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Indoor Plants Or Houseplants
Visit us on the Web: www.gardeninghelp.org Indoor Plants or Houseplants Over the past twenty years houseplants have grown in popularity. Offered in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors and textures, houseplants beautify our homes and help soften our environment. They have been scientifically proven to improve our health by lowering blood pressure and removing pollutants from the air we breathe. When selecting a houseplant, choose reputable suppliers who specialize in growing houseplants. Get off to a good start by thoroughly examining each plant. Watch for brown edges and spindly growth with elongated stems and large gaps between new leaves. Inspect leaves and stem junctions for signs of insect or disease problems. Check any support stakes to make sure they are not hiding broken stems or branches. Finally, make sure the plant is placed in an area that suits its optimal requirements for light, temperature and humidity. Where to Place Your House Plants With the exception of the very darkest areas, you can always find a houseplant with growth requirements to match the environmental conditions in your home. The most important factors are light intensity and duration. The best way to determine the intensity of light at a window exposure area is to measure it with a light meter. A light meter measures light in units called foot-candles. One foot-candle is the amount of light from a candle spread over a square foot of surface area. Plants that prefer low light may produce dull, lifeless-looking leaves when exposed to bright light. Bright light can also cause leaf spots or brown-tipped scorched margins. -
Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities
molecules Review Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities Zaw Min Thu 1,* , Ko Ko Myo 1, Hnin Thanda Aung 2, Chabaco Armijos 3,* and Giovanni Vidari 4,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Kalay University, Kalay 03044, Sagaing Region, Myanmar; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 100103, Myanmar; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador 4 Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.M.T.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (G.V.) Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: The genera Dracaena and Sansevieria (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) are still poorly resolved phylogenetically. Plants of these genera are commonly distributed in Africa, China, Southeast Asia, and America. Most of them are cultivated for ornamental and medicinal purposes and are used in various traditional medicines due to the wide range of ethnopharmacological properties. Extensive in vivo and in vitro tests have been carried out to prove the ethnopharmacological claims and other bioactivities. These investigations have been accompanied by the isolation and identification of hundreds of phytochemical constituents. The most characteristic metabolites are steroids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and saponins; many of them exhibit potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. This review highlights the structures and bioactivities of flavonoids and stilbenoids isolated from Dracaena and Sansevieria. Keywords: Dracaena; Sansevieria; biological/pharmacological activities; flavonoids; stilbenoids 1. Introduction The taxonomic boundaries of the dracaenoid genera Dracaena and Sansevieria have long been debated. -
Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese -
Observations of Pallas's Long-Tongued Bat, Glossophaga Soricina
Copyright© nov 2017- fev 2018 do(s) autor(es). Publicado pela ESFA [on line] http://www.naturezaonline.com.br Silva SSP, Guedes PG, Fagundes TMC e Silva AF. Observations of Pallas’s long-tongued bat, Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) (Chiroptera, Glossopha- ginae), visiting Dracaena reflexa Lam (Aspargaceae) flowers in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Natureza online 15 (3): 007-013 Submetido em: 13/12/2016 Revisado em: 21/02/2017 Aceito em: 28/06/2017 Observations of Pallas’s long-tongued bat, Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) (Chiroptera, Glossophaginae), visiting Dracaena reflexa Lam (Aspargaceae) flowers in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Observações do morcego beija-flor, Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) (Chiroptera, Glossophaginae), visitando flores de Dracaena reflexa Lam (Aspargaceae) numa área urbana do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) Shirley Seixas Pereira da Silva1*, Patrícia Gonçalves Guedes1,3, Tatiana Maria Costa Fagundes2 e Ademar Ferreira da Silva2 1 Instituto Resgatando o Verde, Rua Tirol, 536, sala 609, Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22750-009. 2 Fundação Téc- nico-Educacional Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 3 Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. * Autor para correspondência: [email protected] Resumo O Gênero Dracaena reúne 40 espécies de ár- morcegos visitantes das flores, foram estendidas re- vores e arbustos, nativos da África, Madagascar, Ilhas des de neblina próximas aos vegetais em floração. Maurício, sul da Ásia e América Central. Dracaena Isto resultou na captura de oito espécimes de Glosso- reflexa Lam é uma espécie exótica arbórea nativa de phaga soricina (Pallas, 1766). Esses Glossophaginae Madagascar e ilhas próximas, com aproximadamente abordaram as flores por meio de breves voos, quando quatro a seis metros de altura, amplamente utilizada no tocaram os órgãos reprodutivos das flores com a por- paisagismo urbano e decoração de interiores. -
