxies

Artist’s conception of stars moving in the central regions of a giant elliptical galaxy harboring a monster black hole. Credit: Lynette Cook/Gemini Observatory/AURA

Relatively close to home, astronomers One of the newly discovered black holes using the Keck II telescope and other is in the elliptical galaxy NGC 3842, and it observatories discovered the largest black weighed in at 9.7 billion solar masses. The holes to date – two monsters with masses second is significantly larger at 21 billion equivalent to 10 billion Suns that consume solar-masses and sits in the elliptical galaxy everything within a region five times the NGC 4889. Both considerably eclipse the size of our solar system. They lie at the previous record holder, M87, which hosts a centers of two galaxies more than 300 6.3 billion solar mass black hole. million light years from Earth, and may be the dark remnants of some of the most “For an astronomer, finding these insatiable powerful lighthouses in the early Universe – black holes is like finally encountering the quasars. people 9 feet tall, whose great height had only been inferred from fossilized bones. “In the early Universe, there were lots of How did they grow so large?” Ma said. “This quasars or active galactic nuclei, and some rare find will help us understand whether were expected to be powered by black holes these black holes had very tall parents or as big as 10 billion solar masses or more,” ate a lot of spinach.” said Chung-Pei Ma, UC Berkeley, who led the research. “These two new supermassive black holes are similar in mass to young quasars, and may be the missing link between quasars and the supermassive black holes we see today.” ‘Ridiculously’ Dim Bevy of Stars Found Beyond Milky Way 25

A team of American, Canadian and Chilean astronomers discovered a remarkably faint cluster of stars orbiting the Milky Way that puts out as much light as only 120 modest Sun-like stars. The tiny cluster, called Muñoz 1, was discovered near a dwarf galaxy in a survey of satellites around the Milky Way using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and confirmed using the Keck II telescope. Credit: Marla Geha/Ricardo Muñoz /CFHT.

Just outside of our galaxy, a team to be wildly different,” Geha said, showing of American, Canadian and Chilean that the dwarf galaxy and the globular astronomers stumbled onto the dimmest cluster are not related. globular cluster ever found. The tiny cluster of stars, called Muñoz 1, was discovered “As for how Muñoz 1 came to be so dim, a near a dwarf galaxy in an imaging survey of likely scenario is that it has gradually lost satellites around the Milky Way using CFHT stars over the eons,” Geha said. It’s also and followed up with spectroscopy using possible it was stripped of stars by passing DEIMOS on Keck II. through the Milky Way, although the direction of the cluster’s movement is not Ricardo Muñoz, an astronomer at the yet known. University of Chile and the discoverer of the cluster orbiting the Milky Way, said it puts Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the out as much light as only 120 modest Sun- discovery is the possibility that Muñoz 1 like stars. A globular cluster is a spherical hints at many more such globular clusters group of stars bound to each other by in the galactic halo. After all, the CFHT gravity so that the group orbits around a survey covered only 40 square degrees of galaxy as a unit. Most have around 100,000 sky out of 40,000 square degrees in the stars; Muñoz 1 has only 500. entire sky. “Assuming that we’re not just lucky to have found something very rare, According to Marla Geha of Yale University, there could be many others out there,” the Keck data was critical for the study Geha said. because it sorted out whether or not Muñoz 1 and the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy were moving together. “The velocities turned out 26 Keck Observatory Confronts Einstein discovering, for example, young stars where none were expected and a lack of old stars where many were anticipated.

“The Keck Observatory has been the leader in adaptive optics for more than a decade, and has enabled us to achieve tremendous progress in correcting the distorting effects of the Earth’s atmosphere with high–angular resolution imaging,” Ghez said. “It’s really exciting to have access to the world’s largest and best telescope.”

