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Tamilnadu Board Class 11 Bio-Botany Chapter 3

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Tamilnadu Board Class 11 Bio-Botany Chapter 3 Unit II: Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter 3 Vegetative Morphology Learning Objectives of shape, size and structure of plants and their parts (roots, stems, leaves, The learner will be able to, flowers, fruits and seeds). Study of • Explore the parts of the flowering morphology is important in taxonomy. plants Morphological features are important • Differentiate vegetative morphology in determining productivity of crops. and reproductive morphology Morphological characters indicate the specific habitats of living as well as the • Compare various root systems and fossil plants and help to correlate the their modifications distribution in space and time of fossil • Understand the stem modifications plants. Morphological features are also and functions significant for phylogeny. • Interpret the structure of leaf and functions of leaf Plant Morphology can be studied under two broad categories: A. Vegetative morphology – It Chapter Outline includes shoot system and root 3.1 Habit system 3.2 Plant habitat B. Reproductive morphology – It 3.3 Life Span includes Flower/inflorescence, Fruit and Seed 3.4 Parts of a flowering plant 3.5 Root System A. Vegetative morphology 3.6 Shoot system Vegetative morphology deals with the 3.7 Leaf study of shape, size and structure of plants and their parts roots, stems and The study of various external features of leaves. To understand the vegetative the organism is known as morphology. morphology the following important Plant morphology also known as components are to be studied. They are, external morphology deals with the study 1) Habit, 2) Habitat and 3) Lifespan. 63 TN_GOVT_BOTANY_XI_Page 063-086 CH03.indd 63 02-06-2018 13:48:22 3.1 Habit IV. Trees The general form of a plant is referred to as A tree is a stout, tall, perennial, woody habit. Based on habit plants are classified plant having one main stem called trunk into herbs, shrubs, climbers (vines) and with many lateral branches. Example: trees. mango, sapota, jack, fig, teak. If the trunk remains unbranched it is said to be I. Herbs caudex. Example: Palmyra, coconut. Herbs are soft stemmed plants with less wood or no wood. According to the 3.2 Plant habitat duration of their life they may be classified Depending upon where plants grow as annuals, biennials and perennials. habitats may be classified into major Perennial herbs having a bulb, corm, categories: I. Terrestrial and II.Aquatic. rhizome or tuber as the underground stem are termed as geophytes. Example: I. Terrestrial Phyllanthus amarus, Cleome viscosa. Plants growing on land are called II. Shrubs terrestrial plants. The following table illustrate the types of terrestrial plants A shrub is a perennial, woody plant classified based on their environmental with several main stems arising from the adaptation. ground level. Example: Hibiscus II. Aquatic III. Climbers (Vine) Plants that are living in water environment An elongated weak stem generally are called aquatic plants or hydrophytes. supported by means of climbing devices are called Climbers (vines) which may be 3.3 Life Span annual or perennial, herbaceous or woody. Based on life span plants are classified Liana is a vine that is perennial and woody. into 3 types. They are annual, biennial Liana’s are major components in the tree and perennial canopy layer of some tropical forests. Example: Ventilago, Entada, Bougainvillea. Terrestrial habitat Types Nature of environmental adaptation Example Mesophytes Growing in soils with sufficient water Azadirachta indica Xerophytes Growing on dry habitats Opuntia, Euphorbia Psammophytes Growing on sand Ipomoea pes-caprae, Spinifex littoralis Lithophytes Growing on rock Many algae and lichens, Ficus spp 64 TN_GOVT_BOTANY_XI_Page 063-086 CH03.indd 64 02-06-2018 13:48:22 Aquatic habitat Types Nature of environmental adaptation Example Free Floating Growing on water surface Eichhornia, Trapa, Pistia, Lemna Submerged Plants growing completely under water Hydrilla, Vallisneria Emergent Plants with roots or stems anchored to Limnophyton, Typha the substrate under water and aerial shoots growing above water Floating leaved Anchored at bottom but with floating Nelumbo, Nymphaea leaves Mangroves Plants growing emergent in marshy Avicennia, Rhizophora saline habitat I. Annual (Therophyte or Ephemerals) consisting of an axis with an underground A plant that completes its life cycle in one “Root system” and an aerial “Shoot growing season. Example: Peas, maize, System”. The shoot system has a stem, water melon, groundnut, sunflower, rice branches and leaves. The root system and so on. consists of root and its lateral branches. II. Biennial Flower Leaf Bud A plant that lives for two seasons, growing vegetatively during the first season and flowering and fruiting during the second season. Example: Onion, Lettuce, Fennel, Shoot Stem Carrot, Radish, Cabbage and Spinach. Root Primary root III. Perennial (Geophyte) Secondary root A plant that grows for many years that