The Vascular System of Monocotyledonous Stems Author(S): Martin H
The Vascular System of Monocotyledonous Stems Author(s): Martin H. Zimmermann and P. B. Tomlinson Source: Botanical Gazette, Vol. 133, No. 2 (Jun., 1972), pp. 141-155 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473813 . Accessed: 30/08/2011 15:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Botanical Gazette. http://www.jstor.org 1972] McCONNELL& STRUCKMEYER ALAR AND BORON-DEFICIENTTAGETES 141 tomato, turnip and cotton to variations in boron nutri- Further investigationson the relation of photoperiodto tion. II. Anatomical responses. BOT.GAZ. 118:53-71. the boron requirementsof plants. BOT.GAZ. 109:237-249. REED, D. J., T. C. MOORE, and J. D. ANDERSON. 1965. Plant WATANABE,R., W. CHORNEY,J. SKOK,and S. H. WENDER growth retardant B-995: a possible mode of action. 1964. Effect of boron deficiency on polyphenol produc- Science 148: 1469-1471. tion in the sunflower.Phytochemistry 3:391-393. SKOK, J. 1957. Relationships of boron nutrition to radio- ZEEVAART,J. A. D. 1966. Inhibition of stem growth and sensitivity of sunflower plants. -
GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field. -
Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3
; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse. -
CORN PLANT Dracena Fragrans Characteristics Culture Noteworthy
CORN PLANT Dracena fragrans Characteristics House Plant Water: Medium Zone: 10 to 12 Maintenance: Low Height: 15.00 to 50.00 feet Flower: Showy, Fragrant Spread: 3.00 to 10.00 feet Leaf: Evergreen Bloom Time: Seasonal bloomer Fruit: Showy Bloom Description: White-yellow Tolerate: Drought Sun: Part shade Culture Easily grown in containers as an indoor foliage plant where it typically thrives in organically rich, consistently moist, well-drained soils in part shade. Use a loamy, peaty, well-drained potting soil. Corn plant is best sited in bright indirect light locations protected from significant periods of direct sun and drafts. Tolerates some low light. Containers may be placed on beds of wet pebbles with regular misting of plant leaves in order to increase humidity. Dry soils usually result in brown leaf tips. Too much sun may prevent best foliage color from developing. Keep soils uniformly moist during the growing season, but reduce watering from fall to late winter. Allow soils to dry slightly between waterings, but never allow the soils to totally dry out. Plants tolerate a wide range of indoor temperatures, but are best grown in temperatures of 60-75 degrees F. Plant containers may be placed outdoors in summer but should always be brought back indoors in early fall before outdoor temperatures begin to dip below 50 degrees F. This is a frost-free tropical perennial. Noteworthy Characteristics Dracaena fragrans, commonly known as corn plant, is a popular, durable, easy-to-grow indoor houseplant Although it may soar to 20’ tall or more in its native habitat, it more often is seen in the 4-6’ tall range as a container plant in the U.S. -
Ecological Report on Magombera Forest
Ecological Report on Magombera Forest Andrew R. Marshall (COMMISSIONED BY WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE TANZANIA PROGRAMME OFFICE) Feb 2008 2 Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms 3 Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Background 5 Aim and Objectives 5 Findings 6 Recommendations 7 Introduction 9 Tropical Forests 9 Magombera Location and Habitat 9 Previous Ecological Surveys 10 Management and Conservation History 11 Importance of Monitoring 14 Aim and Objectives 15 Methods 15 Threats 17 Forest Structure 17 Key Species 18 Forest Restoration 20 Results and Discussion 21 Threats 21 Forest Structure 25 Key Species 26 Forest Restoration 36 Recommendations 37 Immediate Priorities 38 Short-Term Priorities 40 Long-Term Priorities 41 References 44 Appendices 49 Appendix 1. Ministry letter of support for the increased conservation of Magombera forest 49 Appendix 2. Datasheets 50 Appendix 3. List of large trees in Magombera Forest plots 55 Appendix 4. Slides used to present ecological findings to villages 58 Appendix 5. Photographs from village workshops 64 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund CITES Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources TAZARA Tanzania-Zambia Railroad UFP Udzungwa Forest Project UMNP Udzungwa Mountains National Park WWF-TPO Worldwide Fund for Nature – Tanzania Programme Office 4 Acknowledgements Thanks to all of the following individuals and institutions: - CEPF for 2007 funds for fieldwork and report -
Dracaena in West Africa