In the same way that planets orbit Two animations of stars orbiting the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, around the sun, S0-102 and S0-2 are before and after the discovery of S0-102. Credit: Andrea Ghez/UCLA Galactic Center Group/UCLA. each in an elliptical orbit around the galaxy’s central black hole. The planetary motion in our solar system was the Here in the Milky Way, research on the geometry of space-time near a black ultimate test for Newton’s gravitational supermassive black hole in our home hole for the first time. This measurement theory 300 years ago; the motion of S0- galaxy was recognized in 2012 with one cannot be done with one star alone.” 102 and S0-2, Ghez said, will be a crucial of astronomy’s most prestigious prizes. test for Einstein’s theory of general The research is important in another Keck Director Taft Armandroff said, “The relativity, which describes gravity as a context: the testing of Einstein’s theory pivotal research by Ghez’s UCLA group consequence of the curvature of space of general relativity. using the Keck Observatory has evolved and time in the presence of mass. from proving that a supermassive black UCLA astronomers used Keck Obser- hole exists in the center of our galaxy, “The exciting thing about seeing stars go vatory to discover a remarkable star to testing the very fundamentals of through their complete orbit is not only orbiting the enormous black hole at the physics. This is truly an exciting time in that you can prove that a black hole center of the Milky Way in only 11.5 years astronomy.” exists, but you have the first opportunity – the shortest known orbit of any star to test fundamental physics using the near this black hole. “The fact that we can find stars that are motions of these stars,” Ghez said. so close to the black hole is phenomenal,” “Showing that it goes around in an ellipse The star, S0-102, may help astronomers said Ghez, director of the UCLA Galactic provides the mass of the supermassive discover whether Albert Einstein was Center Group. “It’s a whole new ball game black hole, but if we can improve the right in his fundamental prediction in terms of the kinds of experiments we precision of the measurements, we can of how black holes warp space and can do to understand how black holes see deviations from a perfect ellipse time, said Andrea Ghez, leader of the grow over time; the role supermassive — which is the signature of general discovery team. Before this discovery, black holes play in the center of galaxies; relativity.” astronomers knew of only one star near and whether Einstein’s theory of general the black hole with a very short orbit: relativity is valid near a black hole – S0-2, which is 15 times brighter than S0- S0-2, 16 years. where this theory has never been tested 102, will go through its closet approach before.” to the black hole in 2018 and the team “I’m extremely pleased to find two stars already is planning for this anticipated that orbit our galaxy’s supermassive For the past 17 years, Ghez and event. black hole in much less than a human colleagues have used the Keck lifetime,” said Ghez, who studies 3,000 Observatory to image the galactic Andrea Ghez and Reinhard Genzel, of the stars that orbit the black hole, and has center at the highest angular resolution Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial been studying S0-2 since 1995. Most possible. With adaptive optics, Ghez Physics, were both awarded the Crafoord of the stars have orbits of 60 years or and her colleagues have revealed Prize in Astronomy in 2012 for their longer, she said. “It is the tango of S0- many surprises about the environment discovery of the supermassive black hole 102 and S0-2 that will reveal the true surrounding supermassive black holes, in the center of the Milky Way. The Smallest Solar System 27

An artist’s conception compares the KOI-961 planetary system to Jupiter An artist’s concept of KOI-961, with three planets all smaller than Earth. and its four largest moons. The planet and moon orbits are drawn to the Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. same scale, the relative sizes of the stars, planets and moons have been increased for visibility. Credit: Caltech.

Within our own galaxy, astronomers Barnard’s Star. Spectra of both stars found a tiny star with three puny obtained by Keck I’s High Resolution planets, each smaller than Earth, Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) show the zooming around it. stars to be almost identical. By matching KOI-961 with Barnard’s Star in this way, The three small exoplanets orbit a star they could then work out how big the called KOI-961. Their radii are calculated planets must be to have caused the to be 78, 73 and 57 percent that of observed dips in starlight. The sizes Earth (the latter the size of Mars). The derived were dramatically smaller than sizes of the planets were worked out by originally estimated from the Kepler Kepler Space Telescope observations measurements. that measured the dimming of the star KOI-961 as each planet passes in front “This is the tiniest solar system found of it. This plus crucial information about so far,” said John Johnson of Caltech. “It’s the star from the Keck and Palomar actually more similar to Jupiter and its telescopes enabled researchers to moons in scale than any other planetary determine the sizes of the planets. system. The discovery is further proof of the diversity of planetary systems in our Although the masses of the three galaxy.” planets are unknown, they are suspected of being rocky, like Earth, Venus, Mars Red dwarfs are the most common kind and Mercury. They orbit too close to of star in our Milky Way galaxy. The their star to be in the habitable zone discovery of three small, rocky planets where liquid water could exist. The three around one red dwarf suggests that planets take less than two days to orbit the galaxy could be teeming with similar around KOI-961, which is a red dwarf rocky planets. with a diameter one-sixth that of our sun, making it just 70 percent bigger “These types of systems could be than Jupiter. very common in the Universe,” said Phil Muirhead, California Institute of The researchers determined the sizes Technology’s lead author of the new of the three planets with the help of a study. “This is a really exciting time for well-studied twin star to KOI-961, called planet hunters.” Funding Funding the Frontiers 29

