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MICROPROOF Micropollutants in Road Runoff

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MICROPROOF Micropollutants in Road Runoff CEDR Transnational Road Research Programme Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality funded by Austria, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Netherlands and Sweden MICROPROOF Micropollutants in Road RunOff Environmental Risk Assessment Deliverable 3.1 December, 2019 Wageningen Marine Research (WMR), the Netherlands The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), the Netherlands Aalborg University (AAU), Denmark M.P. Shulgin State Road Research Institute State Enterprise – DerzhdorNDI SE (DNDI), Ukraine CEDR Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality CEDR Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality MICROPROOF Micropollutants in Road Runoff Environmental Risk Assessment Actual delivery date draft: [06/09/2019] Actual delivery date final: [20/12/2019] Start date of project: 01/09/2017 Wageningen Univesity & Research report C004/20 This report can be downloaded for free from https://doi.org/10.18174/512476 Wageningen Marine Research provides no printed copies of reports Author(s) of this deliverable: Jacqueline Tamis, WMR, the Netherlands Ruud Jongbloed, WMR, the Netherlands … PEB Project contact: Rob Hofman Version: final, 20/12/19 CEDR Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................. i 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 2 Method ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Assessment steps ................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Identification of substances ..................................................................................... 2 2.3 Risk assessment ..................................................................................................... 2 2.3.1 General approach ............................................................................................ 2 2.3.2 Risk categorisation ........................................................................................... 3 2.3.3 Quantification of risk ......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)-tests ........................................................................ 8 3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Identification of substances ..................................................................................... 9 3.2 Risk categorisation ................................................................................................ 11 3.2.1 PEC values .................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2 PNEC values .................................................................................................. 13 3.2.3 PEC/PNEC ratio ............................................................................................. 15 3.3 Quantification of risk .............................................................................................. 20 3.3.1 Data selected for species sensitivity distribution ............................................. 20 3.3.2 Microplastic .................................................................................................... 21 3.3.3 Benzo(a)pyrene .............................................................................................. 24 3.3.4 Fluoranthene .................................................................................................. 26 3.3.5 Nonylphenol ................................................................................................... 28 3.3.6 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) ................................................................................... 31 3.3.7 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)................................................................... 34 3.3.8 Bisphenol A .................................................................................................... 36 3.3.9 Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) ....................................................................... 38 3.3.10 Tolyltriazole .................................................................................................... 40 3.3.11 Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) ........................................................................... 41 3.3.12 Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM) ...................................................... 41 3.4 Summary of risks .................................................................................................. 42 3.5 Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)-tests ...................................................................... 45 4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 General issues ...................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Selected substances ............................................................................................. 47 4.2.1 Microplastics .................................................................................................. 47 4.2.2 Benzo(a)pyrene .............................................................................................. 52 4.2.3 Fluoranthene .................................................................................................. 53 4.2.4 Nonylphenol ................................................................................................... 53 4.2.5 4-tert-octylphenol ........................................................................................... 53 4.2.6 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ................................................................................ 53 4.2.7 Bisphenol A .................................................................................................... 53 4.2.8 Mercaptobenzothiazole .................................................................................. 54 4.2.9 Tolyltriazole .................................................................................................... 54 4.2.10 Diisodecyl phthalate ....................................................................................... 54 4.2.11 Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine ..................................................................... 54 5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 55 6 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ 55 7 References ................................................................................................................... 56 Justification ......................................................................................................................... 61 Annex A: Effect values .......................................................................................................... 1 Wageningen Marine Research report C004/20 CEDR Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality Wageningen Marine Research report C004/20 CEDR Call 2016: Environmentally Sustainable Roads: Surface- and Groundwater Quality Executive summary Overall, the objective of this project, MICROPROOF, is to provide scientific insights about risks and measures in a practical manner for road managers in order to preserve, protect and improve European water quality. To reach the objective, this project follows a four-step approach, covering 1) Sources, concentrations and loadings in road run-off; 2) Environmental pathways and concentrations; 3) Environmental risk assessment; 4) Treatment systems. The underlying report covers the third step of this project: the environmental risk assessment. The environmental risk assessment involves: • Risk categorisation (first tier); Within the first tier the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) of selected substances is compared with the sensitivity of the environment (Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC). The PECs are taken from Deliverable 2.2, which is a result of the first two steps of this project. PNEC values are based on literature, or are derived using available toxicity data. • Quantification of risk (second tier). Within the second tier for each of the selected substances a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) is derived, based on No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) values from literature and using the software ETX 2.1. The SSD is used to represent the sensitivity of the environment. The PEC compared with the SSD indicates the probability that a specific fraction of species is exposed above their NOEC value. This is reported as the Potentially Affected Fraction of species (PAF), in percentage, at the exposure concentration. The risks of pollution in road runoff for the European waters are assessed based on estimated and measured exposure for the water phase and sediment. Samples were taken from surface water and sediment (from a small waterway near highway A2 in the Netherlands and from the river Rhine) and from road runoff (water
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