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Stuttgarter Beiträge Zur Naturkunde Serie a (Biologie)

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Stuttgarter Beiträge Zur Naturkunde Serie a (Biologie) Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie) Herausgeber: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A Nr. 706 169 S., 3 Abb., 8 Tab. Stuttgart, 10. IV. 2007 Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species RONALD FRICKE, MURAT BILECENOGLU & HASAN MUSA SARI Abstract An annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species of Turkey comprises a total of 694 species in 155 families (including 45 species which are not native). 248 species (plus 13 intro- duced) occur in fresh water; the largest freshwater fish families are the Cyprinidae, Balitori- dae and Cobitidae. 279 species (plus eight introduced) live in transitional waters. In marine habitats, 434 species (plus 46 immigrated or introduced) are found, with the Gobiidae and Sparidae being the largest families. While there is no marine endemic faunal element in Turkey, and only three species endemic to transitional waters, the freshwater fish fauna com- prises a total of 78 endemic species (31.5 % of the total native species). 23 endemic fish species are found in the central lakes (including seven in Beyșehir Gölü, six in Eg˘irdir Gölü), 12 each in Anatolian Aegean Sea watersheds (most in Büyük Menderes River) and in Anatolian Black sea watersheds, 11 in the upper reaches of the Persian/Arabian Gulf watersheds, nine in the Anatolian Mediterranean Sea watersheds, eight in western Anatolian lake watersheds, and seven in the Asi Nehri/Orontes. Apterichtus caecus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chromogobius zebratus (Kolombatovic´, 1891), Gobius fallax Sarato, 1889, Nemacheilus insignis (Heckel, 1843), Opeatogenys gracilis (Canestrini, 1864) and Pomatoschistus quagga (Heckel, 1837) are recorded from Turkish waters for the first time. Due to rapid economic and agricultural development and population growth during the past decades, the native Turkish fish fauna is now highly threatened and needs urgent politi- cal action to ensure its conservation. The marine fish species are threatened by eutrophica- tion/pollution out of inflowing rivers and coastal towns, by marine aquaculture (due to pol- lution, eutrophication and escaping fish), fisheries, and construction along the shore (espe- cially hotels, expansion of coastal cities and construction of coastal roads). In freshwater habitats, most rivers, streams and lakes are heavily polluted and/or eutrophicated; saprobia in- dices of 4 or 5 are frequently observed. Additional threats include construction of dams and weirs, water abstraction (many rivers and lakes were found dry), gravel extraction, introduc- tion of foreign species, and aquaculture. Out of a total of 694 Turkish fish and lamprey species, 397 species are on the Red List, with two species globally extinct, 10 regionally extinct, 65 critically endangered, 117 endangered, 2 stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde Ser. A, Nr. 706 136 vulnerable, 34 near threatened, and 33 threatened migrants. An additional 203 species is data deficient; 46 species are not native. Only the remaining 48 species are considered as not threatened. In addition to the Red List, a list of taxa proposed for the Annexes II, IV and/or V of the EU Habitats Directive is presented. A set of measures for the conservation of the Turkish fish fauna is proposed. Keywords: Checklist, Red List, threatened and declining species, Pisces, Gnathostomata, Petromyzontomorphi, marine, freshwater, transitional waters, new records, Turkey, IUCN criteria, EU Habitats Directive, EU Water Framework Directive. Zusammenfassung Die Checkliste der Fische und Neunaugen der Türkei enthält 694 Arten in 155 Familien (einschließlich 45 nicht einheimischen Arten). 248 Arten (sowie 13 eingeführte) leben im Süß- wasser; die artenreichsten Süßwasserfischfamilien sind die Cyprinidae, Balitoridae und Co- bitidae. 279 Arten (sowie acht eingeführte) leben in Übergangsgewässern (Brackwasser). Im Meer werden 434 Arten (sowie 46 eingewanderte oder eingeführte) gefunden, mit den Gobi- idae und Sparidae als artenreichste Familien. Während keine endemischen marinen Arten und nur 3 endemische Arten in Übergangsgewässern in der Türkei bekannt sind, gibt es 78 ende- mische Süßwasserfischarten (31.5 % der gesamten einheimischen Süßwasserfischfauna). 