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY WAGENINGEN PAPERS 84-1 (1984) DRACAENA IN WEST AFRICA J.J. BOS Department of Plant taxonomy Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands Received 6-VI-1984 Date of publication 17-X-1984 On Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands 1984 ^.-> CIP-gegevens Bos,J . J. Dracaena in West Africa/J. J. Bos- Wageningen: Agricultural University. - (Agricultural University Wageningen Papers; 84-1(1984)) Ook verschenen alsproefschrif t Wageningen.- Met reg. ISBN 90-6754-058-7 SISO 588UD C 582.572(66) Trefw.: Dracaena; plantentaxonomie; West-Afrika. ISBN 90-6754-058-7 © Agricultural University, Wageningen, theNetherlands , 1984. No part of this publication, apart from abstract, bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied incritica l reviews,ma y be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microform, elektronic or elektromagnetic record without written permission from the publisher Agricultural University, P.O. Box9101,670 0H BWageningen , the Netherlands. Printed in theNetherland s by Drukkerij Veenman b.v., Wageningen. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GENERAL P\RT: History ofE racaen a inWes t Africa. 3 Phytogeography 4 Habit and Growth. 5 Morphology. 7 Flowering 8 Phylogeny 10 TAXONOMIC TREATMENT: Genusdiagnosi s 14 Keyt oth especie s inWestAfrica 17 Speciesdia g loses 19 APPENDIX: Dracaena dijaco (L.)L 120 Dracaenasp . .cf.D.nyangensisPellegri n 120 Dracaena saposchnikowi iRege l 121 Speciesexclüdend a 121 Nomina rejii:iend a 122 REGISTER 124 PHOT. 1.Dracaena arborea (Willd. ) Link fruiting at WAG (photograph J. W. MUGGE). INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present publication isth ethir d revision ofDracaena for WestAfric a (after those by HUTCHINSON and HEPPER) and is part of a monograph of the genus. -
No. 34 March 2016
No. 34 March 2016 Sansevieria 34/2016 pages 14 - 26 The Genus Sansevieria: An Introduction to Molecular (DNA) Analysis and Preliminary Insights to Intrageneric Relationships Andrew S. Baldwin*, Robert H. Webb** *Department of Life Science, Mesa Community College, Mesa, Arizona **School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Contact: [email protected] All photos by the Author Summary species? So, in this article, pretend that the genus San- Molecular biology, particularly as it involves the analysis sevieria, and the use of molecular biology, is on trial and of DNA, is growing in importance within plant taxon- you are the jury: will you vote for conviction or acquittal? omy to resolve how families and genera are related and to even resolve plant species from one another. Here, we Biogeography review some of the concepts of molecular biology with As the readers of this journal are well aware, Sansevieria an emphasis on how it may help to unravel certain long- is a cosmopolitan genus that occurs in Africa, the Middle debated issues within the genus Sansevieria as well as the East, and the Asian subcontinent. The diversity in form placement of this genus among other related genera. We is rather astonishing, ranging from tiny little plants, provide some preliminary data and offer a few insights some with stout, spiky leaves and others with thin, flat but caution against jumping to any conclusions about ones, to formidable shrubs 2-4 m in height. What holds Sansevierias without considerable additional data. this group of plants together within the genus Sansevier- ia are the similar flowers and seeds, but some believe that Introduction the flowers and seeds aren’t so unique to exclude larger, A well-respected succulent plant and cactus collector related plants currently within the genus Dracaena (Bos, and researcher from England reportedly refers to DNA 1984), and some molecular data bear this out (Lu and as “Damned Nasty Answers” because he doesn’t particu- Morden, 2014). -
Class Monocotyledonae
ACORUS/ACORACEAE 1077 CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE Plants usually herbaceous—in other words, lacking regular secondary thickening (except Palmaceae, Smilacaceae, most Agavaceae, and a few Poaceae); seedlings usually with 1 seed leaf or cotyledon; stems or branches elongating by apical growth and also by growth of basal por- tion of internodes; leaves when present alternate, whorled, basal, or rarely opposite, elongating by basal growth (readily seen on spring-flowering bulbs whose leaf-tips have been frozen back); leaf blades usually with parallel or concentrically curved veins, these unbranched or with inconspicuous, short, transverse connectives (leaves net-veined or with prominent midrib and spreading side-veins parallel with each other in Alismataceae, Araceae, Smilacaceae, Marantaceae, and some Orchidaceae); perianth with dissimilar inner and outer whorls (petals and sepals), or all parts about alike (tepals), the parianth parts separate or united, commonly in 3s, less often in 2s, rarely in 5s, or perianth of scales or bristles, or entirely absent. AWorldwide, the Monocotyledonae is a group composed of ca. 55,800 species in 2,652 genera arranged in 84 families (Mabberley 1997); 25 of these families occur in nc TX. The monocots appear to be a well-supported monophyletic group derived from within the monosulcate Magnoliidae group of dicots (Chase et al. 1993; Duvall et al. 1993; Qiu et al. 1993). From the cla- distic standpoint, the dicots are therefore paraphyletic and thus inappropriate for formal recog- nition (see explantion and Fig. 41 in Apendix 6). Within the monocots, Acorus appears to be the sister group to all other monocots, with the Alismataceae (and Potamogeton) being the next most basal group (Duvall et al.