managing the summit of Mauna Kea, the In 2012 the Gordon and Betty Moore University of Hawaii (UH) receives access Foundation and the W. M. Keck to observing on the Keck telescopes. Foundation awarded Keck Observatory These institutions share the nights two four-year grants for $2 million and available for astronomy research at $1.5 million, respectively, to provide Keck Observatory as follows: 36.5% to the majority of funding for the next- Caltech, 36.5% to UC, 14.5% to NASA and generation laser capability for the Keck 12.5% to UH, and fund their research II telescope. Other private foundations programs through their academic and individuals contributed an additional institutions, sponsored program grants $648,000 in charitable gifts and pledges and contracts, and philanthropy. Through during the past fiscal year to support competitive grant programs and specific the Keck II laser project, advancement time exchanges, the broad U.S. and world initiatives and outreach programs. astronomy community also has access Finally, Keck Observatory received a to the Keck telescopes. major planned giving pledge in 2012 to endow the Carl P. Feinberg Directorship. In the original partnership agreement The total budget for the Keck between Caltech and UC, the Keck Observatory for 2013 is $25.2 million. The visionary W. M. Keck Foundation provided the Observatory is guaranteed a base of largest private grant of its kind in history to build Audited financial statements are operating support annually through 2018. the Keck Observatory. available upon request or directly from This support was $13 million in 2012 and the Observatory’s website. Facing page: Rush hour at Kawaihae Harbor: a covered basic operations and modest single tug pulls an interisland barge going down to Honolulu. maintenance costs for the summit and headquarters facilities; NASA contributed an additional $4.4 million. In 2012 the National Science Foundation (NSF) The W. M. Keck Observatory, with its two, awarded a two-year grant of $684,000 10-meter telescopes, is a spectacularly to develop and demonstrate a new productive research facility managed adaptive optics capability. In addition, as a tax-exempt, private nonprofit Keck Observatory was awarded another organization. Forged from a partnership NSF grant of $2.9 million towards the between the California Institute of development of the observatory’s next Technology (Caltech) and the University breakthrough instrument, the Cosmic of California (UC), it was the first of a Web Imager. generation of large telescopes that proved to be an enormous leap forward In the last seven years, Friends of the in astronomical innovation. Keck Observatory have contributed to five instrument-fundraising campaigns The capital costs of building the to better enable world-class research observatory, its headquarters in Waimea, in astronomy and astrophysics: and Keck’s initial adaptive optics MOSFIRE, the Low Resolution Imaging technology were funded by the W. M. Spectrograph Red-upgrade, the Keck I Keck Foundation. We began building the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGS facility in 1985; Keck I was completed in AO) system, the Keck II Center Launch 1993 and Keck II in 1996. The National system for LGS AO, and the Multi- Aeronautics and Space Administration function Acquisition, Guiding and Image (NASA) became a one-sixth partner in Quality (MAGIQ) monitoring system for the observatory in 1996 and remains our premier planet-hunting instrument, deeply involved in the organization’s High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer continued success. In consideration for (HIRES). 30 Public Funding Sources in 2012

Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Jet Propulsion Laboratory National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation University of California

The Supernovae Society of Keck Observatory

Supernovae are giant stars that die by exploding in a massive outpouring of light. Launched in 2011, the Supernovae Society of Keck Observatory honors individuals who have chosen to support the frontiers of discovery by including the W. M. Keck Observatory in their estate plans. Society members have matched their vision of how they wish to better the world with the strategic ambitions of a great scientific organization, thus ensuring exceptional achievement will continue to shine brightly for generations to come.

The Exoplanet Society of Keck Observatory

Before the 1990s the only planets we knew about were those in our solar system. Today, Pluto is considered a “dwarf planet” and the number of exoplanets discovered orbiting nearby stars exceeds 1,000 and is growing steadily. Keck Observatory is a leader in the study of exoplanets, both discovering them with precise Doppler measurements and measuring their properties with high-resolution spectroscopy and adaptive optics imaging. Keck plays a leading role in verifying and characterizing Earth-size planets found by the NASA Kepler mission. In 2010, Friends of Keck Observatory launched a campaign to fund an upgrade to Keck’s High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), enhancing its ability to detect low-mass exoplanets. The new HIRES guider system was commissioned in early 2012. The campaign recognized donors who contributed at a significant giving level with distinctive honors in the Keck Exoplanet Society along with naming rights on select planets in the Keck Exoplanet Registry. At the end of fiscal year 2012 the Registry had 38 exoplanets named by Keck contributors.

2012 Guidestars for the W. M. Keck Observatory

The Keck Observatory embraces a skilled and enthusiastic group of volunteers, known as Guidestars, who are donors and serve as docents for the headquarters visitor center from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. on weekdays. In 2012, the Guidestars were Carol Davies, Elaine Dobinson, Dick and Sue Humphries, Lana Incillio, Jan Morgan, Liz Sonne, Bob Steele, Jack Toigo, and Marcia and Stanley Wishnick. 31

Keck Observatory is a private, 501(c) 3 tax-exempt non-profit organization and relies on both public funding and private philanthropy for strategic instrument advances designed to generate enormous scientific dividends. Friends of Keck express enthusiasm for science at Evenings with Astronomers.