23 endemische Arten sind aus dem Gebiet der zentralen Seen bekannt (darunter sieben ende- mische Arten im Beyșehir-See, sechs im Egirdir-See), jeweils 12 in den anatolischen Ägäis- Wassersystemen (die meisten im Büyük Menderes) und im anatolischen Schwarzmeerein- zugsgebiet, 11 in den Oberläufen der Einzugsgebiete des Persisch-Arabischen Golfes, neun in den anatolischen Mittelmeereinzugsgebieten, acht in den westlichen anatolischen Seen, und sieben im Asi Nehri/Orontes-Gebiet. Apterichtus caecus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chromogobius zebratus (Kolombatovic´, 1891), Gobi- us fallax Sarato, 1889, Nemacheilus insignis (Heckel, 1843), Opeatogenys gracilis (Canestrini, 1864) und Pomatoschistus quagga (Heckel, 1837) wurden zum ersten Mal in türkischen Ge- wässern gefunden. Durch die schnelle ökonomische und landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und das starke Be- völkerungswachstum in der Türkei während der letzten Jahrzehnte wurde die türkische Fischfauna stark gefährdet und benötigt nun dringend politische Maßnahmen, um sie zu er- halten. Die marine Fischfauna ist durch Verschmutzung und Eutrophierung aus einfließenden Flüssen und von Küstenstädten gefährdet, sowie durch marine Aquakultur (Verschmutzung, Eutrophierung und entwichenes Fischmaterial), Fischerei, und Baumaßnahmen entlang der Küste (Hotels und Erweiterung der Küstenstädte sowie Bau von Küstenstraßen). Auch im Süßwasser sind die meisten Flüsse und Seen stark eutrophiert und verschmutzt; nicht selten wird ein Saprobienindex von 4 oder 5 beobachtet. Weitere Gefährdungsursachen bestehen im Bau von Wehren und Staudämmen, in Wasserentnahme (viele Flüsse und Seen wurden ausge- trocknet vorgefunden), Kiesentnahme, Einführen gebietsfremder Arten und Aquakultur. Von 694 türkischen Fisch- und Neunaugenarten stehen 397 auf der Roten Liste, mit zwei weltweit ausgestorbenen Arten, 10 regional ausgestorbenen Arten, 65 vom Aussterben be- drohten, 117 stark gefährdeten, 136 gefährdeten, 34 potenziell gefährdeten Arten und 33 ge- fährdeten Wanderfischen. Bei weiteren 203 Arten ist die Datenlage unklar; 46 Arten sind nicht einheimisch. Nur die übrigen 48 Arten werden derzeit als nicht gefährdet betrachtet. Zusätz- lich zur Roten Liste wird eine Liste von Taxa zur Erweiterung der Annexe II, IV und V der EU-FFH-Richtlinie vorgeschlagen. Ebenso werden allgemeine Empfehlungen zum Schutz der türkischen Fischfauna gegeben. Contents 1 Introduction . 3 2 Methods and Materials . 5 3 Annotated checklist and Red List of fish and lamprey species of Turkey . 10 4 The Turkish fish fauna and its endemism . 118 5 Conservation . 119 6 References . 129 7 Index . 135 fricke et alii, checklist of fish and lamprey species of turkey 3 1 Introduction Turkey is situated between Europe and Asia. Its fish fauna is highly diverse, com- prising four major marine regions and 14 major freshwater fish regions, mainly dis- tinguished by different watershed systems (Tab.1, Fig. 1). The marine fish fauna is mainly of eastern Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea origin, with some additional Black Sea endemics. The main freshwater faunal elements include European and Anatolian Black Sea watersheds, European and Anatolian Mediterranean Sea water- sheds including the Aegean Sea, Caspian Sea watersheds (Kura and Aras rivers), Per- sian/Arabian Gulf watersheds (Euphrates and Tigris rivers), and several lake water- sheds grouped in western, central and eastern Anatolian lakes, Lake Urmia, Van Gölü, and Quwayq watersheds. Each of the freshwater systems is inhabited by en- demic fish species. The ichthyofauna of Turkey has only relatively recently been discovered. Fresh- water fishes were poorly known until 1843, when HECKEL (1843) revised the fishes of the Middle East, including Asi Nehri/Orontes, Quwayq, Firat Nehri/Euphrates and Dicle Nehri/Tigris systems. Many fish species described in that paper are still valid today. One of the most important researchers on the fishes of Turkey was CURT KOSS- WIG, who was born in Berlin on 30 October 1903. KOSSWIG studied philosophy and natural sciences at Berlin University, and finished his Ph.D. in 1927. From 1937–1955, he was Professor of Zoology at the University of I˙stanbul, and spe- cialised in limnology, studying freshwater habitats all over Turkey. He accepted in 1955 a position as Professor of Zoology in Hamburg, but returned to Turkey when he retired, and died on 29 March 1982 in Erzurum/Turkey (FRICKE 1993: 419–425). Tab.1. Regions covered by the checklist and Red List of Turkish fishes and lampreys in geo- graphical order; first seas, then inland waters, listed from northwest to southeast. Abbreviation Region Marine/transitional/ freshwater BS Black Sea Marine AS Aegean Sea Marine MA Sea of Marmara Marine MS Mediterranean Sea Marine EB European Black Sea watersheds Transitional/freshwater EM European Mediterranean Sea watersheds Transitional/freshwater AD Aegean Sea watersheds Transitional/freshwater MD Anatolian Mediterranean Sea watersheds Transitional/freshwater WL Western Anatolian lake watersheds Freshwater CL Central Anatolian lake watersheds Freshwater EL Eastern Anatolian lake watersheds Freshwater BD Anatolian Black Sea watersheds Transitional/freshwater CD Caspian Sea watersheds Freshwater OD Asi Nehri/Orontes
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