flowers and set fruits for several seasons during the life span. When they bear fruits every year, Figure: 3.1: Parts of a flowering plant they are called polycarpic. Example: mango, sapota. Some plants produce flowers and 3.5 Root System fruits only once and die after a vegetative growth of several years. These plants are The root is non-green, cylindrical called monocarpic. Example: Bamboo, descending axis of the plant that usually Agave, Musa, Talipot palm. grows into the soil (positively geotropic). It develops from the radicle which is the first structure that comes out when a seed 3.4 Parts of a flowering plant is placed in the soil. Root is responsible Flowering plants are called “Angiosperms” for absorption of water and nutrients and or Magnoliophytes. They are sporophytes anchoring the plant. 65 TN_GOVT_BOTANY_XI_Page 063-086 CH03.indd 65 02-06-2018 13:48:22 I. Characteristic features the root cap the following three distinct • Root is the descending portion of the zones have been classified based on their plant axis. meristematic activity. 1. Meristematic Zone • Generally non-green in colour as it lacks chlorophyll. 2. Zone of Elongation 3. Zone of Maturation • Does not possess nodes, internodes and buds (Exception in sweet potato and Root hair members of Rutaceae, roots bear buds which help in vegetative propagation) Region of Cell • It bears root hairs (To absorb water maturation and minerals from the soil) • It is positively geotropic and negatively phototropic in nature. Region of cell elongation II. Regions of root Root tip is covered by a dome shaped Region of cell division parenchymatous cells called root cap. Root cap It protects the meristematic cells in the Figure 3.2: Regions of root apex. In Pandanus multiple root cap is present. In Pistia instead of root cap root pocket is present. A few millimeters above Table: Root zones 1. Meristematic Zone 2. Zone of Feature 3. Zone of Maturation Region of cell division Elongation Position It lies just above the It lies just above the It lies above the zone root cap meristematic zone of elongation. Types of Meristematic cells, Elongated cells Mature differentiated cells actively divide and cells continuously increase in number Functions This is the main The cells increase The cells differentiate growing tip of the the length and cause into various tissues like root enlargement of the epidermis, cortex and root. vascular bundles. It also produces root hairs which absorb water and minerals from the soil 66 TN_GOVT_BOTANY_XI_Page 063-086 CH03.indd 66 02-06-2018 13:48:23 3.5.1 Types of root root. It may develop from the base of the stem or nodes or internodes. Example: Fibrous root Tap root system Monstera deliciosa, Ficus benghalensis, system Piper nigrum. In most of the monocots the primary root of the seedling is short lived and lateral roots arise from various regions of the plant body. These are bunch of thread-like roots equal in size which are collectively called fibrous root system generally found in grasses. Example: Oryza sativa, Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum americanum. III. Functions of root Figure 3.3: Types of root system Root performs two kinds of functions I. Tap root system namely primary and secondary functions. Primary root is the direct prolongation Primary function of the radicle. When the primary root persists and continues to grow as in 1. Absorb water and minerals from soil. dicotyledons, it forms the main root of 2. Help to anchor the plant firmly in the plant and is called the tap root. Tap the soil. root produces lateral roots that further Secondary function branches into finer roots. Lateral roots In some plants roots perform additional along with its branches together called as functions. These are called secondary secondary roots. functions. To perform additional II. Adventitious root system functions, these roots are modified in Root developing from any part of the plant their structure. other than radicle is called adventitious Root modification Tap root modification Adventitious root modification Storage Breathing root Storage Mechanical support Vital function i. Conical i.Tuberous root i. Prop root i. Epiphytic root ii. Fusiform ii. Fasciculated root ii. Stilt root ii. Foliar root iii. Napiform iii. Nodulose root iii. Climbing root iii. Sucking root iv. Moniliform root iv. Buttress root iv. Photosynthetic v. Annulated root root 67 TN_GOVT_BOTANY_XI_Page 063-086 CH03.indd 67 02-06-2018 13:48:23 3.5.2 Modifications of root b. Breathing root I. Tap root modification Some mangrove plants like Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera develop special kinds a. Storage roots of roots (Negatively geotropic) for respiration 1. Conical Root because the soil becomes saturated with These are cone like, broad at the base water and aeration is very poor. They and gradually tapering towards the apex. have a large number of breathing pores or Example: Daucus carota. pneumatophores for exchange of gases. 2. Fusiform root II. Adventitious root modification These roots are swollen in the middle and a. Storage roots tapering towards both ends.
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