The W. M. Keck Observatory is grateful to the following individuals and organizations for their philanthropic support in 2012:

Universal Benefactors Stellar Associates $100,000+ $3,000 - $9,999 W. M. Keck Foundation Thomas Blackburn Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Sharlee and Peter Eising Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation Amy and Morton Friedkin Jeanne and Sanford Robertson Eileen and Kennneth Kaplan Terry and Rob Ryan Gerald Kitkousky Carlton A. Lane Nancy and Larry Mohr Cosmic Contributors Stacy and Mike Schlinger $10,000 - $99,999 Schlinger Family Foundation Lynn A. Booth Nike and David Speltz The Otis Booth Foundation Polly and Thomas Bredt Bredt Family Fund at Tahoe Truckee Community Foundation Planetary Associates Carol and Clive Davies $1,500 - $2,999 Susan and Michael Dell Liz and Taft Armandroff The Fairmont Orchid Hawaii Doris and Earl Bakken Eve Bernstein and Alex Gersznowicz Rosalind and Stephen Butterfield Hualalai Investors LLC Ginny and Hal Cogger Hualalai Resort Coit Family Foundation Pam and Gary Jaffe Nathalie and David Cowan T.J. Keck Susan and Robert Fischell Bethany and Robert Millard Sylvia and Karl Hess The Robert & Bethany Millard Charitable Foundation Judith and Hantz Hummelt Rob and Terry Ryan Foundation Barbara and James Lago Anne and John Ryan Linda and Doug Lanterman Calli and Robert McCaw MWT Associates, Inc. Lori Pearce Kathy and George Roth Barbara Schaefer Sandee and Dale Sebring Seymour G. Sternberg Allison and Daniel Wohl 32 More Friends of Keck Observatory

Robert Adair John Cook Scott Grabowski Koret Foundation Alan Adams John W. Cook Wendy Graves William Kovacs Christi Adams Nate Cook Andrew Gravina Douglas Kroell Shelli Allen Linda Copman and Family Brian Gray John Kuehn Zett Amora Matthew Costa Margaret Griggs Barb Kuhns Marcy Anderson Gretchen Cotter Kathleen Guerrero C. Lacefield Angela Arellano Charlene Cowan Ian Guite Theresa Ladd Lisa Bail Diane and James Cowles Robert and Saundra Gulley Gayle Lammers Keith Ballantine Donald Dalton Gum Design LLC Jeffrey LaVergne Cathleen Bart Daniel Davenport Mark Hack Jeannette Lawler Jennifer Beeler Melina Davis Patricia and William Hagenah Clark Leavitt John Benjes Laura Decedue Shaun Halstead Phoebe Kwan and Ralph Leighton Walter Jost and Robert Binder Jesse Dehlin William Hampton Michelle and Joel Levey Kim Birnie Sue and Richard Dekany Michael Hannum Sharon and Joe Levy Patt E. Solorzano and Anne-Marie Dekker S. Dyer Harris Craig Lewis Bobbie P. Blair Melissa Dexter Kevin Hartmann Carolyn and Jack Lewis Joe Blanda Anthony Dingman Kurt Harvey Bonnie Lilienfeld Todd Blandford Mustafa Dirilten Joanne Hause Edward Litfin Laurel Bliss Elaine and Paul Dobinson Deborah Hay Clifford Livermore Andrea Siegling-Blohm and Gregory Docwra David Heffel Brian Lofft Guenter Blohm Paul Dolinsky Aaron Heller Thomas Lonnberg Keith Bollman Ann Donoghue Raymond Hendess Marlene and Sandy Louchheim Diana and Andrew Bonnici Marilyn and John Dougery Susan and J.C. Henry Suzanne Hill and Mike Luce Beth Boone Ronald Dudeck Connie and Kenneth Hess Patricia and James Ludwig Elizabeth Bours Susan Dunckley Frank Hiller Judy Luffman Debra Boyce Shaun Dunn Toby Holmes Kari and Malcolm MacDonald Amanda Brady Lauren Edelstein Mary Hon Norma Foster Maddy Judith Brannigan John Edwards Richard Horvath Kyle Mahoney Mark Breese Louise Edwards Herbert Hu Paul Manganelli Kathleen Brockdorf Roy Eggenberger Matt Huey Joanne and James Markiewicz The Brookside Computer Guy Werner Ehlenberger Sue and Dick Humphries Rayna Marsh Marjorie Helme-Brother and Ann and Andy Evans Innerwork Technologies Inc. Dax Martin James Brother Patricia Evans Tania Isaac Hyman Kenneth Martin Michelle Browett Dorothy Everhart Michelle Jackson Danielle Martyn Christine Brown Lauren Exposito Oliver Jackson Shane Marx Raymond Brown Timothy Farmer Rebecca Jacobs Jane Sherwood and Janet Bruesselbach Justin Farris Jaffe Estate Wines Robert K. Masuda James Butler Viktor Ferenczi Karl Jensen Michael A. Mayda Louise Butler Carolyn Zecca-Ferris and Lisa Jensen Jeremy Mayeres Kim Butts Timothy Ferris James Johnston Scott McConnell Michelle Cabasaan Jane Findley Allison Joyce Peter McCoy Peggy and Bill Cameron Susan Fiore Naresh Kancherla Robert McCumber Jim Catts Debra Fischer Anne and Burton Kaplan Michelle McGlone Daniel Cavalier Forest River Designs Cynthia Roher and Thomas Kapp Ian J. McHale April Cervero Geoffrey Freelander Douglas Keenan Jonathan McManus Steven Chandler Susan Pekarsky Gary Bonnie and George Kennedy Ann McPherson Sandy Chang Thomas Gasson Robert Kennedy Lindsey Meader Vivian Dixon and John Chapple Ray Gay Kerrill and Don Kephart Michael Meetz Andrea Chase Peggy and Peter Georgas Steven Keplinger Margaret Meloni Steven Chock Jamie Ghassibi Bob Kibrick Lana Merkel Catherine Chu Andrea Ghez and Deborah Kinnard Lothar Metzner Michael Church Tom LaTourrette Cody Kirkpatrick Matt Miller Linda and James Clifford Kathleen Gilkey Garnette Knoll Edward Miner Kathleen Cole Rosanne Girton Ann and Paul Koehler Sheila Mohler Walter Conley Jo Ann Goertner Gregory A. Koestering Carolyn Mohn Christopher Contaxis Stacy Goldring Elaine Kolp David Monk Bruce Monroe Gretchen and Richard William Stimson Katherine Walker Katherine Montoya Scheumann Alice and Edward Stone Windy Walker Phoenix Moon Joan and Richard Schleicher James Storey Parry and Chad Walter Angelina Moore Barbara and Thomas Schmidt Christopher Stoyanof Vera Ward Angela Moran Erika Schreiber Alexander Strang Mark Watanabe Jan and Frank Morgan Maura and James Schumacher Eric Strobel Sue Ann and Paul Watkins Milly and Mac Morris Marcia Schwarz Priscilla Studholme Holly Webb Mark Muhlestein Crystal and Gavin Sebastian Keri Suedmeier Robert Welch Lilian and D.B. Murray James Seithalil Margie and Dennis Sullivan Valerie Kim and Gerald Weldon Gary Nakamura Rochelle Sergeant Steve Summers Marjorie Wells Michele and Jim Naylor Vicki Serianni Katherine Sung Heather Weyers Scott Neish Michael Severino Hemal and Thomas Surrette Amy White Paul Newell Za Sh Swallows Inn Foundation Lisa White Mari Newman Janet and Dennis Shannon The Swig Foundation Thomas Whitney Mark Newman Barbara and Larry Shapiro Richard Tadlock RC Wieboldt Steven Nicholls Michael Shear Mercedes Talley Jeanie and Jerald Wigdortz Eugene Nickel Janice Sheldon Meredith Tanguay Shane Wiley Dean Norvell Teri Sherrow Catherine Tarleton Christopher Williams Oakleaf Designs Katherine and George Shields Diana and Tad Taube Gail Williams Laurel Oglesby Jennifer Sims Arla Taylor Ruth Williams Chris Oldright Mary and Jas Singh Jason Taylor Sharon and Clark Winslow Mark Olejniczak Michael Slack Coralyn and Peter Taylor Colin Winterborne Cody Osborne Patricia Small Robert W. Templeton, C.F.A. Barbara and Ron Winters Tracy Oshiro Moira and Jon Smith TerraBox.com Co. Dr. Marcia Wishnick and Packard Research Foundation Society of Forensic Engineers Vivianne Thomas Mr. Stanley Wishnick Hannah and Lyle Packard & Scientists Jason Thompson Lisa Wong Richard Palm Softub Inc. Rich Thomson Marcia and Paul Wythes Marc Palmer Mary Anna and Tom Soifer Ellen and Jack Toigo Taylor Yates Mary and Carl Pannuti Solar Electric Inc. Diane Tomkins Brooke Youngo Terri Parbs The Solomon Foundation David Toy Brenda and Daniel Zaloudek Aimee and Jason Paret Margaret and Benjamin Solomon Laurel Tremaine Steven Zvosec Darrell Parker Paul Soloway Dr. Joe and Doane Triggs Jeremy Pasquale Soluna, Inc. Michael Trio Bruce Perkett John Sonderegger Kristi and Jon Tronc John Pieper Elizabeth and David Sonne Aya Tsushima Riley & Nancy Pleas Family SR Solutions Daniel Tullemans Foundation Linda Stalnaker Judith Valcho Nancy and Riley Pleas Susie and Thomas Stauffer Elisabeth van Assum Gerald Post Tyler Stecker Angela M. Tirri Van Do PPC Buyers, Inc. Helen Stewart Erik VanCuren The dual lasers of the Keck telescopes Janice and James Prochaska Jeanne Stewart Thomas Vander Vliet aim at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and the supermassive black Susan and Paul Prudler Karen Stilber Sarah Vindigni hole that resides there. Candice and Stephen Raymond Susan Read Betzi and Robb Reed Owen Rees Margo Reich Candace and Robert Reuss R. Michael Rich Elaine and Hans Riddervold Marianne Rieux Hector Rivera William Robbins Adam Robinson Russell Rochte Penelope Roehrer Rochelle Romero William Rosado Sean Ross Michele Rozga The Rub Chicago Bonnie Ruger Darren Ruston Siddiqui Sahir Glenda Salmon Claudia and James Sandberg-Larsen From the summit of Mauna Kea, at 13,800 feet, the view of Maui’s Haleakala rising above the clouds is a common sight for a select few. Cosmic Attention

Every so often there are astronomical phenomena so engaging they reach beyond science insider conversations and capture the hearts and minds of a broader public. Such was the case when two celestial events aligned during the summer of 2012. A Venus transit across our Sun and the scheduled arrival of the NASA rover Curiosity on Mars gave the professional staff and volunteers of Keck Observatory great moments to celebrate and opportunities to share our organization’s work with a bigger audience. Keck’s other outreach programs also earned record enthusiasm and support from the community during the past year. SEDUCED BY VENUS CURIOSITY LANDING When Venus passed between the Earth ENTHRALLS 36 and Sun on June 5, 2012 – a solar system phenomenon that won’t be seen by humans KECK FANS again for 105 years – the well-publicized transit resulted in Keck Observatory’s At press time for the 2012 Annual Report, single largest outreach event in our history. NASA’s rover, aptly named “Curiosity,” remains Throughout the day, Guidestar docents and busy traversing the Red Planet, picking members of the professional staff satisfied up and analyzing samples. One sample throngs of eager visitors who came to Keck shows at least a portion of the surface Observatory headquarters for souvenir on Mars resembles the cinders on Mauna T-shirts, solar telescopes, viewing shades and Kea, the home of the Keck telescopes. an inspiring educational experience. Many months prior, the scheduled arrival of Curiosity was reason enough for local Also well-orchestrated for the Venus transit astronomy enthusiasts to join forces with event was a live webcast from the Keck I Keck Observatory’s Advancement group to organize the mission’s “welcome reception.” The live stream of the transit of control room on the summit of Mauna Kea. Venus across the Sun was the best As a clear demonstration of the power attended event Keck Observatory of the Internet to build community, more “When the topic of getting together to has ever hosted, with more than than 120,000 people were held seemingly watch the rover’s landing at a West Hawaii 120,000 people viewing from Astronomy Club meeting came up, I computers all over the world. spellbound, witnessing collectively the slow and deliberate march of a small, black dot volunteered us to host,” said Craig Nance, an against a bright, orange sphere. operations engineering manager at Keck who helped organize the viewing of Curiosity’s The men vital to the success of the webcast arrival from Keck Observatory headquarters were Keck Observatory communications in Waimea. officer Larry O’Hanlon, overall manager of the event, and Andrew Cooper, Keck Electronics Many of Keck’s employees are passionate Engineer and also President of the West about education and are actively engaged in Hawaii Astronomy Club. With cameras, community outreach, from tours, to star- laptops and his personal telescope, Cooper gazing, to astronomy lessons for island coordinated the technical details from the students. The Mars rover landing event was a control room of the Keck I Telescope with departure from tradition. “It evolved into a big O’Hanlon and Kona volunteer Mark Senft deal,” said Nance. “For a Sunday evening in on either side for support. And as master of Waimea, to have more than 100 people come out was pretty astounding.” Friends and Fans of Keck ceremonies for the occasion, Cooper never Observatory gathered at our abandoned his post during the entire six- headquarters in Waimea for a live hour marathon. “I think I subsisted on a few Thanks to the many successes of NASA showing of the NASA rover, Curiosity, missions, it is easy to forget that landing landing on Mars. taco chips and a soda through the entire thing,” he said. the rover on Mars was a very sophisticated maneuver that could easily have gone awry. According to Cooper, one reason so many A palpable feeling of suspense created a people were captivated by Keck’s webcast thrilling (and bonding) experience for the fans was that it was interactive: viewers were that were glued to the NASA broadcast in able to ask questions about the transit, Keck’s Hualalai Learning Theatre on Aug. 5. our telescopes and astronomy in general, and many had their questions answered “It was spectacular,” Nance said. “They were in real time via Facebook and a Web page landing this multibillion dollar spacecraft on devoted to the transit. “It was a fire hose of Mars with a sky crane and it’s never been comments,” he said. “I could not read them done before that way, and people were just fast enough as they streamed in. That was excited to see how it would turn out. We the whole magic of the show.” ended up with a standing-room only crowd with three video screens running and people were literally at the edge of their seats. It was like a sporting event. When it worked, there was a lot of celebrating.” KECK OBSERVATORY RECORD AT INTERNATIONAL ENTHUSIASM FOR SUMMIT KECK ASTRONOMERS 37

An estimated 20,000 people, including With support of the Rob and Terry Ryan President Barack Obama and 20 other heads Foundation and Keck Observatory’s Rising of state, descended on Oahu in November Stars Fund, 2012 was the most successful 2011 for the annual Asia-Pacific Economic season yet for the Big Island’s increasingly Cooperation (APEC) summit. popular Astronomy Talks, and Evenings with Astronomers lecture series. Both programs To enrich the international gathering’s earned record attendance. first appearance in the Aloha State, Keck Observatory and 18 other organizations were Keck Observatory fans, formally known as invited to take part in an exhibition aimed at Keck Nation, are given personal access to highlighting the state’s high-tech resources Keck’s astronomers through a distinctive and encouraging Hawaii’s youth to pursue slate of presentations held free for the public careers in science and technology. in Waimea and archived on our website. The Keck Observatory’s Astonishing Moments exhibit at the 2011 Asia- FY2012 Keck Astronomy Talks were given Pacific Economic Cooperation The exhibit, called SEE-IT, which stands for by Drs. Lisa Kewley, Greg Laughlin, Tom Summit in Honolulu. Science, Engineering Exposition - Innovative Soifer, Brian Siana, Richard Wainscoat, Jay Technologies, occupied 12,000 square feet Pasachoff, and Jessica Lu. on the main floor of the Hawaii Convention Center in Waikiki during the weeklong APEC Keck Nation Internet audiences benefited conference. It was still on display as of from a technical upgrade during the 2012 December 2012, and SEE-IT organizers were season. With the assistance of talented still pursuing a permanent home for the high-school students Bo Bleckel and program. Duncan Michael, the Astronomy Talks are now packaged into high-definition, Henk Rogers, chairman of SEE-IT’s executive broadcast-quality videos for the Web. committee and founder of Blue Planet Foundation in Honolulu, said the Observatory Along the South Kohala coast, Keck was a perfect organization to feature at Observatory offered its seventh season of APEC. “For me, one of the best technological Evenings with Astronomers at the Fairmont things going on in the state is what happens Orchid and the Hualalai Resort. The by- at Keck,” said Rogers. “It is absolutely state- invitation-only series for Friends of Keck Dr. Adam Burgasser inspires Friends of-the-art in the world of astronomy from Observatory presents the world’s premier of Keck Observatory at the 2012 the software side to the hardware side to the astronomers sharing current research Evenings with Astronomers season. people involved. Everything I want to bring findings in an elegant setting. The Evenings’ about in Hawaii as a place where people can roster in 2012 featured Drs. Adam Burgasser, do science and technology is epitomized by Debra Fischer, Chris Martin and Nobel Keck.” Laureate Brian Schmidt. The program has generated a committed group of philanthropic Keck Observatory’s display at the APEC supporters along with a tangible excitement summit featured a short video and a for Keck Observatory. large wall panel showing five “Astonishing Moments” that underscored the process Finally, our social media reach continued to of discovery and just how important the flourish. Keck Nation members topped 7,000, Observatory has been to astronomers Facebook ‘likes’ 4,500 and Twitter ‘followers’ during the past 20 years. The Institute for hit 700. With minimal overlap (very few Astronomy from the University of Hawaii people establish multiple connections), we had and the Thirty Meter Telescope Project were a direct reach of more than 12,000 fans – a also represented at the convention center as 20 percent increase from last year. other facets of Hawaii’s high-tech assets. Following page: A view south from Mauna Kea reveals the glow of Halemaumau and Mauna Loa’s silhouette.

Science Bibliography 40 Science Bibliography Refereed publications FY2012

Albrecht, S.; Winn, J.; Johnson, J.; et. al. Bakos, G.; Hartman, J.; Torres, G.; et. al. Key to Publications: Obliquities of Hot Jupiter Host Stars: HAT-P-34b-HAT-P-37b: Four Transiting Evidence for Tidal Interactions Planets More Massive than Jupiter A&A: Astronomy & Astrophysics and Primordial Misalignments Orbiting Moderately Bright Stars AJ: The Astronomical Journal ApJ 757 18 2012 September AJ 144 19 2012 July AREPS: Annual Review of Earth and Alves-Brito, A.; Hau, G.; Forbes, D.; et. al. Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; et. al. Planetary Sciences Spectra of globular clusters in the The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 Sombrero galaxy: evidence for R_Earth Planet and a Second Planet Ap&SS: Astrophysics and Space Science spectroscopic metallicity bimodality Detected via Transit Timing Variations ApJ: The Astrophysical Journal MNRAS 417 1823 2011 November ApJ 743 200 2011 December ApJS: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Anglada-Escudé, G.; Boss, A.; Baluev, R. Weinberger, A.; et. al. Orbital structure of the GJ876 extrasolar AsNa: Astronomische Nachrichten Astrometry and Radial Velocities of the planetary system, based on the CMDA: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Planet Host M Dwarf GJ 317: New latest Keck and HARPS radial velocity Astronomy Trigonometric Distance, Metallicity, and data Upper Limit to the Mass of GJ 317b CMDA 111 235 2011 October Icarus: Icarus ApJ 746 37 2012 February Baluev, R. JQSRT: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy Anglada-Escudé, G.; Arriagada, P.; Distinguishing between a true period and Radiative Transfer Vogt, S.; et. al. and its alias, and other tasks of model A planetary system around the nearby M MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal discrimination dwarf GJ 667C with at least one MNRAS 422 2372 2012 May Astronomical Society super-Earth in its habitable zone Nature: Nature ApJ 751 L16 2012 May Barnabè, M.; Dutton, A.; Marshall, P.; et. al. The SWELLS survey - IV. Precision PASP: Publications of the Astronomical Antoniadis, J.; van Kerkwijk, M.; Koester, measurements of the stellar and dark Society of the Pacific D.; et. al. matter distributions in a spiral lens The relativistic pulsar-white dwarf binary galaxy PRL: Physical Review Letters PSR J1738+0333 I. Mass MNRAS 423 1073 2012 June PSS: Planetary and Space Science determination and evolutionary history MNRAS 423 3316 2012 July Barrows, R.; Stern, D.; Madsen, K.; et. al. Science: Science A Candidate Dual Active Galactic Nucleus Arcavi, I.; Gal-Yam, A.; Yaron, O.; et. al. at z = 1.175 SN 2011dh: Discovery of a Type IIb ApJ 744 7 2012 January Supernova from a Compact Progenitor in the Nearby Galaxy M51 Battisti, A.; Meiring, J.; Tripp, T.; et. al. 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A Keck/LRIS Spatially-Resolved Iron and alpha-element Production in the Spectroscopic Study of a LINER Galaxy First One Billion Years after the Big Bang SDSS J091628.05+420818.7 ApJ 744 91 2012 January ApJ 753 10 2012 July Beichman, C.; Lisse, C.; Tanner, A.; et. al. Bailey, J.; White, R.; Blake, C.; et. al. Multi-epoch Observations of HD 69830: Precise Infrared Radial Velocities from High-resolution Spectroscopy and Keck/NIRSPEC and the Search for Limits to Variability Young Planets ApJ 743 85 2011 December ApJ 749 16 2012 April Bennert, V.; Auger, M.; Treu, T.; et. al. Bakos, G.; Hartman, J.; Torres, G.; et. al. The Relation between Black Hole Mass HAT-P-20b--HAT-P-23b: Four Massive and Host Spheroid Stellar Mass Out Transiting Extrasolar Planets to z ~ 2 ApJ 742 116 2011 December ApJ 742 107 2011 December Bettoni, D.; Mazzei, P.; Della Valle, A. Brown, M.; Schaller, E.; Fraser, W. Cieza, L.; Mathews, G.; Williams, J.; et. al. 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